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(flonthitled from page one)
man -beings. but as mere factors in
protlttctiou There have bceti at-
tempts made 'to overcome this evit
the most successful being the band-
ing of the laborers together to cut
out or largely reduce this deadly
competition which left untrammelled
would fill our sweat shops and sap tho
physical strength of the nation. .By
controlling competition Labor Unions
have forced np wages and secured it
fairer distribution of work amoull
their members and seek to do more'
in this ldirectlon, lindced to the
extreme limit of their power. But it
is evident that there. is tl point he-t
_vourl which they cannot ge. .lust ns'
the capitalist cannot for long hold
wages below the sttbsisteuco line or
below the minimum required for n. ful.
and henlthylife, for that would entail
tha destruction of the laborer, so the
laborer ll' ‘he imposes excessive wages
llbou the capitalist so as to force him
to produce at a loss will :ls certainly
destroy him. Between those limits”
thorn is ever going on on ohh and-
ilow, having to do with at division ol‘
U10 llroiits, and in the intelligent con- .
trol of this lies the only possible solu-
tion of our problem. -But, it is ask-N
ed, cannot Labor and 'Capital together
contrlve to force up prices at the ex-
lionse of the consumer. They can alle
do, but this power is also subject. -io
limitations. Laborer and Capitalist
alike nro part and parcel of an inter-
‘l“lll‘udcnt Humanity.
Under enhanced prices the homo,
lnnrltot is restricted and outside com-|‘
petition is ntv`ltea. capital and Lab.,
or alike a.re.dependent upon posses-I
Slut: markets and this in the long run
involves that they shall produce so
lls to be able to compete in thc mar-
ltots of the world. Neither Capital-
ist nor Labor Unions can as YM 110111'
lnato the world's markets. Tim day
‘lilly como when co-opel-ation will ro-
lllaco competition, but. this -is as yet
lu the distnn-t future and meanwhile
wo must. face facts as they are. Sup-
DOSG, for instance, the German -says:
"We are prepared lo work two hours
longerznnd ilf-ty -per cent. hardertban
tho Englishman." This will tend 10
make living very much cheaper ln
Germany than in England and we can
Work at it lower wage willt a corres-
llondlng degree of comfort and ll
llfeater assurance of- having continu-
fllls work. Ultimately we can close
“ll Elilrlish factories and force Enos
llshmen-capitalists and laborers alike
+V/ith their high scale of wngcs and
0t_§1er.reutrlct.ions,. out of business. it
ltrodtlced cheaply enough our monu-
raeturen will una their way to his
lllirlets through neutral coun-trie.~
“Nil as Holland, Sweden, Denmark.
ills Unites -states,-in mn a wav that
he cannot protect himself from them.
it he tries to do lt through it hlilll
tariff of customs that-will align ine
farmer and cousumersvgenerally Bl-
Qilllll the manufacturers and with the
5 ,N llfllles of -the country wasted ln ill-
1tPl‘llll`strifa we' will effect our end in
'°,_¥\I6l° ways, "
$£_°¢9nuln¢~tn»»s.umit»uona. our
it-“lm and umm anus must
to soo that those are equitably divid-
oti. _ _ _ _ '
Flrttt oi' all to make profile. You
know the receipt for making hare.
soup. "First of all you catch the
bare." Boforg you can divide profits
it is necessary to make them. i\
truism. yet one teb often overlooked.
lfahor Unions must realize that the
power of the Employer to pay wages
depends upon his power to market his
goods at a profit. They must -take
into account. india, China, Japan.
where there is an abundance oi' cheap
labor which can be exploited by the
white races and that capital has a ten
dency. to seek the place where it can
operate -tn greatest atlvimtage. There
soemsto bp n prevalent idea, par-
ticularly ,among the laboring class.
tllat because we spent millions during
the war' and because large wages and
salaries were paid, often when not
really earned, that this can go ou
without. limit. Tile lion. J. lt. Clyncs,
.\l.l'., who collllnoltcvd life as :t labor-
er and who is one ol' the Labor l’:l\‘~
ty’s most trusted lenders, says: “The
working classes in their own interest
ought to understand that the war has
left :tn enormous burden of debt, and
not an cnorlnolls ceilectiou ol' wealtlt."
During the war we were indulging lu
tho luxury oi' spending money re-
gardless ot' the fact illntwe were run-
ning into debt. We paid wages and
salaries without. taking' into account
the cost of thu thing produced bct-.atlso
larger' ixsties were involved thai. umlle
ll. imprwltivo that we should liave
them. ilut tho war over it becomes
necessary that we shall live within
our income and that cost of produc-
tion shall be governed by the .possi
bllities of the market.
Any person can spend money. but
it requires effort. and efllcient-,v I0 Dl`0-
duc;-. wealth and conserve lt. Legis-
lation and Labor Regulations will
never produce wcalith_ only well-dit#
octed effort. The first. step and an
absolutely essential one is for Capital
and Labor to come together. Prob-
ably 50 por cent. of their et1`ectivf_l
power is today lost through ineffici-
ency, friction and strikes.
inefficiency, ignorance, selfishness-»
thesn are our true foes which we must
overcome or boovercomo by the-nl.
ll' everybody was oillcient and all
worn ready to play tho game fairly.
and il' the work was so directed as
to get tho best. possible results with
lt minlnllim or waste cnorily |f»W0‘l|fl
not bo necessary for any il¢\l‘S0u to
work more than six hours .1 ,duly and
wg would get a grcatdeal more
dono than we do at. ill‘999l\l»
iiet us not forget that wo must Llc.
the workidonc. if we do not produce
things or produce them lu lusuillvlfull
quantities some on must go without,
and those who get them must pay an
excessive price. And in .production
nothing counts as much as efficiency-
A skilled lnborerworklng in his own
interests will do more in one hour
than an ordinary mon will in two.
and it is in the public interest that
ho shall produce all he can. Yet the
mes is prevalent in Labor Ulllollll
that it man should do as little as he
decently ean'.ln the mistaken idea
that this `wlll leave more work to go
around, This is a very grave dnniler.
and unless we realize -the fallacy Of
it we are headed towards disaster.
lt. will -breed iuenlcfency, short pro
mutton and high prices. These are
not likely to make a nation Kreal OF
.wnpemnm are pot, likely to help tho
.lsborerln the ions fllll- _
the need of efficiency is nm-
’"!"‘l|l_9 Tibet..-sit, Aerolren  than
lm or at wanna sf4d¢#ot¢»\l»\sr
-0 ~<¢<!j'-.<_
. ,-
as
is
frggvgjg yoga lll'|l8r. Qllilé,
its much depends upon the clileleucy
-ofthe employer. Ilenry Ford can
give his mer. $6.00 o. day and still
roll up millions for himself. Wbvy?
.ls it not because his methods of
working, lboth as regards his intelli-
gent perception of what is wanted by
the purchasing public and his adopt-
ation of Skilled labor and machinery
to meet these needs far transcenm
those of the average luanufacturei".’
'The Standard Oil has made untold
| millions. They should not be permitted
5 to take se much profit for themselves
and we ‘must check this evil by an
intelligent application ol' the gradu-
ated income tax, but we must realize
that in virtue of the efficiency oi'
their business methods the consumer
gets his oil al half the cost he othcr~
wise would even when the company
gotsien times more profil than it
should.
in trade at big concern, well orgnu-
ized, can make millions in handling
pork at a margin of profit ot' one cent
pcr pouitd, while it small one poorly
managed will go to the wall on a.
margin of flvc cents at pound. There
are dangers connected with the cen-
tralization and concentration or
wealth, but theso,eo.u and must. he
overcotno; Labor -must, however.
loco these facts and. realize that they
have o, more practical bearing on the
question of their obtaining higher
wages than has anything that Labor
Unions can do. _ -
Our Economic .llachlno is a vory
complicated one, in which Capital one
Labor are geared up together ann
nothing -short? of an intelligent appre-
ciation ot how te get the greatest pos-
sible efficiency out of it will really
solve the problem for el-ther partly.
To throw a. monkey wrench into tho
Capital port ol' tho machine may
make necessary a general overhaul
,with some beneficial results but does
not directly make for increased pro-
duction.
This requires co-operation, not con-
flict. Capitalist. ami laborer alike
must realize that one cannot 'no in-
jured wllllout thc other sufl`crlng,nnd
that thu real object ol' life in not mo-
ney but comfort and enjoyment not
for it low, but i`or all.
Wo all want mnny things-Food.
clothing, shell.ol', things ‘of beauty.
But to possess these they must first
of all bo produced and ln sufficient
quantity so that there may be enough
to gn around. We never have pro
duced enough and wc never will un-
der. present methods. We can glut.
markets but have never honestly
sought to supply the needs of human-.
il~y_as a whole. We need all that we
atprosout produce and much more.
for there :irc mnny_ very many, wtlo
are in actual want.. _ li' our forces
were intelligently directed there is no
need that any should wnitt save
through vice and indolence and these
can be dealt with. Half the' energy
tot the world today-that of employers
and employes alike-is wasted through
lack of knowledge, friction, imper-
fect._methods, slothfulness and lack
of coordination. But. we cannot find
relief from our dlillculties by ranging
class against class; not in fighting
for seperate interests but in o larger
.measure of intelligence and nn hon-
bst spirit or no-operation using
rbroughtfto -bear upon our problems
which though confessodly dimoule
can nevortkeleslllbe solved. _
An army. without leadership is
merely s mob of men. Our economic
machine unless coordinated and pro;
vided with itfldoncdfittilfftdhr' titélf to
FIQUDI- .W§o\»‘fw0"‘|'|§\‘l‘l`° in ,ir¥d|`|,l in
1
1
books, on public platforms' is' ri dn!
sire to get at the truth at all costs'
instead of being told half truths that
paudnr -to class prejudices and keep
tis in a t'ool's ' radisc.
We are gettii; at the facts slowly,
but at at tearful’ cost of wasted energy
and long delay for very meagre re-
sults. We can speed up immensely iv
we put i`orth an honest effort. Al-
ready much has been done in England
which today is leading the World. The
last agreement reached by Capital
and Labor which provides a. joint cou-
trol of the vast industries concerned
with regard to the distribution of pro-
ilt-s, makes their interests identical
and cannot. fall to produce the most.
beneficial results so long as it is loyal-
ly lived .up to. Wo in Canada can
profit by their efforts and experience
an<i_in tho light of this last more
hopefuli-y attack our own problems.
You as leaders of public opinion in
Prince Edward island in matter; ol
this sort have also a duty to porrot-nl.
You can through special txoltllttlttc-es
aud a statistical secretary keep in
touch with what is going on through-
out the world: meet the luhor leaders
here and talk nlatters over with them
having in view co-operation ralhel
than a treaty between be-lltgerents.
and there is no reason why y-oi should
not play your part in tho ffouncllsl
of tho Dominion.
Let it be clearly understood that
wherever there is n. man ready tn
work there should be work for him to
do at 'tt fair wage and i.l1a‘. it. is .1
public duty devolvlng upon ouch and
all of us to strive to make this pos-
sible. We cannot produca too much.
We may glut the lmmcdtttely avail-
able market but that is an argument
not to restrict production but to find
enlarged markets. Tho key to suc~
cess lies in developing .tt more unself-
ish type of public spirit. Democracy
means liberty. Liberty, however. is
dangerous, unless it is penneated with
the spirit of service. Democracy
without this tuay well be worse than
Autocracy for it may mean only lib-
erty for class selfishness.
l
Predatory influences.
One is tempted to ask whether soli-
lshnosu does not lin at the root ot' all
our diillcultios. To some etttettt it
docs; yet it would bo o. mistake tl
conclude that lt dominates all our
actions. We must discrlminolc bo
tween self-interest and selfishness. il
is surely- right that every man should
desire all the Joy. all the knowledge
and all the development that life can
possibly give him. Is such desire sel-
fishness? No! But it may result in
selfish action. All our desires are
essentially good, but if not controlled
by o keen sense of what is due to the
other fellow, will bring confusion.
disorder and disaster upon ourselves
and tile commonwealth. We' are lil-
norant rather than vicious. We look at
lite too exclusively from the viewpoint
of material progress. We know better,
lf we stop to think; but weact too
often as though we 'believed that the
only nexus between man and msn is
money, the highest -type of pleasure
self-indulgence. Hence with our eyes
closed to the larger issues we lose
direction. Money can do mnch. it
can give us comfortable homes, nrt,
music, rest and pleasure,' but it will
be found that the permanent joys oi
life depend, not mainly upon these
but upon our rehtionl to God and our
fellowmen. The clones lnvoloulllt
mere economic factors in the lndus
trial machine, to be exploited ns much
as possible. Now the masses are
waking up and are tempted to act.
upon the same principle. Having th.\
power they think they are Justlfled in
‘using it Qxcluslvely ,in their own iu-
terests regardless oi' 'ultimate conse-
quences to the community as at
whole, Tho. pendulum ever swings as
for in one direction as ‘lt did in the
other. The present movement involves
:tn upsetting of the old order and tem-
porary economic loss. Wo must needs
accept it as the unavoidable penalty
u: our unwise actions of the past. it
is, folly to appeal to the wage earniul:
class with the argument that ll' they
do not work at a low wage the whole
industrial structure will bq__rri§np.ced
with disaster. This would be o. sound
proposition -li' every member of the
community will make a like sacrifice,
but as Blatchford puts it. “To ask t.~
man to work for 305. a week ($7.50),
for tllesuke ot' England, while Lor»
(‘h:tu<‘cllo\‘s are peusiolled at £5,000
t$25.000\ a year and while our big
cities are studded with Banks and
Grand Hotels-and jeweller shops ana
mansions and gardens and motor gar-
ages, is to ride au elementary theory
to death?" We must play the game
as between man and man, and see
what can be done in the way of divid-
ing the profits more equitably before de-
ciding what sacrifices may bn legitim-
ntelymkedfoi-. Thcftlndamentul fact
that has been ignored by both masses
and classes is that Humanity la an
organic whole. 'Phat only in the
well-being of the all can -the lasting
happiness of the individual be found.
Try to conceive of a community in
which every person puts forth all his
energies towards providing for the
general needs and in which each
sought to guard his uelg-hbor's happi-
ness as 'his own. Could it not pro-
duce all it required and be an ideal
place to live ln, without any money at
all? What is the basic idea in ottr
concept oi' Heaven? is it not co-op-
eration-absence ot’ friction Con you
conceive of lleaven on a competitive
basis? Wo need not hope to establish
the Heavenly Status on earth just yer,
but we should realize that just ln pro-
portion as the spirit of co-operation
and good fellowship exists in human
relationships can n. nation or a cem-
munlty satisfactorily solve the pro-
blems which mortal life present. ln
tho past individuals gave little thought
to tho well-being of others. Each
sought its or his own selfish aims at
the expense of the other. The result
of this has been made very apparent
hy the late war. The predatory iu-
stinct which finds greater or less ex-
pression iu each and all of ue must
be brought under control. it is our
greatest foe and yet we are prone to
deem it a friend to whom we turn for
protection-to secure our interests ns
opposed to those of others. Our first
task is to ilud out where legitimate
self-interest ends and selfishness -be-
gins and to discern how and to what
extent the latter hampers and dos-
troys the eillolency of our economic
machine, having as our aim not mere
ly the production of efficient mechan-
ic units, but a satisfactory type or
human being.
\
.How selilohnen Locum the/Produc -
tion of Wealth.
We have seen that wealth comes
from one source only--the opplicotiou
of human 'intelligence and human ef-
feli`cwsh|,_ within their--‘clue con-
baiviu or the |l_nnn_s»o actor an
fort to the production and distribution
sires. Tho mrln who make the plougn
and the itarvester, the men who build
and operate the railway or the ships
which carry the product to market,
the Banks that provide the money to
facilitate the exchange are all as ne.-
cessary factors in supplying the needs
of mankind as are the farmer or mln-
er, and should be recompensed for
their labor in proportion to the work
they do. But mitch oi' the wealth of
the world passes into the possession
oi' those who _perform no essential
part in production or distribution-
who are to all intents and purposes
pirates. A farther raises his wheat
at it cost of eighty cents and sells il.
for $1.00, Transport and Finance are
entitled to fair remuneration for their
services;-init before it can reach the
consumer at few men at tt great distri-
buting ceutre corner the supply an-»
raise the prlee to $2.00, poeketing the
difference. This is Piracy. The own~
ers of at gt-ent railwa-y by watering
its stock and claiming the right to
pay dividends on such water, raise
unduly the cost of transport to the'
consumer, forcing him to paytributel
to them for their predatory ability.
Stock speculatoru, playing the tnnrke1_
not only disturb legitimate trade to
servo their selfish ends, bllt obtain t.
lien on production for which they-‘
gave no value. More piracy. _-\- few
capitalists purchase tt mine, obtain :l
charter and capitalize it at a sunt of-
tetltimes very much in access oi' :t
fair profit on the sum they paid roi
lt. They immediately secure wealth
in large sums which they have not in-
gltimatel-fy earned, but which must
come out of the pockets oi' coal con-
sumers in tho form of enhanced pric-
es. More piracy. Some hundred-s ol'
years ago, tho Dukes of Portland ob-
tained possession of a large area. of
land in what is now the heart of Len-
don. They let it out on lease and ob-
tained from their rents the full value`
of the usufruct of their land. But.
owing to the lndustry of the people
of England the advantages which at-
tached to the possession of land in
Loudon kept ever increasing so that
the Dukes of Portland obtained in ad-
dition to their rentals a. further return
amounting to ovor 500 por cent. of its
original value. A return which they
did not earn-what in political econ-
omy ls known as ttho unearned incre-
mont.
As eonomic organization develops,
wo observe that tboro are certain
ownerships-such as railways' ship-
ping lines, public utilities and large
corporations which tend to become
more and more mouopolstlc_ }ler.\
again the Predatory in-slluct finds too
free scope for action.
Do noi. lmuglnt-_ that the men so
employed are worse than the average.
On the contrary they are often, in
their individual capacities, the most
generous mortals. Most ol' our great
phllanbhropieu we own to men of this
type, but our laws and public opinion
so mould our industrial relationships
as to provide opportunities of obtain
ing wealth more easflly and rapidly
by such piracy than by legitimate pre-
ductilon. and they had the ability to
seize it. Before we condemn them,
let. us ask ourselves how many of ue.
if we knew that the government]
would soon require a piece of land
which at present could be bought at
n low figure, would refuse to slap in
with a view of making a pro-
ht
is it not seemly, therefore, before
we attempt to decide the maximum
improperly abstracted by the methods
just mentioned, could be. conserved
for the benefit of the laborer? You
merchants know what too heavy oven
he there-arc' too
many overhead charges in trodeycan-
not we get rid of some of’ them? '
il' Labor Unions were to turn their
attention and direct their voting pow-
er to correcting this evil, they would
be surprised at the result. Much
can be done and each step gained
will make easier the next. No com-
pany should be granted Letters of
incorporation until u competent gov-
ernment beard has passed upon the
legitimacy of its capitalization and
the reliability of the statements set
forth in its prospectus. All great
public utilities should be under gov-
ernment supervision and control, and
eillcleut management should bemado
it ooudit-ion of the continuance of any'
charter. All buying and selling on
lutlrgiu, that is .purely speculative,
ought to be stopped as far as pos-
sible. Men should be taught to pro-
duce, not to prey upon production.
The Income Tax which involves the
submission of full statements of' .llc-
count uutl which provjdesz for the
taking, for the public, a large propor-
tion or any excess earnings, is a very
important .step in the direction of
reform.
Above all, oaclt individual voter.
should be brought to realize the im-
portance, in his own interests, of
sending as his representative to the
councils of l.ho¢l')omlnl0n, men, uve
to fight for class or sectional inter-
ests-ihat means disaster-but can
able of dealing with the momentous
questions which must be settled in
the immediate future, and settled
wiuely_ lf' we are not to suffer, and to
be settled wisely, they must be settl-
ed on the bas-is of co-operation -of
human needs not merely industrial ef-
flcioncy.
Robert Blatchtord says: “Men who
measure everything by money ilud it
almost impossible to think in terms
of human nature." l wonder how
many more years it will be before tho
nation realizes tho simple truth that.
men may be rich and miserable--poor,
and happy-successful and wicked-
useful and despised? What good--doesf
it do a man to earn big wages at the
cost. oi all human culture and nntural
plensurc. at the risk oi' his life or to
ruin ills health? The object of lilo
U (Continued on page toni' Y W
FROM tlle_l°`__lRS'I` DOSE
Hood's Sol-laparllll logins its
Reconstructive Work.
First, it creates an appetite.
Second, lt aids digestion.
Third. it perfects assimilation.
Fourth, it carries 100 per cent. of
the nourishment in the food you ell:
into the blood and the body, thereby-
enrtchlng and vltalizing your blood;
and builds up again your resent
strength and vitality.
This makes l-Iood'n Sarsnportlll
one ofthe great remedies ct. the
world. Prom the first dose you sro
on a deflnltn road to improvement. It
is of inestimable vslug lust new to
restore tho health and nerve force no
greatly exhausted by our excitement,
the gi-up md lniluonu s-palette an f
the changing season. lt ll the `
lnedidne for volt tllil limit; » Got"
bottle WNY. '_`»
And It you need A mild, _doctlvq
of meh things as satisfy human de-
wogea, that we can afford to pl.y.'l.hot
we should ascertain how much money,
ol\\l¥!l°»Kl¢lll‘lHlll. _ 4
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' ~' ~_l`l' to Hifi _ `
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