nu -\\— ~A-\-\\-\-\-v LY OORIIEOTEI WITII 011v»; 1:04 turd. Mink y Farming é ms on tones a § v The passing of James Tuplin at ' his home In ounry tut Monday will be regretted by many friends he made in his spectacular career. Jim belonged to the "golden era’ . o1 silver Fox fanmiwwhen foxes reached fantastic figures and the word fox was on aimoat everyones lips. It was his father Robert Tuplin ' who started the fortunes of the Tamil by buying a pair of foxes -~ for 550.00 from his frlend and hunting companion Charles Dal- ” ton. That would be in the late 1890's ‘ just when Dalton and Oulton were rstablishing themselves and prov- ing‘ that foxes couirl be bred in captivity. Mr. Tuplin had a com- ~panion In his venture. Hudson (iordon and together they were very successful. Later on they im- ported foxes from Quebec but did not find their quality equal to the native lslandstock and Dblted them all. likewise a fox they bought from Wyoming. v Jim in his early boyhood days was -like all the fox pioneers a gieat sportunan and keen hunter of all types of game and wild fur-bearing animals which abounded in the woods in that section of t-he coun- try. Early in the 1900's he set up his own fox ranch and eventually took over his fathers interests. Active, rnergetic, resourceful and int/allig- ent, he soon acquired the secrets of fox farming and his pelts shipped -to C. M. Lztnpson Co...London. brought good prices, 1n the years 1909-1912 pelts from Black Banks were figuring in the high-priced class and in 1910-1911 one of them fetched £490 and another £480. The sections of the ranch were these came from were afterwards called 1-3ast-4-90 and West-ISO and Jim liked to explain the meaning of these mystical words. Our first acquaintance with him occurred in the fall of i912. It was shortly after Charles Dalton had sold twenty pairs of breeders to a local syndicate for $500,000, with a guarantee of fifty pups. A number of us thought it would be a good idea to buy a pair of foxes frccn a reliable rancher, have him keep them for us through the breeding season and then we would be well along on the road to wealth. I was appointed to see lVlr. Tuplin and nict him at the Queen Hotel. He was then in his forties and as ac‘lve as a cat. l-le regretfully informed . nie that he had not a single fox for sale and had lust 0001910104 h. sale of three pairs of pups for 060.000. to be kept-In the‘ ranch with a guarantee of increase. That year we heard indirectly that his sales of live foxes netted almost n quarter of a million dollars. The next year his ranch at Black Banks had a big turnout and buyers from all parts visited there and were I very hospitably received by Jim and Mrs. Tuplin. in passing it may be said that, she was a woman of uncommon chann and hospitality and anyone who met her always liked her. Money came rolling into Jim's pockets in such large quantities that security and all types of get- rioh-quick salesmen visited hlm but, advised by two of the most astute men in the Province, the late Justice Fitzgerald and the late Charles S-nallwood, Jim invariably invested in government bonds. Messrs. Fitzgerald and Smallwooti paid holiday visits to Black Banks very frequently and they and‘ Jim had many fine hunting and fish- ing parties there. In 1920 J'v.i was approached by W. K. Rogers and J. Stanley Wed- lock and a deal was quickly made for foxes and the property. Jim thcn moved to Union Road nlar Charlottetown, built a small ranch and kept several pairs of foxes. but after a few years he gave that up and went hack to Prince County settling eventually in O'Leary. This brief account of fvirfTuplin would not do justice to him if we tl..i not recognize more fully his contribution to fox farming. It is not, too much to say that Tuplin foxes formed. the foundation stock for many of the best ranches here and elsewhere. The George Tweedy ranch that led the Lordon pelt sales several tilrncs his as its found- ation stock Jim Tuplin foxes. Two particular pairs that we remember had as granddams or great-grand- drms what Jim called the "Three- legged Oulton" female. This re- mflfkflble fnnale had been purchas- ed from Robert Olllton. When her first litter was a few days old she escaped, later on was captured in a trap but lost one hind leg. She became on:- of the greats of the fox world through her progeny, Then the Lantz-Carruthers foxes Wfire mostly pure Jim Tuplin and it was from this Tuplin strain that George 1-3. Brown founded the famous Bonnie View herd with the great Bonnie View 42B‘as leading Progenitor. Those who attended our fox shows in the pest, pal-t. icuiarly from 1929 to 193g would “lid BOMIQ View very prominent in the pedigrees of the winners and the same might be said of some leading ranches in Ontario and other parts of Canada. Mr. Tuplin was by no moans ad. verse to spending money; his home -was equipped with the best of every- lhl"! find he had a great flair for automobiles. It was a, t-hrlll to go for; an auto ride with Jim and we particularly remember sitting in the j> AAAAAAA‘AA“A a‘ W" - NEWSY Till WORLD TODAY The Very Reverend W. It. Inge, D.D., is probably better known to readers as "The Gloomy Dean." He has written much in his long life of 88 years. and much of what he has written ls frankly pessimis- tic. In the “Hibbcrt Journal" of Jany. i048. he reveals what he sees when "An Old Man Looks at the World." It is scarcely naws when he says, that, to all appearances, the lights are going out all ovét Europe and beyond. Not to speak of the devil, who after shamrning dead in the 10th. century has coma out roaring, Dean Inge finds tnat there has been a revolt of "the submerged population of the mlatl. the unconscious." by which he means the brute. the savage, aAAd the child. that lurks in each one of us. "The brute, no longer in a state of innocence, follows the ‘A! noccnce. follows the instincts o! the jungle." The savage indulges in blood-sports. militarism. and one various adornments. or distortions of the feminine form - among which is mentioned artificial stea- topygia. Puerilism, (i.e., childish- ness) is rampant in the insane ell citement over games. and in the state of our arts. "Humanity seems to me to be still Yahoomanity." Cl- vilizatlon is only skin-deep, and to Justify that sombre outlook Dean back seat of n new Buick that J. Stanley wedlock had sold to him. There was a nice, smooth stretch of road for about a mile and when we hit forty Jim turned around to converse with us. We were ter- rified but though; it best tot keep quiet. Then to our surprise he climbed over and sat 1n between us. Notfing happened-the car kept in the mlddle'of the road solaftei- i; few seconds he returned to the wheel. He also loved skating and nothing pleased him better than to take a whirl on the blades in the rinks at summerside and Charlotte- town where he was always very happily received. He was generous. too. and may will remember this very fine quality. His wife pre- deceased h'm about a. year ago. Surviving are two sons, Rueben ln Halifax and George in Conway. also two daughters, Mrs. Charla. Kelcer of O'Leary and Olive at home. To them we. on behalf o! our fox farm- ing friends and ourselves, tender out sincere sympathy. Just as we were dictating these notes we looked out the window and saw Ira Carr of Covehead passing and that reminded us that two of the most beautiful Silver Fox capes we have seen this winter were made up of fox pelts from Inn's ranch. Years ago it will be remem- bered, he was showing at the Pro- vincial L-ive Fox Shows winning Grand Championships and many other awards. Well. it is pleasing to find that he has losflnone of his ability to raise good ones. If the, rrinainder of his production is any- thing like what we saw he is cer- tainly to be envledbecause they THE GUARPIAN. ‘CHARLOTTETOWN Noirias- i ly Agricola 0-0 0-0-00 O-OQ-O-O-OO-OQO-Q-Om Q-OOQ-OO-O-O-O-O-O-OO I Inge takes a rapid view of inter national affairs of home politics and of religion. Ho looks at Buropevand finds Berkeley's saying that “Westward the course of empire takes its way." is no longer true. Ha ‘s looking eastward to Russia. no doubt; but as ! look eastward I find Berkeley correct. Russia has snipped off a generous slice oi middle Europe and is still advanc lng westward in though-t, if not indeed. Mankind has always made for the wcsterlng sun. as instinc tlvely as the bird: fly $011M‘! l" fall. This instinct opened up new trade routes for the nations on tnc Atlantic coasts, Spain, Portugal. France. and Britain in turn . "Britain's golden age was the nineteenth century. Secure in he: island home, her coal and iron her mechanical inventions and cheap and efficient. labor "made her the workshop of the world" Calvinistic ethics gave us a good conscience and offered to the as. its ideal~ not a bad one —o! tin Respectable Man." Then Dean Inge goes on tn IMW Britain's response to her good 10 ‘- tune. There was a great and 1m mediate - the Dean uses the WOUI “reckless" too-increase of the P9P‘ ulation, mainly by the reduction of the death-rate; then we, that. l5- his countrymen. exported $813331 and machinery to enable new countries to do without us: while at. the same time we ruined aSflC- ulture -for the benefit of the town laborer. The Dean reflects; "Rul- ing nations, like rulint; classes. PUIB themselves out." Britain's day a5 i, great po-wer the thinks) is over. and sad to say, i conceive. that this tllme, he is right. The British thalassocracy (rule of the Sea) I155 in the past been a good thins for civilization and and-future histor- ions will admit 1t."‘But the film" belongs to countries with a much greater ares and to nations where the workmen give better value for their money." One is tempted to ask where such an extraordinary nation ls to be found‘! ‘Ilhe British worlnrnan, as I knew him. was only slower because he wished to make. a better product, though it must be recognized that five years of strenuous war work musthave had an exhausting effect. However, the foregoing thoughts lead to the conclusion that the Pacific will in future be as important as the At- lantic. Now a glance at t-he last war. “In 1930 there was only one inevitable war in Europe, that between the Teuton and the slay. It did not concern us." (The latter is. as ev- erybody knovra. a short-sighted view.) No doubt that, as Dean Inge says, Russia was becoming more powerful every year and had given up idealistic Communism for an aggressive imperialism. and there- fore the German statesmen knew that their time was short: that either Russia must be driven out of EUPOps, or Germany might be drivenout of East Prussia or per- haps even beyond the Elbe. The British people's sure polit- ____.__.___ ._-_._ _...i____..i _.__ Congratulations to... I Bail In and inspect these famous Otaco ‘products at W. Ii." Jenkins OTACO LIMITED of OriIIio, Ontario, Canada's foremost wagon manufacturer takes pleasure in announcing the appointment of W. R. Jenkins as their official distributor in Prince Edward Island. W. R. Jenkins will handle the complete Otoco line which includes the Wagons (see the new All on their appointment i. OTACO distributors for... PRINOE EDWARD ISLAND famous Roodmosie? I -st'eel model above). Otoco plows, drclg hogrows, houluge equipment, cowbowls and o complete ronge of Ofoco wheels for the conversion of old wagons to modern rub- ber-tirefequipment. “bear", an animal, are examples. A paronym has the stme sound but different spelling and meaning as "pail" and "pale". The common name for this particular "nym" is‘ a pun. Lastly comes the synonym. This is a word identical or nearly ident- ical with another: as “jest" and "joke". In science a synonym is an alternative name, in Latin, for some natural history being 0-: ob- ject, Thus our Floral Emblem is an orchid known to science as Cypri- peallum hirsutum but; it has also two synonyms. viz., C. regime and C. spectablle. The least that can be said of such synonyms is that they waste the student's time. The Well is Filling Again Our driven well is not very deep —on1,/ 22 feet — but there has for years been a good supply ol‘ water in it. However it wont. dry early in January 1941 and remained so for a month. The summer of 19115 had been very dry and there were corn-l plaints of scarcity of water ail m.“ the Island in November. The month l?" 5613f. 11th. I recorded “ground eXtfemel_t' dry". The rainfall for tit-e month up lo Oct. 28. was 120' "W110i as anninst the 47 year av-I 075i!" of 4.20 inches (l-jimerinicntail. Station Report). Again our wgl] went dry. this time for six weeks‘, Hiding Murch. 23. 1948. Luckily; tllEro has been a good deal of snow] this winter. most of it finding its way into thoflsqh. V ' ALBERRY roams SCHOOL Honour roll for Alberry Plains School. for March: Grade X-i- Blanche Stewart; 2. George MacMllllan; 3. Jean Ma:- Mlllan- Grade IX-l. Beulah Wilson. Grade VIII—1. Jean Hynes; 2 Thelma Wlilson; 3. Billie Stewart. Grade VII—1. Betty Buell. Grade Vl-i. Marina MacMillan The Semlpalmated Sandpipe I parts This little bird, sometimes caliedl feather brownish-gray, but. only Q -' U18 “BIBCK-Wgged Peep", greutly| resembles the Least Sandpiper in sizc but is_ not as brightly colorctLI its breeding ground is in the Lab- rador northward, from whence it moves south. in considerable flocks, in fall. Though normally a shorel bird it sometimes wanders inland. Scmlpalmated Sandpiper, A.O.U. 246 Migrant: large flocks in fall- little under their I Francis Bain. ed dusky; underparts white. Leg! blackish; tOes connected by a, we! at their base. Length of adult bird 3.25 inches. As indicated AOU 242 and AGO 246 may easily confuse the bird- T, watcher by their similarity: btfl f Crown and upper dusky, the margins of thl j -, rusty; breast faintly streak- a. field-glass the color cl legs will differentiate than. 05 August 1947 was also dry. and f‘ WIIRBLE FLY OOIITROL The attention of cattle owners is directed to the Warblc Hy Control Policy of the Department of Agriculture. Under this Pole icy groups of six or more bono fide formers in any orec may our ' are on proper opplicotionfo the _l1epq;tvn_eni_sufficIeni-mquoqfififl of Worble Fly powder of o charge of not more than 30c pet-“pouivfl The application should give the a ‘ ‘a Am‘ AA‘44_ names. and addresses d are real- Silvers. clear, with lovely- i CATERPILLAR "a u s p" OF blue . block undernn, pen, n,“ lcai instlncia told them that a tri- b13211: ‘zygot- m" Stewart; ‘~’- formers, the number of cattle owned by each to be treotechihd - . . . F. ' ' ' ' ' . wéolttildshliaviadbeiae leatgeres ‘a lthegrigizhaziltoigik tftgsilfigigertnsarllytlroltild Grade Iv (sm_ 1A Richard quantity of material required, and be accompanied by the w p w y z n r-- hactofle! “d furnaces‘ Yet the Praught; 2.‘ Lorratnc| Valley; 3. amount necessary to cover the cost of such material. 5 John MacMillan. Dean believes that there was no F" fulfil" Illhlmuilm‘ “PPIY M: mink offered at the March 21st Fella" W think that Hitler would sale by Lampson. Fraser g; gulch quarrel with us. no matter what " was 30% sold with s decline of aim Rlbbenfrorhuraed- “Meln Kampf. in frcm February sales levels. Top I110’ °plnl°n"- 53y! i316 Dell“. "ls a priw gm- Lhe w,“ mink w” "m stupidly honest book. This disciple for a 10¢, o; giant Red “worry l0! Machiavelli lays all his cards on the table. He wished to annex Po- ‘lihe collection of 24,121 wild Grade n, J,.__1 3cm, Wilson. 2. so... Praught; a. Violet Walk- _ THE DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island o (teumiqw PI!” er. Grade III-1. Betty Praught; 2. Martha Walker- Grade rim-i. Buddy Valley: 2. Freddie MacMiilan. lags‘ A‘ AAAAAA AAAAQAAAAAAAAALA‘ O-OVOOOG-OOJQ-Oo . MOTI- SALES . Malta sure that the HORSEPOWER you buy will not turn into PONYPOWER when you nsk it to pull a Iieovy Iood. For POWER, LONG LIFE, ECONOMY of OPERATION the CATERPILLAR DIESEL TRACTOR i“ till ‘I III A. PIOKARII s. oo. Ltd. CI-IARLOTTETOWN. P.E.L PARTS ‘ SERVICE. from 3O ILPJFD“ 75 .II.P. POW]. unit. w This is youfchcnco to got a new and good used gasoline ‘For lull? particulars Writ-n or Phono- . land and the Ukraine." These were Report‘ of “l” i" feta“ “m.” to provide food and raw material in San Fransisco, Cal, show act- ivity in foxes with the best volume in fur departments for a long time. A recent ad. of Silver Fox capes at $345. and Blue Fox at $445. brought response. Furriers there, however, are having similar ex- periences to those in other parts advertising capes at $165. to $198.‘, ranch mink scheduled for April lat] will not be held. it was announced‘, by umpson, Fraser a Hutch. New York, last Monday. Approximately‘ 00,000 skins were to have been of- fered. The next sale at Lampoon's will be April 19-20-Bllver Fox! April al-zz-Mlnk; May a-l-Mtnk. The mutation mink sale date will be announced later. Montreal Fur Sale: (Canada) limited, held its general and Silver Fox sale yastardfl. In ‘addition there was 5.000 mink, 3.000 muck- rat and n collection of other raw furs. There is no doubt about It, the; slowing up In the sale of fun has‘ bean considerably influenced by the make a dollar out of them have worked overtime in producing‘: lot c! garments, capu. stolen and; ncarfs. It l: not expected, however.- thil quiet. situation will continue indefinitely. in fact wtailuro hope that the coming fall filly be ono_ amount ofmohoy in circulation. for industrialized Germany. (Con- tinued next week.) Browsing in the Dictiona y In the‘ back of my dictionary there is pasted a fly» leaf of ruled paper. This la for the recepticn of good plan to teach one some of the Royal City of Winchester, England. - "Topc-s" means a place and "nym" means aflname; combined "topo- rum". I find a few other "nyms" on my list. An nntonym is a- word (name) of opposite meaning to another, “hot" and “cold" are ant- onymoul words. A hoflcronym is a word of the some spelling as another but of different sound and meaning: as "row", a female pig, and "sow". to scatter seed. _A homonym has the same spell- ing and sound. but a different ‘meaning: “bear", to carry, and I fl; queen 8t. - Phone 0801-!- monn s. lhaw. we!!!“ Gianna I. IlaaIaI. III?“- .|. 1. stunt. Mutual Grade I (Bl-l. Peter Curran". 2. Ella Walker. Grade I (Cl-l. Kay Valley. Mrs. Martina Doyle. teacher- nineroiiowm ATTEllhtlllM = OINUIIII ASPIRIN I5 MARKED THIS WAY taunt hrotection Division. Science Service, Dominion Department of Agri- (l) Subject to conformity with the regulations governing the pro- duction of certified seed potatoes, crops planted with Founda- tion or Foundation "A" seed with n view to seed certification. may be inspected by the Plant Protection Division. Dominion - Department of Agriculture. - Potato Crops including those planted with seed of the "Certi- fled” clan with a view to tablcatock ya ’ " n shall be in- spected for bacterial ring rot, or any other disease or insect peat as may be determined from time to time. by duly author- ised Inspectors of the Prince Edward Island Department of Agriculture- (U) Each potato grower shall be required tn register each IIt-Irl of po- tatoes for inspection as follows: (a) If for seed potato production. applications shall be submitted to the District Seed Potato inspector, Dominion Department of Agriculture. (b) If for tnbleoloc‘ production. application shall be submitted Io tho Prince Edward Inland Department of Agriculture. any pcnibla contamination with bacterial ring rot through machinery. harvesting containers. storage or second hand bags. Ialluro to comply with any of then regulations shall result upon lunn , conviction to a fine not exceeding $100 or in default of ply- Itlnt to Imprisonment for a term not exceeding thirty days or both. All (rowan purchasing and planting Certified or better in 1M1. masks‘; Mhltt YOIlIi SPRING 3-15-6 Fertilizer Dollar GO FURTHER 1948 of the U. S. A.. that ls to say sales --—-_ are "much lower this season. On notable “finds “In I have “me Ammonium Nitrate 337 $74 5Q . acloss in my browsing and as far . I ° -- -- ~ - P" I'M Fifth Aven e. N. Y. fox fares well. r “flue the “e ‘anan _d in The attention of potato growers is directed to the provisions of c anumid zyn/ 63 0o y states Women's Wear Daily. Gun-| “Lips I do my mp melrln-nean: the "Prince Edward Island Potato Act." which requires that “no per- Y ' a . ' ‘ ' ' " ' per o" ther‘: are showing Pearl Platinum‘ in“ since H I fame," ,_h‘,m (wmch son shall plant potatoes in the Province ot Prince salami 151...... un- Sulphate of Ammonia, 20 /o 51.00 per ton ca?“ at $295." 555d t° I” “WIN”! somLlime, happens)’ I 5a,, rem. less the teed used is of the class Foundation. Foundation "A". or Certi- Superphosphuie (Granular), 20% 32.00 per ton below last year, Other dealers are back to the book use". This is a fled, as determined by the official inspections carried out by the Plant Mufiare of potash’ 69% _ _ ’ V > _ _ __ 5890 per to" 41.30 per ton The" 59m“ t“ be m0" mum“ °f= ' ‘t1 f culture. Provided, however, that this aectimt shall not apply to po- ‘ ‘ ' ' ' ' ' ‘ ' ' ' ' ‘ ' ' ' ' ' " ‘ ' 7°15 I“ u" dlfferem’ “m”! ma" curhosll es o 01:1; language‘ tato cro a which, in the aggro ate. on an individual roiertv, do not 345$ (3% IIOFIJX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44-30 per i011 h n “c d m the at "r I ast wee s Notes, I coined P 8 . l1 l . “h” .. wed “Iaflmo e p“ y the word “toponyln", to denote a exceed one acre, unless by proclamation of the Licntenant-Govcrnor- 4-8-10 i ,_ .._,, . 38.70 per ton Pavtoao ti...’ IS WI-IA GETS TLHE an 9 I -—— - §I'§l'.1m§hd°§?§.li"°ll' l.t.'.‘.§e.."g§°'l lmcmnw" "harms" ' 4'8“ (1% MED") 397° P" *°" WORK DONE In view of existing conditions inyexmmple‘ ti)" mmliuforg wincfiestgr FURTHER all potato crops shall he utbject to inspection as foi- 5-10-10 _ ,_ _ ___ _ _ 43.00 per ton ' ‘m’ m” ‘mde me “CIA” "h °L were originally citizens of the old “wn- ‘ 5-10-10 (I% M.G.O.) . _ . . . . . . .. 44.00 per ton F.O.B. curs or trucks, our plant, in IOO lb. bogs. Your cost in corlood lots is F.O.B. price plus freight to your station. We con now make prompt deliveries excepting on Sulphate of Ammonia. Later in the season, rush work may not permit prompt deliveries. WE RECOMMEND THAT YOU TAKE YOUR REQUIREMENTS NOW! Our Mixed Fertilizers ore well cured, our Superphosphoio granular. we luvs ounuiv All ore dry and free flowing. i The Freight Rotc per ton from our shipping point is:- . v y ._ _ rising cost of living and .by the‘ d m‘ 1h C‘ u“ d s ed w n I i ht . TO: . , . ttldite ti Islt ti. I CIIEW 1'6 PI-I t I ' - will; the tgnsbnllnioerlr-nationri. 33-. new; Event: Jo:- for inagzeotlcn of hiaccrop ‘for "secdeTuIIpgsIIe: shill Colvllle ." .. S J0 Alhertun ' 1-99 - . 5 ~ uation and the index coat of living be required, among other qualifications. to supply proof of the plant- Ilunter River .90 Tignlsh . Montague ; - at a new all-time high people are in; or seed of the Foundation or eohndation "A" class In the field Borden I . 1.00 Trundle .80 Bunbury not no apt to splurge. There ls also.‘ for which tnspection Io recanted. All other growers shall he required New Annah . 1-00 Douglas M Lake Vcrllo the fact that countries scarce at; to gupply proof or the purchase of eel-titted seen need toe plgntln‘ the ltllscoucho 1.20 Selkirk 1.00 Melville . 1.0! _ dollars have been dumping all! mph" "er-w, " Richmond 1.40 Hnnneny 1.20 Murray IUY- w‘ ' of J“[,',,,,,I§,t°,,fh,f,, EH33‘ ' Each grower shall exercise the necessary care in the planting gfillflf, Li‘): Mun” nu‘ L“ w! IIIVOJVGIIOITII DIV! IMI llild QGWIIIII power tmiil tlqag aunnd (union thlnukln: to' CIIIIIII E. wflffl’! cultivation. spraying. dusting or ‘harvesting ofIhIs potato crop to avoid ' ‘ ' ' ' and PRICE A DOLLAR SAVED IS A DOLLAR MADE Island Fertilizer - I- I ' » y e I’! U“ M“ f” “""l 7"": Th". Fudlvk ‘RAY’ uni.“ all whole potato production from that planting in that year was ‘ L ‘l ..' o. . 1:35 “go-titled Il I! :10‘ nilllz" 1» gen; It. N.‘ oludliotl ll tablmoci will be required under this Act to secure for ~ t" , i‘ » y yhntlnglnlldlfiattlllollcclllllottlf- . , . . .“ .' h.‘ . u k riiaRo I m ' 'nmc' or Aasycuurun! \ FTICC! Stlblitl’ TO CIIMOI WITDDIIT NOTIQOo ‘T " ' " ’ ‘ " ' ' I I —-~--- —¢--~- --- e-“eeeeeueww-vww crests- . . . . .