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» and hatchability. Having satlsflod
-. 4 one A .\- .».¢.»`us»a-omsesaiaf
» Cultural and rotational practices
for dry land agriculture are,fully
_dealt with in a recent issue of
j“8eientific Agriculture" by Dr, E,
_5. I-lopkins, Dominion Field Hus-
__ baudman. "One very msential
<,feature of any successful rotation"
ghe writes, “ls that it contains a
glarge percentage of the acreage
=devoted to the most profitable crops.
'_'1t ls obvious that neglect to ob-
gserve this requirement would very
~quickly result in financial failure.
Thetype of farming which is follow-
'ed will influence the selection of
the crops to be used in the rota-
tion. Thus live stock or mixed
"farming will require a larger
lacreage of hay, pasture, corn or
ittrler forage crop than will straight
grain famling. The amount _of live
stock will influence the amount of
these forage crops which it will be
n asa to row"
s»
tkperlmental Firms Note)
Asparagus will grow on a widc
variety of soils. but the warm. rich,
deep. sandy loams with a clay sub-
soll are preferred, as tllc.-.1 .soils are
open and porous, permitting the
development of an extensive root
system.
Asparagus is a permanent crop.
therefore it is advisable to give
special attention to the preparation
of the soil. Summer-fellowing the
land for one season and applylna
well-rotted manure in the fall is
advised. it is important that land
to be used for asparagus be free
from weeds and grasses.
In prairie areas where winter
frosts are severe, spring planting has
given more satisfactory results than
fall planting. Plants one year old
have produced larger shoots and
have produced crops for a longer
period than have older ones.
Plant asearl in the spring as the
ece xy _g _
However, lt would seem, wise, .sou Wm penmf. the plants bemg
explains Dr. Hopkins, before de-
ciding upon the type of farming
to follow, to determnie what yields
of the various crops might norm-
ally be expected in the various
parts of the prairie. The Domin-
ion Experimental Farms have con-
ducted experiments on crop rota-
tions over a fairly long period of
years and a study of the yields se-
cured from different types of crops
on the various farms may be of
some interest. The yield data avail-
able for crops grown in Western
Canada are not absolutely compar-
able among the various farms be-
cause the comparisons are not for
the same period of years. Even
where this is the case. the com-V
Iparisons may not be absolutely fair
inasmuch as during the last four
years, for example, some regions
such as Southern Saskatchewan
and Southern Manitoba. have had
severe crop failures, while the
northern crop districts have eni0Y-
ed average or even above average
yields. Only a very long average
would overcome these weaknesses.
Notwithstanding any imperfections.
a study of these yields throw some
light on the reason why some
crops are preferred over others.
.Detailed information is given in
the article on wheat yields on
curn.mer-fallow and stubble lang;
frequency of summer-fallowing
rotations, relative yields oi hay
crops at diffment Dominion Ex-
perimental Stations. Telaflw Ylelfl-'»
el corn at different stations, cul-
tural methods-summer-fallow treat
mont, summer-fallow substitutes,
dad stubble treatment. All this in-
formation gained at the various
Dominion Experimental Farms and
stations is thus at the disposal of
"ery farmer.
____.___._-_--
JNCU IDN
‘ (Experimental Farms Note)
A fl-ent many of the difficulties
fffnfherent in artificial incubation
‘.. have been overcome to a large ex-
tent in recent years thro\l€l1 lm'
aproven-rent in théeafnlncubgagirr. ‘$32
f", nl re ncu rs
 glhislth :re well _intsaililgiwd alllgyhiggd
__ capable of main 118 V '
latent tempcrctluss but equipment
$101' humidlfication has also been
iimpcroved to thc extent that lick
for moisture in the air. with con-
ls sequent too heavy evaporation from
'.2 the egg, is rare`y the cas/:_ In gen-
fferal, hatches have improved as 8.
fciresult of these developments,
i Tug improvement in equipment.
ohowfver, does not excuse hahllfll'
ilu-d methods ln incubation and will
s.~ii.n no measure make up for faults
‘°-in'the raw material of incubation.
Etna egg. It ill: an axloien tlliggntflls
qbreeding stoc must _ »
1% healthy and well nourished in or-
; ser- that good batcbabulty can be
#obtained and no amount Of C8l‘6
°° in the handling of incubatcrs will
overcome the handicap which P001'
'breeding stock places upon fertility
i
3
-I
x¢~`>1.
gc this essential the first step in incu-
igf bation is the selection 01. sllllkble
eggs. since egg sus um esnnusuv
 inherited characteristic and real
prog;-css in improvement ln egg si”
‘_ be made by selection it is ob-
'  that only H888 07 8005 5|”
besetiftheflockistobe
as one cifpsble of Pro*
of satisfactory Slm-
have been cracked cvcll
have practically no chance
and may ‘Zh WW
out by candllna. Em “WB
pour- shell.; or with definite checks
as seen under the condllng llsht
usually evaporate their mois-
owe
too rapidly and hence ll"
satisfaction in haichinl Mis-
to bo D°°1` PGY'
strlloturo. “ld
be avoided
of the
and
spaced 1 1-2 to 3 feet apart in the
row. The crowns may be covered
6 to '1 inches deep in light soils and
4 to 5 inches deep :ln heavy soils.
care being taken to spread the
roots out in their natural position.
Asparagus is set deeply because the
crowns gradually grow upward as
the plants grow older, also it allows
No shoots are cut until the third
season. when onlythestronger ones
are used. Cutting may begin in
earnest the fourth season. with
proper care, Mpc-ragus will produce
satisfactorily for many years. At the
Dominion Experimental Station,
Scott, Sask., the varieties Colossal
and Argenteull have been grown
successfully _in the same plantation
for over i5 years.
Late in the fall of each year the
top dressing may be cut off and
manure applied. This is worked
into the soil every spring. The des-
truction of tops ls advised for the
purpose of helping to control
diseases and insects.
Lawn Making Advice
Contrary to general belief, al-
most anyone can have a beautiful,
velvety green lawn. To be sure,
certain fundamental principles
must be followed, but they are few and
very simple to grasp. If your lawn
making efforts have not been crown-
ed with success, try again this
spring. If you ,follow_the sugges-
tions below carefully you will al-
ways have the kind of lawn you‘ve
always wanted:
SOIL: A sandy loam is ideal for
c lawn but not a necessity. It is
well, however. to approximate this
type of soil, which can be done by
rkln in a little sand with soils
PRlEPARA'I'I0'N OF SEED BED:
Spade the area which is to be made
into a lawn to the depth of six
inches, provided this is not deeper
than the top soil covering the area.
After spading work the soil with
hoe and rake until it is finely pul-
verlred.
APPLYTNG PLANT FOOD: Ap-
ply four pounds of complete. plant
SEED: As in most things. cheep
seed is false economy. Buy good
seed suitable for your location.
Consult your local seedsman. Re-
member that shady areas in your
tolerant grasses.
SEEDING: Apply the seed even-
ly.1f you seed by band. apply hcl!
of the seed lengthwise and the
other half crcsswise. After seeding.
ron the area or camp it with B
wide board to assure good contact
of the seed with the soil.
WATER.1IN'G: Immediately after
collins. water the lawn thoroughly.
‘using a very .fine spray. Water daily
thereafter until the seeds germin-
ate. After the seeds germinate.
water thoroughly once or twice
weekly, as needed. `
CLIPPING: Do not let the new
lawn 'grow higher than thrlle' inches.
one-half inches. Remove the ollv
pings from the lawn.
ter hatches should result.
It is generally nccepted thu; me
home is the ilnst and best place to
practise charity so the home should
be the first centre of beauty and
no better start can be made in this
direction than by heautifying the
homo Kwlwds. For those who- have
a desire to make their home sur-
roundings a. joy to themselves and
all who see them the booklet
“Beautifying the Home Grounds of
Canada" will prove a helpful and
encouraging document. A limited
number of this publication is avail-
able from the Canadian Horticul-
tcial Council, il4 Victoria Street,
Ottawa, for the nominal price of 26
cents. It has chapters on land-
scape architecture. how to make
the lawn. the flower garden, furni-
ture, pools; rock gardens; the kind
of shrubs, plants, trees that can be
grown in the different parts of the
Dominion. with plans and illustra-
tions. The time of the year is rap- .
idly approaching when the noblest
of pursuits-gardening. will be in
full swing,
Tree Shelterbelts
Need Attention
manure to be worked into the soil _ -_ v
without injury to the crowns., The main object of a shelterbelt
of trees is to afford protection
against wind. Therefore the closer
the trees are together and the
denser the growth, especially at the
bottom, the more effective are the
belts.
To secure this condition states D.
J. Crossley of the Dominion For-
est Nursery Station, Indian Head,
saskatchewan, it is advisable to
plant the trees close together and
refrain from pruning of the lower
branches. especially in the early
stages of development. Belts should
not consist of more than 5 or 6
rows spaced 4 feet apart or three
rows.lf spaced 8 feet al>BYt~ If 9
feet is left between the rows cer-
tainly the spacing in the rows
should not exceed 4 feet. A close
dense .growing variety. such as car-
ugmg, should be used for the out-
side row in order tc keep the belt
closed from the desiccatihg effects
of wind and sun.
Continuing from the time of es-
tablishment the most important
feature is to keep the edges of the
belt, to a width of at least 16 feet.
in a continued state of cultivation.
This means that fences should not
be placed closer than 17 to 18 feet
to the frees at the time of Dlantlnl-
As the shelterbelts grow older
they require periodic attention to
keep them in a healthy state of de-
velopment. The tendency his l°°°“
to leave the belts to more or lev-
take care of themselves once they
have become steblished. Consc-
rass works in among the
W0 8 quently g '
which consist principally of c1ay,,trees along the edge of the belts,
or working in a little clay with soils robbing them of much needed mois-
ithat are very sandy.
ture: the amount of dead wood in-
crases due to disease, insect injury-
winter kililha. etc.. and E€l`l€l'f*l.lY
speaking the belts become more or
lcfs unsightly. Attention shou.d
be given in the form oi l>¢l”l0¢ll°
thinnings and marginal cultivation.
In the natural forest. thinninB 15
going on all the time. It is the sur-
vival of the flttsst and if this did
not take place the trees would
5006 Del' °n° l'l\l¥ldl‘¢\‘l Square l9¢l' soon become so dense that it would
evenly over the area and work it be impossible for them to survive.
lightly into the top couple of in- A5 each individual tree 8l'°W5 ll'
ches of soil. This is important for requires more room for the devel-
few sous contain, in an available opment of us crown. more soil
form, the many food elerllchl-S'€l't\-SS nutrients, light and moisture. As
plants need for healthy growth. mere 15 only 9, limited _supply o.
mas.; factors of growth some of the
trees must fall by the wayside 5°
that the heplthier specimens can go
on. This natural weeding-out vw'
cess cannot take place so readily in
uw.. must be seeded with shade-~;7`. ,nmcuily emblubce belt. be-
cause. unlike a forest. it is compos-
ed of trees all of the same M0.
each wub tba same opportunity l°f
survival. Thus weof-‘lll1!'0Ul d°°5 n°l'
Arm, until much later in life. This
difficulty can be easily °‘/°l'°°“‘°
win. c little bclp from mw-
th tree have been UMW'
After e s
ing from is to la yew an l“Sl>°‘='
ct that some
tion will reveal the fa
an doing much better than oi.Yl¢l'l~
The pcm- growth among certain
,mes mm be attributed to various
muses, suc as disease. ¥1l¢¢llHlll°ll
injury or inherent slow ilrl‘0Wlh-
and these causes should be remov-
Cd. .
Never cut it shorter than one and _
New Dom. Chemist
Itisbeatwimkeyorulawnas "
early in spring as Wlllble. for then' IS  Qruahhed-
nbc grass has an opportunity' 1° ----
become established before the hot. Clifford H. Robinson. Central
trying months of summer. gg-perlmentaeodratignihéottalriaén hz;
”' -‘°"'="'_'--°~` been promo pcs
this is done gently and oft/en, bet- Dominion Chemist, Dominion Ex-
perimental Farms, Dominion De-
. One further point should be par- partment of Agriculture. in succes-
ticularly noted, namely, that alien ‘mn up Dr. Frank T. Bhul'-t. Wl1°
talking off the hatch any chlokl retired in 1033. Since that time
wblcb are lm in batehinr or wlllvh ur. rroblnson bu been Acting
do not appear to be erltllvly Yls- Dominion Ohemlst until his recent
orous should not be raised. ls ox- appointment. He is well Quillmd
pcrlcncc bu inducted that such for me important vosltlon °f
chicks rarely devyelop normally and Dominion chemist both by virlilo
uauail die off at some time dur- of educational qualifications and
ing the rearing period or at the experience. He was bom in Lamb-
l M but mera uutnrutr will'-H and wa county, ontario. att/H\d¢d thi'
IU
poor producers. primary and ueondlry.'°h°°l| °l'
obatham. and matriculated into th*
University of Toronto from Dutton
High School in 1908 affll' winninl
the slr wuusrn Muloek ubolu-
ahip in mathematics and science.
rn lnoo be graduated with and
_clara honors with the doll” 0|
aa. nc not pmt rndvltv vm
in organic chemistry and in 1911
was appointed to the stall- of thi
inion Chemist. from ilid un-
mm he was Chief Asriehnt to
Dr. lhutt and in that period he
yu cipl'Dyli1¢lll1‘l00ffU3‘
tnvatmgfansanurespensibfe for
tliemettrodafordeuctlenandes-
,t tlmefadulhrantl in food.
`_ alsoeevlidfoiniuiuand not
specification for inks used tn the
is to be obtained by watclxlng and
reading Nature. This requires pl-
tient study, and unless you are
keenly enthusiastic, you would
proba.bly,uct know where tb start.
Once you get your garden going,
you will begin to know instinctive-
ly the things to look tor. You will
want to try experiments for your-
self, aud gardening will become the
absorbing interest for you that it is
for so many. The main thing is to
get started.
Thegarden all ready. soil nicely
refined and levelled, what shall we
put in?
Bear in mind that all flowers do
not flourish on any one particular
soil, so the way to succeed with
your flowers is to grow those which
are suited to your soil. and what
succeeds in other gardens in your
locality is a good guide in making
a selection. When you get to know
more about gardonins. YOu will
know how to adapt your soil to the
flowers you wish to grow. but at
first it ls easiest to grow the flow-
ers you know will like` your soil.
Most flowers can accommodate
themselves to a medium loam soil,
such as is to be found in most gar-
dens-neither too clayey_ nor too
light.
You cannot do better than start
ot with |. few of the old favourite
perennials-perennials being flow-
ers that are completely hardy and
can stand a severe winter. With the
nrst breath of spring you will l'lnd
them shooting up year after year,
and eaeh year there will be more
of them. They can be grown from
seed if desired, but with perennials
it is not noesary to nurse the
seedlings as lt is with annuals and
half~hardy plants.
If you have friends with a gar-
den most of them will gladly div-
ide the roots of any perennials they
may have. as the thinning out pro-
cess improves them. If left to grow
too thick, the blossoms tend tc de-
teriorate. `
. Tall Subieets
Take t-he tall ones first that you
will plant at the back of the bor-
der. Delphiniums-the king of the
summer border-are easy enough
to grow. and .can be procured in
all shades of blue, from dark vio-
let to Cambridge. If given plenty
of space they grow strongly. They
prefer a sunny position. The Jap-
anese sunflower, with its delightful
yellow blooms and black stems, is
an acquisition to any garden. Its
blooms lasis from June until Sep-
tember. Helenium-the dark bronze
flower, with tum-down pestals, or
its blooming yellow variety-is an-
other proiuse -bloomer. Everybody
finds room for the Mlchaelmas
daisy, which can be had in all
shades of mauve. .
Anchus Dropmore, with its vivid
blue Candelabra of flowers, like
giant forms oi forget-me-not, will
grace any garden. The Magenta
Agrostemma makes a. good neigh-
bour.
In front of these giants come the
Phlox and Sweet William. Campan-
`ulae-tllose dainty blue and white
bells-if planted now will give you
a fine show of blossoms in May,
June, and July. Columbine, the deli-
cate “Granny‘s Mutches" as . they
call them in the North are not far
behind. Get the long-spurred var-
iety and you will never regret lt.
They prefer a moist spot in the
border.
Lupin and Larkspur add more
blue to the border, and so does the
ordinary _"flag" Iris. A more
dainty member of the same family
is the Spanish Iris. wmh blooms
in early summer. Plan next to
a clump of Oriental poppy, it ls»a
thing of beauty, the dark purple
blossoms being a perfect foil to
the flaming orange of the P°DPY~
Sowing Beans
The seeds may be sown in drills.
about three inches deep in heavy
soils. but slightly deeper in light
soils. It is preferable to sow them
ln broad. flat-bottomed drills, in
two parcllel rows about five inches
apart. They should be eight or nine
inches apart in each row, and al-
ternating with. not opposite to,
each other in the rows. The seeds
I  .   -_ '  '.,~    , ".-'-'.~» < ‘~`.,`f~‘--:" ~   , ._ __ .1-'.=.-~.<`,'-f~   -'; ' =' ._.  Ill" ~‘ .‘  
sri. _,,¢ _-_ _,..»-. .. »» .» 5. . ..._  ~.i.' .,. __. _ ,-4- ..._.,., .__,-,if ___,, ._;_,` _-_V5-.».,._.-3 .. ._, ._ . I, _._ __.__._ ,`,__,__ ,_ __ . ...cw ._l,. . _ .,_,;_’_ _vv_J_$,,_,_ _
- 1 , ~ . . _ -1  i » ~ ~-  ..~- ~. '.=~ ». -~ t ...‘ ,
_ Beautiful The best knowledge of ardcllltll If you do not know  MOM-
bretia and are still looking for
o1ange'flowers for cuttings. get a
clump. it will soon spread and give
a wonderful profusion of flowers in
late summer.
The time will come when, thb
gardens possibilities having been
tested, the occupier will not be
content with mere splits from
neighbours' plants, which in the
course of time lucy have deterior-
ated. It is then that the nursery-
men come to be regarded as the
gardeners provider. They raise
only plants of merit, .and knowing
their requirements can offer inval-
uable advice ln making a selection.
A nurseryman. of course, may give
such advice at the very start, and
will pmbably judge the soil's pos-
sibilities from the outset, but where
the amateur wishes to find his way
to success, the final arrangement
of the borders should not be at-
tempted in the iifst season. or,
indeed until lt has been possible to
give thoroush winter cultivation and
manuring. .
- Bright Annuals
For annuals, the seeds of which
must be sown every spring, you
have an immense choice. Always
buy good seeds. It pays in the
long run. A packet of Shirley poppy
seeds broadcast ln odd corners of
the garden will make a bright patch
of bloom in July, and you will Bild
it dimcult in the years to como
to eradicate the self-sown seeds
even if you want to!
`1lbr house decoration no flower
can surpass the sweet pea. It is a
little more trouble than the aver-
age annual, but all gardeners are
agreed it is well worth lt. Seeds
can either be sown now under cover
-in a cold frame or in a green-
house-or a few weeks later out of
doors. The place where you intend
to plant them should be well
trenched and manured. That is-
dig down very deeply. throwing up
the earth into a heap. spread a
layer of manure, and illl in; repeat
the process three or four times.
Get your pea sticks ready, although
you need not- place them until the
plants begin to throw out their
runners. When you do place them,
see that they are well driven home,
as they will have a lot of weight
to bear when the sweet peas grow.
They easily attain a height of 8
feet 6 inches. Some folks prefer
them in rows; others in clumps.
Some like to cultivate the different
colours in different groups; others
mixed colours. when the flower-
ing season comes round you will
need carefully to pick off the fad-
ing flowers each day to ensure con-
tinuous blooming.
Canterbury bells, scarlet flax.
antirrhinums, nasturtiums; corn-
flowers; marigolds-doaen spring to
mind and eye when thinking of a
garden. The only danger is trying
to grow too many. It is fatal for
flowers to be overcrowded. To look
and grow their best they musl; have
plenty of light and air. If you put
a plant too near the fence, you will
find it straining forward togreef, the
sun. ~‘i`ome flowers gradually turn
their heads and face the sun as it
fulfils its ol-bit.
There need be no anxiety to start
yet with vegetables, unless onions
are to be raised under glass.
Package Bees and `
' Their Care
Thousands of packages of bees
will soon be coming into Canada
from the Southern States and they
will be expected to build up into
good honey-producing colonies by
the time the main honey flow from
clover is ready to be harvested. To
do so, however, says the Dominion
Apiarist, the bees will require spe-
olai care from the time they arrive
until they ars well established in
their new location. Bee-keepers who
are expecting package bees this
spring should get in touch with
their nearest express agent or
customs officer and arrange for
immediate delivery of the bees
when they arrive.
As soon as the packages are
received, they should be put in a
should then be covered with soil,-
which should be slightly consoli-
dated with the foot. and the surface
finished with the ra/ke. The fertili-
sers may be applied as a top-dreu-
ing at the same time. It is a good
plan to sow a few seeds at the end
of each drill in order tc have plants
available in the event of any of
those in the drills falling to germ-
inate. The distance bstween the
rows may bo two to three feet, but
as other vegetables may be grown
between tha rows, which should
nm as nearly north and south as
possible, this distance may ba
doubled or trebled according to re-
cuirements.
meat supplies. and also thole usd
by the Port Omoo Dwarf-ment for
the cancellation of stamps.
Under his direction as Acting
Dominion chemist. sell survey vmk
of fruit grevrin districts in Nova
Scotia was umlertalcn including
intensive studies of orchard letls
under various cultural treatments:
animal nutidtim rcaiarch was ex-
tend fo include vitamin research
in live stock food supplements and
a lurvey of starch _content of po-
tatoes grown in Maritime Provin-
cd. annotated with digestibility
various potato products.
in order to take care of
RMIUNA
3% °‘ a.
“cr umm nnaaltu-in me tb.
Msoouta committee of mtloasi
lweucb coancli eiijcraln Rl-
3.
.E
if
l;§§
iii;
“mega zaeunaae comme
cool, ghady place and the screen-
ing of the packages sprinkled with
cold water or a very thin solution
of sugar and water. This will
quieten the bees after their
lcng~jcul-ney. During the law
afternoon or early evening. the
bees should be released from the
packages into the hives. Every
ehipmentcfpackage bees is ac-
companied with full instructions
for releasing the bees. These in-
structions abould be followed care-
fully. Dee-keeper; who have combs
of honey saved from the previous
's D are fortunatn. in. that
y be released on them
eding eliminated. If
only foundation. are
the bees will have to
ch time as they ara
sufficient food from
installed. the!
bed for at
an to remove
and replace
nation, and tc
released from
releand
.-is _ 5*-“sig” ,,_°
.l§;§§§§§l§§;§§§§§iiiillll
ii 4s _ E5E¥e§§§  “=“°
Eéaisiggéfiig E 5
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Suggest Pantotherio
Acid For Plant ,
Growth
-_-_...__
An obscure substance known as
llwtotbenic acid may be a univer-
sal growth elixir. `
Preliminary .experiments in
which the weights of alfalfa plants
were nearly doubled by ,placing
minute quantities of this acid in
the nutrient solution in which they
WN 8r0Wrl are rcpofted in the pro-
ceeding of the National Academy
of Sciences by Charles McBurney,
Walter Bollen and Roger Williams
of the staff of Oregon state
College. This acid, they explain, ap-
parently is a constituent of nearly
all living tissue. plant or animal.
Not only is it a growth stimulant
but it plays a part in the fixation
of nitrogen in the soil where it be-
comes available for plant life.
Nitrogen is taken from the air
and fixed in the earth through the
cooperation of the legumlnoua
plants, such as alfalfa and clover.
and certain soil bacteria. The later
form riodlce on the roots of the
plants and at some stage of this
process the nitrogen fixation oc-
curs. So far as known the bacteria
will not fix the nitrogen in the
absence of thc plants, nor vice
versa. The presence of the bacteria
is necessary for the healthy growth
of the plant. _ `
The Oregon scientists found first
that the bacteria produce his pan-
tothenic acid. The amount produc-
ed increases steadily as the bac-
teria colony grows.
Progeny Test In
Poultry Breeding
The progeny test. as carried out
at the Dominion Experimental
Farms, is mentioned in the progress
report just issued by the Division
of Poultry Husbandry. Among a
group of full-sister pullets some
may be very good layers and others
_very poor, explains the report. The
same is true of the transmitting
ability of full brothers. Mines can-
not be judged, however, with any
degree of certainty, except by test-
ing them through their daughters'
production. This is known as the
progeny test. and all males used
for breeding on the Dominion Ex-
perimental Farms are subjected to
this test. Thus the cockerel* used
for breeding are kept until tile fol-
lowing breeding season and rated,
on their progeny according to: (1)
fertility and hatchability; (2) range
and adult mortality; (3) egg pro-
duction up to January or February:
(0 egg weight. '
Males that give poor fertility
and hatchability are not used a
second year. such males are cull-
ed after the rlrst breeding season.
The range and adult mortality of
different :mics may run from 10 to
50 per cent., or more. Males whose
progeny have a ‘high death rate
are not used s second year. neither
are their sons, even if the pro-
duction of the surviving daughters
is very high.
The miles chosen for second-
year breeding work. together with
their sons, are those whose daugh-
ters oome into production at from
six or seven months of age, lay at
a good and uniform winter rate,
and have low mortality. and egg
weights that average around stand-
ard eine by January or february.
The Art of Making
Maple Products
*-1.
A proper supply of fuel is a mat-
ter of the»utmost importance in
maple sugar making. A quick flash-
lhk blaze is neoemary to rapid boil-
ingpand this can be obtained only
with dry fuel. Wood _le used almost
universally. but in some cases coal
is utilised to help outl Maple sugar
makers near saw inills find that
slabs are very satisfactory. What-
ever wood is used, advises the pam-
phlet "Prooeasos for Making Maple
Product” just issued by the Public-
ity and Extension Branch, Domin-
ion; Department of Agriculture. it
should bc out the previous winter.
piled out of doors to dry well dur-
ing the summer. and stored in the
wood shed adjoining. the sugar
house below the autumn nina com-
mence. Split hard wood and small
brush go well together, the latter
keeping the blale bright and live-
ly. The amount of fuel Nouind
depends upon its kind and dryness.
‘len cords of mixed hard and soft
wood for 1,000 trees. or 85 cords for
4.000 trees are recommended by OX-
porienced mailers. _ __
In boiling amp. more especially
as lt approaches the finishing point.
‘thc liquid has a great tendency to
rluandfmtbinthe pan.and.if
not watched very carefully. at timal
it flows over the side. All maple
sugar makers an familiar with this
characteristic and with a means of
combating it. rn the dl!! of the
ole iran I mich:
gugpand pork a
inebll a al boillhl
lever. wb fm-as Ws°h~
ed the fat immediately subsided.
Even yet, this time-honound eus-
followed. and when the port
no minus objection 'can
it. Unfofhnletely. bow-
ple sugar makers ah
ieuiar as they might be
uaiity of the all or at
A, 0 ng !:§
 .llliliglic .
§sis§l.f:° is -stu
' is? gig* 'ga'-.=
5 ‘fist Elf:
tliliéilgli
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MARCH 21 1936
r,» y    4 _ rut UADIAN ~ .  ..  » _  f ~  __
Artificial Brooding of
Chicks
` (Experimental Farms Netoi'
In the artificial brooding of
chicks. there are a number of sys-
tems in successful use, such as the
hot water pipe sysi_».em,g the fu;-ug
`draft hot air system. the battery
system and the colony house plan.
Of these. under general Canadian
conditions for the comparatively
small grower, the latter gygtum my
proven the most satisfactory. mn- a
source of heat, the coal burning
brooder suave is by long odds the
.m0St D090-lB<\'. although for brood-
ing in the late spring and summer
oil and electricity has many ad-
vantages. ‘
The brooder stove is best used in
a portable colony house which may
be moved from time to time
throughout the season to gssu;-e the
Chicks hlvlrls fresh. uncontamin-
ated sfound over which tc range.
Don't overcrowd. -A lo x 13 mugs
will aocomodam 200 to 30] chick;
nicely at the start. Be sure to
supply sufficient heat at all times
to ensure the comfort cf the' unlckg,
They should be kept as may be for
oomfort but should always have a
source of heat where they my go
to rest in a. temperature of about
100 degrees.
No theremometer is as good an
llldlcetol' m the chicks themselves.
Their actions will tell at once
whether they are comfortable or
not. When the chicks rest content-
edly in a. circle just outside the
Canopy of the stove. you may know
that the temperature is right. If
they are not warm enough they
will quickly tell you by their dis-
oontented chirping and thou-
crowdlng to the source of heat. If'
too hot they will get as far from
the stove as possible or gc around
with their beaks open panting for
breath.
It is better to err on the side of
loo much heat rather ,than too
little particularly in the ‘early sea-
50h.
Wh°!\ tho chicks are first put in
the broader. use a fine mesh guard
to circle the hover a couple of feet
from the edge. When they become
used to the a0urce of heat. the circle
is enlarged and finally removed
giving them t.hc run of the entire
house. Ventilate freely but avoid
drsllshts- For further information
write to the Department of Agri-
culture or to your nearest Experi-
mental Farm for, Circular No. 'I6
"The Brooding and Rearing of
Chicks."
Canadian Poultry In
U.K. and the U.S.A.
.Canadian dressed chickens are
obilreciated ln thc United King-
dom and time is a potential mar-
ket in the United statas;for‘0an-
adian live fowl. with i-`ekr`en'o's to"
thc latter, an interesting observa-
tion was made by R. E. Brining,
manager. export poultry depart-
ment cf a well known Chicago
packing company. at the recent
Committee on Market Poultry.
"While the United States presents
a very broad market for poultry,”
said Mr. Drilling. “lt _should be real-
ized it is an agricultural country as
well as Canada. There were very
adequate supplies of practically all
classes of poultry, chickens, turkeys,
ducks and geese. However. Canada
was very fortunate in being able
to take advantage of the market
at different times of the year. Can-
ada's heavy producing section is
Ontario which is very close to some
large American markets like Buf-
falo Detroit, Rochester. and Boston.
These cities are all big consuming
markets of the United States, and
the heavy poultry broduclnl 00°-
tion of Canada has a big advan-
tage iq transportation over the
United States where the heavy
produeing’section in the central
weatem country was 800 to 1.800
miles away from the large consum-
ing centres." _,
There was also a large outlet.
continued Mr. mining. in the
'United States for live fowl produc-
ed in Ontario. There was no quas-
tion in his mind, he said, but that
Canada could tsifs odvantailo of
the American market at different
times of the year so far as live
fowl was concerned. There were
ertain seasons of the year when
advantage could be taken of the
market in dressed poultry. but he
thought the biggest possibility for
Canada in-the United Btaies was
the live fowl market which would
greatly improve the value of fowl
in Canada.
Make High Quality
Fertilizer in Canada
llertilisen are manufactured in
Canada on a much larger scale than
is generally known. Bulp\i;te of
a_mmools.~ .axaamiummup chlitl
superplleapha , cyana , organ at
and mixed fernlllra are an ‘made
of the Dominion
greater than lrxxgleet-ive domestic
requirements for some As the
of manufacture In in
uniting in nigh quality luc-

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meeting in 0ttaws»of the Associate
Barley a Leader
As Livestock' Feed
Barley is the greatest cereal crop
in Canada from the standpoint of
producing livestock feed unit; pe,
acre. writes H. R. Hare in th;
ECODDUHC Alllllllsit, the bl-mumh.
ly publication issued by the Agn.
cultural Economics Branch, Dum.
lnion Department of Agricultural
A study of the long-time-uferagc
yield oi' this crop, computed on a
total digestible-n trient basis
'reveals that no otiller crop in my
province 'of Canada. attains to the
high standard set by this cerml
Thi!-S. ¢0lllPBl‘cd with wheat, 0,115
and rye as a producer of iced null..
barley excels its nearest coulpomu,
by more than 10 pci' cent in fum
provinces and in some provinces
surpasses oats and rye as rr lead
producer by ~'i0'per cent or more,
In the three prairie provlnccs
where in most years two-thirds of
more of Canada’s barley crop 15
produced and where the live stock
feeding enterprise is steadily be.
coming more important, the few-
ing value of barley is of pnrllmuar
significance. If feed value, however,
were the only factor which influ-
ences the acreage seeded to barley
ln 0811568. no doubt the acreage in
sucxrceeding years would tend to
inc ease more rapidly than it has
done. One of the countcr-balanc-
ing factors influencing farmers in
Dllmlllllg l»l'l€1i' acreage to be scfd-
ed in barley is the cash return
per acre. For the harvest years,
1930 to 1934, the aveagc ecrml
yields of the prairie provinces
multiplied by the average farm
prices, show that wheat has ex-
ceeded other cereals ln providing
cash returns per acre. Whom, ins
had an advantage in providing
cash returns per acre greater tlmn
barley’s lead over- wheat ix. pro-
ducing livestock feed value. The
superiority which barley possess;
over other cereals in producing
additional livestock feed value per
acre should make an appeal to the
cereal producer who is growing
Irfeals for feed Purposes on bu
own farm, but will have little
attraction to the farmer producing
the cereal as a cash crop.
.'Durlng the past few years, bog
numbers on farms in some pro-
vinces have been dropping, but
present indications point to ln-
creascd interest in hog feeding,
Thisnctivity will tend to change
the attitude of cereal producers
but one other factor which may
have some influence in barlcv
ECN!-80`Will be the debt situation
in theprairie provinces. Though
debt ldlllbtlnbht ltglllltfloll, de‘si'tu-
ed to provide* relief lnthis cm-._
D¢¢tl0ll. has been _successful 1:1
some measure, there no doubt ir ;‘
still be s tendency to direct ry-
tention to those farm entripn f
from which early cash return. nw-
b° ¢Xl>°¢t¢d- These are fnc'.<~:
which will influence future bnl~lc\~
acreage. Undoubtedly it is to the
economic advantage of Caxluriu
that bll`lUY be produced to relieve
the pressure of wheat on grain
markets and that it may be fed if
live stock.
fl” Foul r‘AR1viERs, STOCK BREEDERS AND GARDENERS  
“i;f.i;:t.€:z°iiz:....   laixzliig. MAKING PGAYWIIH FUIWERS
Suggested Grades
For Potatoes
The grades suggested for pota-
toes produced within the Dominion
at the fourteenth annual meeting
of the Canadian Horticultul'.~ll
Council at Ottawa last week should
be of interest in every pctatc-gro\v-
ing section.
The council suggested these
grades:
“Canada No. 1": Sound potatoes
of not lass than two inches in dis-
meter.
“Canada No. 2": Bound potato:-s
not less than 1 3-4 incbca in dia-
meter.
This grade would not be export-
ed from the area east cf Quebec.
"Canada l1'ancy": Including only
potatoes which are bright, reason-
ably mature. well-shaped and sound
and of a diameter not less than ;:
1-4 inches.
"Canada No. 1 Small": For ex-
P0l't only this gra/de would include
sound potatoes not less than 1 l-2
inches nor more than 2 l-4 inollfb
in diameter.
“Canada No. 1 Largc": Fillinl! l‘l“
quirements of “Canada No. i" rx-
ocpt the minimum size would bf”
10 ounces. ‘
mm concerned-in the llflliilil'
tr have now an olliillrlfllllltif °f
gluing up these proposals and dc-
oloing whether or not mov w°“l‘l
be a benefit to the business.
The convention also ursfd °fl°¢f‘
tive lellslltlon to maltltllll Dflllill'
.ples ofthe Natural Products Mor'
beting Act. A fnxlt export board was
‘suggested through amendment of
the Fruit. Vegetable and Honov
Act in the event that the act new
mm tba summon Court °f CM'
sea, for constitutional rulw be 6°'
fared ultra vim.
 -_-_g_':.*°='»f-'LW
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oaalalltdplsnta for the manufae-  E E L
ture' of that usb is much
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'~fq~_r4“~pr¢s_s`r.'¢i\ ~ » "  _
Canada the latest equipment and
mamm u cuban-au, v im: ia 
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