PAGE TWO frua CHARIJOTTETOWN cqgoiau “TTHE ED UCA TIONAL HORIZON i‘ --A SA TURDA Y FEA TURE- PRESENTING NEWS AND VIEWS OF INTEREST TO TEACHERS AND ALL OTHERS SEEKING IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION understand tions of this term might here be problem, or given, but probably all these m1811i I'll-l or be summon " up in the followln8- my Other aubject Literature is the record of the best 11o may read. happiest thoughts or the best F01‘ Practical purposes, so far as and happiest minds; it is the ex- 1-110 P1111110 school is concerned, we pression of man's soul in terms of may consider English as having life and beauty. 111-100 illrazes: language. formal To read out the meanlni 0! a grammar, and literature. book to interpret literature as it in Briefly speaking language is the tum interprets life. my be eon- sorl of speaklnsoorreo 1v. While for aldered the ultimate aim of teacn- mal grammar is the science of eri- ing English. No teacher has suc- 111111118 one to know the way‘ and oeeded in teaching iiterature until wherdore’ of this sorrect spas-ch. he or she has instilled into the When a child first comes to pupil's mind a keen love for goon school his study or English pure- reading Here, I may say. that the ly from the standpoint of language study of the author's life and of 110114. which oi course includes the circumstances under vihicn he composition in an oral form. The wrote, helps to bring more vividly first duty of the teacher then is to to the pupil's mind the selection in got (he child to talk; this is the be- question. 2111111115’ of oral composition. The Before the actual teaching of the teacher is now in a position to nose literature lesson begins the teach- pecuiiarities of pronunciation, and er, by means of questions related errors common to the family or to the selection, may arose the community. These errors must be pupils‘ interest and direct corrected by frequent drills in the thinking along the proper course right forms. As Miss Archibald has In teaching a lesson in literature inform-ed us, the King's English the whole selection should first be Drill is a valuable asset in this read over carefully by the teacher. work. Psychologists state that The pupils should then be given wrong forms should not be pre- full scope to develop their imagin- sentcdto the child, as a means of ation, and should be aided by the correcting errors. A good drill in teacher in forming mental pictures Orul 00111005111011 is to Tequire the of what has been read. A pupil uuiuls frequently 1o Muwer ques- must see the picture presented and iions with complete sentences. This must absorb to some extent (he method of course should not. be sentiment of the author before he abused; not every question permits can read well. of such an answer. The picture formed by the pupil An important phase of the study remains much long-er than the of language at this period is "int lesson imparted. Very often ii: is correct spelluig of all common necessary to analyse a selection words used by ilie Pupils. It may very carefully in order to bring out be stated here that we cannot do its true meaning; sometimes we better than refer to Charters‘ as t0 may read as selection merely for methods of handling this most im- its general impression upon us It Dorian?» Dull 01 English work. is a. common fault in ieachLng to Special emphasis should be laid over-analyze selections that do not upon written spelling in all the need such careful analysis. subjects. for this is the practical when the selection has been spelling test. read, the beauty of each expression Those vilio have made a study of brought out, and the author's lhe 01111113 mind tel! us that, un- meaning thoroughly understood the til the average child reaches the pupils rmaiy read individually. A seventh grade, little, if any, real pupil is furnished a ood stimulus under-iiondul! of formal grammar to read well, ii the ot er members. is acquired. I think it has been the of the class close their books while experience of almost every teacher he is reading; the other members that it is the memory rather than must. listen more closely, and thus the reasoning power that is call- a greater interest is aroused. The ed into play if the study oi this pupil should not be interrupted phase of the work is begun in the while reading. The criticism should lower grades. We often observe be done in a kindly, helpful spirit, that a child is able to give the pro- after the pupil has finished. The per definition of a. tcnm, but that teacher's criticism should be in the the application of a term is beyond form of questions, not ands him. When the study of the text Dramatization of selections, when book is commenced it should he possible, is a very effective method made use of in a logical way. It of teaching the pupil to read well. should be used to solve the diiflcul- 1 have previously referred to the 1105 01 1110 P110115. rather than to teaching of spelling. The study of lead them_lnto difficulties. Suppose the meaning of words may be done We are 801112 to teach to the class partly from the content and partly about 01c adjective, we may begin from the use of the dictionary. by wrltlnz some noun. ca. ‘horse’. Some advise the finding of a on the board. Then we might ques- meaning wherever it is needed. This tion the class if they are told any- method should be considered pm. thing about the ‘horse’. We may ferable to the method of writing now require them to write some down a. column (,1 words and words before this noun that will then consulting the dictionary. serve to describe it. Some member The one lmpqrtflnf, factor yo. o! the 019$ might suKBest ‘black.’ maining is the assignment of the for example. other words of des- jeggm-L gekcflom may not n“. crlotlon also mlsht be requested cessarily be studied in the order in from the class. The pupils are then which they occur in the text-book; shown the function of these words they may be profitably correlated in the sentence. The teacher. after with the work in Gengrgphy, H15. 118111-118 Elven 1.110 P1111115 $u111010111 tory. Nature Study, and other sub- sroundwork for the study of the jects. A lesson of such length only ch extends inland to Canton, a Crown Colony of the Straits settle. ‘adjective,’ and without mentioning u cgn be 193mm properly spould XIHiiLCl‘ of ninety miles. France has merits. It is a. great British naval 111e- lerm. mill’ 111011 require 1110 be given. By the use oi’ a iev: well coniiol Kwancehow v Wan base, now being stormed by the, Duplls lo 001151110 i'1el1' ieXl-boolr 10 selected questions dealing with the P, Hum] h1g5 had the concession of Japs. find out lite name which is applied lesson g0 be study“, an incentive M 0 for 58V€Yfll hundred years, _ Caroline Islands. (Japanese Man- to such words as they have just for me camfn] uremmdm o; the ‘villilc Briltilii has had the island oi date). strategic islands, ideal for discussed. Such a method ‘as this ls selection is gzovidcd to the pupil, H Kgng since 1342 and the bases, were taken from Germany in known as the "inductive' method he" 1g mgy gddeu chug, pgggqge; fveillilsllld. of KOWIOOn, which is part the first World War. Japan has of 1080111118. and. l! 1111B 1-! 901-13104 in literature should not be used for o: the mainland, since i860. Since Kept development secret, and has in from the beginning, the pupils analysis and parsing. It is 39mg- me outbreak o! the urar both the restricted visitors since 1935. These will find but little difficulty in ap- time; goegsury hgwgygy‘ when the island and the Peninsula have tai- islands are situated north of the plying these principles to his pars- meaning of the passage is obscure, Lcn to tho Nippons, Camrnnk Bay. equator and cast of the Philippines. ing and _ana1ysis, and later to his to resort go unnyseg A strategic naval and air base on Java is the richest and most 00111005111011 11nd llflrllllhfnslnfl- Just In conclusion. I wish to refer to me south eastern coast of French populous of the Dutch Island in the here. it might be said that, while we benefit that teacher; may de- Iiida-China. It is now controlled mat. Its area is 51,000 sqme with a analysis is important and should flve'ff()m the use o; gwd ref-avenge m. we Japs, Kata Bahru. An im- population of 37,000,000. It has en- not, by any means, be neglected in 5°01“, Amgng thou, way-thy u; m. portarit British base (naval and air) tcnsivdtobacco, rubber, and tee- Grades VIII, IX and X, yet it, too, wmmendutlou “o; charters on the cast coast of the Malaya). plantations. Batavia (437,000), in can be abused. Composition and qveuhlng m; common Branches, Peninsula and in the unfeclerated Java, l5 the largest city and chief paraphrasing should be given much the gunudiun Teacher. the Quturp, State of Kehmaii. It is now con- Seniport of the Dutch East Indies. it more consideration than is gencr- Teachers’ Manual. and many nthgy tyollcd by the Japanese. Pcnang is iv uiso the capital. ally allotted to them for they call suflr valued pubumuuns, part of the crown colony of the Rangoon. the 08911111 of Burma. into action the constructive forces 11pm Teaghlng 0y mung." Straits settlements. Penang itself is situated near the mouth of the of the pupil's mind. red by Estelle Morris o consists of a small part of the Irrawaddy River. The province of We rrmy now consider the third rgetown, and given at a Teach- niainland of the Malaya Peninsula Burmb 1S r1011 111 I100. P01101011!" and last phase of the work in Eng- er-s’ Convention in Charlottetown and a small island, called Penunit- 511d teak‘ island lish-the literature. Many il-eflrll- a few years alto. Note: - 1,. ‘ . " -on naval base Gullm, a small 1400 mi. blgtlnorgtylqrn cum». east of ilic Philippines, was coded GEOGRAPHY NOTES Bncu to the Malacca Strait. 1t is 11y Spain to the U. S. A. in 1898. now controlled by the Japs. _il'ie Americans used it as a naval Th, Devflupmeng o; 11nd; Pearl Harbour, on the island of 113-10 11111 15 1’1°W 001111011011 b)’ 111° CBIIlICS.—-TOWUS and Cities have Oahu, which is one of the eight Jul“,- gradually grown up in situations importriiit islands \1i'lllCI1 helps to lllldwfly. 11 $1111111_1_511111f1. Slliullted must; convepient, for the greatest make up flu» Hiiivniian group. It 110111111051 01 Huwfllluu 15131115110‘ number of people. The followng §(‘."\'(,'S n?» un llnpz-riuiit base for the 101185 1° 1110 111111011 5111195- 111111011" are suitable locations: (i) the America“ Flcct. ant 11s a naval base. “mm of a great plum‘ u; the m- ilainnn, a Chinese island off the 11-h 18180 Pelllenl-BEE ‘>5 the tersection of roads und IHvIOBd-i; south coast of China, separates the Worlds supply or rubber. tin. and t2) ma end of a mountain pass, or Gulf of Tonking and the South 011 0011105 from 1110 31111511 Malay" the junction of mountain valleys; China Sea. The Japanese are using 905505510115. B1111 1110 911°1- 311517 In‘ (3) the head of navigation on a. it llll npcrntlonul base in their flies. T1115 $011100 1135 been "l" °“- river, or a safe place to cross a (li(1l“.i\'Ol‘ to ciommatc Indo china. 1110 Jnlinnese 111110 rush“! 111N118“ dangerous stream; (4) a bay or liilrmll, Blillill Malaya. and i110 ""1111 °1 111° 5mm‘ M1431“ 11°51‘ harbour easily accessible to a "op- Dmch East Indie.‘ sessions, and are spreading over the mnterlarui Awess- qny w 'I"imor, one of the Dutch East In- Dutch East Indleo- rail or water and a productive hln- dies, belongs to the Javanese The vegetable 011s formerly uwd ierland are the most lmmrtant do- gi-ciip. Is situated some fivc hund- 111 the 10311111801111? 0f 5011i) 1119 1111' tenninirig factors. mi miles north of Australia. Part of ficult to get now because war with Two Kh-"js o; g|ueg_qomn;erclu1 Island belongs to the Portii- Jupan has cut down the import cities are those which engage- in Supp", and the‘ other part o. cocoanut, olive and palm oil, for- trade and commerce, whqe 1nd“? the Dutch. The British and Dutch mcrly obtained from Pacific coun- trial cities owe their existence to 1011305 have movcd into Portuguese tries, re“. mnnufacwrles_ New york. T3110; in order to guard. against Canada and U. S. A. will have to Lwerpoop and Montreal must u; Japanese possession of the Port- depend upon the rubber plantations classed u commemm cm“, when- ugucso cart. “B15211 1° “m” exmnt- Bu‘; Am‘ as Detroit, Pittsburg, and i-hmii- ifinrncn is the largest island in ezicnn industrialists and chemists ton are mdusn-la] "cenu-em gut w, pininjvn. AlTlllpClllgo. Two-thirds of cinim that they can manufacture must remember ma; m“ dgsginuflon it bclni '5 to the Dutch, while the enough synthetic rubber to make L, relative’ not absoluw Eye" fCmfllllllisg part belongs to the Brit- their country independent of out- are“ city is primarily. but not e11- isli. Brit! 1 Borneo is divided into s.de supplies. Furthermore the may’ one or the omen The be“ possible for him to properly an arithmetic the meaning of the raphy or CURRENT AFFAIRS which, along with Soluni, is situat- ed on the Egyptian-Libyan frontier and near the coast, include dug- auts, pillboxes, and concrete gun cinplucemcnis. "lie destruction of rue Soium-Bal flrefl 118s remov- ci completely Axis resistance from ELIstcrn Libya. The British have driven far into Llbyvi. capturing Fort Cfliilllllll. BB1’- iiin, Sidi Rczegh, Gambut, Tokruk. Ll (luzulir Dcrna, Bomba, " ', 1nd Agcrliiiiin. Tlie next major ob- _i\'l".l\'t.‘ l:. 'l‘ripoll, which is now be- ing bombed by the British All’ Force. .\1 prcscri: tlic Axis forces are en- irciichcd in u. series of hills around ill Aghcilu, which i5 on the Gulf of sidra and on iiic road to Tripoli. Al ilils point, in ilmc anti place, (he Will‘ is lllUfL‘ or less in 1i stalemate Problem oi supply has become acute for both sudcs. British forces are dependent largely on sea-borne sup- plies from Alexandra routed to the Libyan ports of Tobruk and Derna which the German air force is 00ll\1.)lll1_( relentlessly, presumably from buses in Crete. The R. A. _F. is inimnicriiig the Axis port of Tri- upqve mentioned poll and also Axis shipping trying '11.-@;u.~ 9f to cross from Sicily iind Italy. Miri- Axis planes nre also increasing their activities at El Aghclla. to protect 1.11m illllL‘, signatories. Mr Iloiiimills troops ivluch zire en- ‘iill opposcil slrcmiiiiisly‘ ilie iiciichcrl tlicre. At ilic present the lint ~' April 2a. was. prune." (sermons no bonibnii; Malia relent- ~- set‘ lite GOVUYlIIlIQllI oflvéél)‘. 11nd apparently mas-ring Kingdom from the bouts riiici planes for an attack on of the Anglo-Irish iiic lsluiid. What appeared to be a for the Allied OHVITIUS nrid dclicaic forces in North Africa, is now. more “hug m,» fgfflffd hnr- <.r less. only a possible victory. , ]_§(‘l'i'll1l\'i‘ll, and Lough TllC future of the African campaign ' 1:1 the ciczit of ivnr." cirpends, apparently, upon the .~..- ~-Hp1l1'irc" Pass. strength of Malta, the thorn in the n, African Sieg- Axis life-line. If Malta were to c. has been broken up by fall, the Italians and Germans ibinrd 1)Oll‘.1).il't1ll‘i<"ll[ of Bi-it- could get supplies, into Africa, and =01 and lllild forccs. This thus relieve Ronimels beleaguered itiion on lllt‘ part of the forces at El Agheilo, on the Gulf of . due to the iuct General sidra, '. (Lucie Auchiiiis-ckis fo"ccs (Gen. Claude Auchinleck has been w-crl ilic Axis forces by in the taken from the Libyan Command, days cf the Libyan offensive. and is now in command of the Al- foriificnticns of Halfirya, lied forces in Iran and Iraq). QUESTIONS l. Locate the following places on Something to do. The present a i1i.i]i, name the nations to which glfillélégle biexfnth: Wxzijdniifer ‘oblong, and explain their im- . ~ ‘ m“): Hmg K°ng' Camrank %11:i'at1lt€sjf‘ hoevmjtarhgizecfiealatyueeveiitsftiilrlr i\', Kola Barn, Pouring. Pearl l-lar- the pacific l-iuiiiaii. ’l‘imor, Borneo, Dutch (a) on a map draw lines reprfi 11°13 K°"\'1°°1l- M-"illim- 5111K?" sentiiig the United states defence l T119 931911110 1513-11115» Java» tilangle by joining San Francisco " ' 511311- Rangimll Dutch Harbor, and Pearl Harbor: II E\ 1111 “'11? 531133113 011113’ 111119 Print the distance on each line. w ivm has precipitated the Can- (b) Find me foilowmg place '(1l.lll Guvcrninenfis restrictions on nmngg on your map: Sitka. Anchor- "isolinc, cars and trucks. rubber, age‘ sewuhp Dutch Harm)“ Am“ Elli. i-tc. Wlmt other commodities 131mm}, Kumuudorskie Islands’ 1'1 0111‘ 110l110s are 5111111911’ 1111001011? Pctropavlosk, Kamchatka Peninsula, 11cm ivnrw Central. and. South Am- purumushir Isumd and Koumk 15. crican countries may we hope to 15m; (all in the North Paglflc ye. secure thcse supplies now? glen). ANSWERS T0 QUESTIONS Hung Kong. The great trade Luzon and on the harbour of (rude centre of southern China is Manila, ls the capital o1’ the Philip- cuiiion. So important is the trade P1110 1519-11115 1111-1111111. 11$ W011 1w 1119 of this region that three European 135ml“ 0f Luzml- 15 110W immlnflmd CLilillLllCS 1lii\'8'SOClil‘€d vaiuablile Ysgggaigjiliftz- is a my situated on w“ “m5 ‘n’ “c. nlqum of he the Island of Singapore which lies (1.111 1n R_1\'l‘1'. 11111011 15 Yeauyllhf off ‘the southern lip of the Malaya c.»iu-u'i' oi ilie 51 Kluns Rven Peninsula. The island is part of the v.‘ line's Neutrality. Eire has reaf- firmed her neutrality and de Valera. has declared that she will defend hgfsglf (lgallfif. any attacker. De Vnlc "l. must know that if. she weie atmck d by Germany shc wouldiit l-ISL r c minutes unless defended by Britain: lifeairivhlle Great Bri- miu 11nd U, s, A. are denied the use of Irish harbours and buses, and tli 13118110 cf the Atlantic, upon \ iicii the frciiloni Eire depends, is‘ 11:. c so much ilic easier for Ger- nmiii‘. , We may rccztli at this time that, on April 1938. Mi‘. do Valera and 011101‘ "e ministers sgncd an '2l'l'CZlli‘lll, u-liorrlijv, zininiig 011101‘ . the Ul‘.ll(‘£1 Kinudcnr iorcgons illllll()i'll_\‘ over the ,- oi Eli-e. Ttic Nzivy cannot, . ore 11M? anj." of those ports us" l. The {mi-ls in question the ' s that British and Americans . u 5., \)_\d\" at [I10 present time in ‘.13. fl ,- c 1'1‘ [u iv-n the Baltic of the At- ~ '1‘? Qllt‘(‘il.\l(l\\'n, Ben-haven, ;;h sir-lily. We may 111'.‘ to 11:0 the 5 by the Anglo-Irish v rcczill. Bflllsll oblziliicd the "it Treaty. Prime l Churchill is one of the Oi A l‘ ti c lc s v _ Ti. my of 1921 by which they as- COIHDIPY-t‘ vnclory WBF portation during the nineteenth century. Railroads now carry goods to the coast, where they are trans- ferred to ocean ships. which are too larBe to ascend the rivers. while 1110 ulJ-flvel‘ Port has not entirely disappared. it has largely given Place to the seaport, which is the leadin type among modem com- mercia cities. ‘Iite head of a gulf or bay is a much better situation for a sea- port than a cape or peninsula. Be- cause ocean rates are cheaper than railroad rates, seaports fre- quently grow up far inland. Mon- treal, is the farthest inland of any seaport in the world. It is also cs- sentiai that a seaport should have access to a populous hinterland. Hence most large seaports are io- cated near the mouths of navigable rivers. Not only does the river af- ford ready transportation, but the river valley is usually level and therefore suitable for the construc- tion oi railroads and highways. ‘The city of New York, at the mouth of the Hudson River, i, fo- day the world's greatest seaport. Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston three arcar: British North Borneo. alkali deserts of the western States 1e of strict“, commemm] we“ ‘tron v | a] mu n, _ Sarawak. 011d Br1111°1~ l t t gmdg” :1 hshiralg “fled tabby‘ retlxtlergpar: found in the seaports o! int; of the S11E15. in lmeihmge 11111011 ""11"" 15 ‘m "11"" M‘ "*5 ' w c Y e 5 a a’ “Ice” ' the tropics. the Hudson River an outlet for the Amcricfm naval base in the North ago oi rubber. It is claimed that the Pacific. 1t is situated on one oi the present growth will produce 500,- Aleutian islands, just off the 000,000 lbs of rubber, which is en- Alusknn Peninsula. 011811 10 11009 11111185 801118 101‘ 11W Kowloon is part of the British months. This source can be de- cmwu Colony of Hong Kong. It is veloped. n pfliiinslilil which is onfthe CHEESE I U. $1.306.‘ is ngwt inaporiiingl tin mainland just across rom 011g "0111 1'1 1111 5 0110011118 l1 u a |eu___gecu.mgruue K0111 Noiv controlled by the JapS. ‘tin smelting Plant on the coast of déiiffd‘: {’,',§,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, “m- Manila, situated on the island of rcxas, siblmy u, fundamental In dew“ THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH rrining the location of a commer- eiai centre. A navigable river was The selection of one city as the capital of a country, brings to it a great volume of legislative busi- ness, and thereby gives it an ad- vantage over its rivals. This has been the case with Ottawa. Wash- ington, Inndon. Paris, and Berlin. trade oi the Great Lakes. Then-- upon New York forged far mead of its rivals. intensive railroad the state canals in recent years have enabled the great citv to rc- tain its premier position. Even to- dav the overseas trade of the Maritime Provinces is curtailed be- cause oi the strategic situation of New York. Industrial Cities-These cities are construction and the deepening of t That Unfortunate Yea-r 800 In Alfred Rosenberg’: thlrty- 110 for a new Na- hum,’ mu,- “m” Pyrenees inte Spain and received , .. 1c}. the submission of a great part of 8.21mi, ,§5’,,,,T,§,‘§,,§§“}’§ZL 11:9 it; that country; but on his return his one objective- to destroy iliatChris- TBBT-Btllgge wast lgbll-Bhfid bymihe ' moun a rs a e pass of n-- m“ mu“- “nl’°"°d m” mrmlfi cesvailes. (m). The death oi their who" tenet‘ comm; Wm, both m; leader Roland, and the overthrow heart and mentality of the Ger- 0! point pr . tional Rech C in the unfortunate year 800. man." No time need u, be wasted on the (It was with the “Song of Roland" (no whole scheme will fall through. in Goon programme itself, for time; but readers may (V917 naturally) have some curiosity to why the year 800 is set down unfortunate. When Europe {as Dlflllgrgxsfiaélgffl the “ha” °“,,§‘°,,b},°§,,§§‘”o‘§ gufbulenoe easily victorious in the new cam- ‘md lgnommy rouowed_ which has paign but no sooner had he return- never been equalled till the present ed to his own country than dav. In this Dark Age was born an Saxons. mad for revenge, and fired an Emp heu- go me Fh-ankish throne (AD f (h - newed the struggle. zfimki.'i’ait§fiiw§fig'nhlfi.c§cii§ rigigniv been blamed because after his vic- as Charlemagne. -- Charles ' f th ' es- 4500 Saxon prisoners in cold blood G§§‘“~,,;e1§“',n§1,‘,° Ora uffiig,“ 8%?! a, but the inducement must have been valiant and successful soldier, and great! The struggle still went on. vhen he dleu m 75g he left. g-rath- but the rude valor of the Saxons the” Z. extensive monarchy to his 5011i besides lite Pranklsh which extended from Loire to the east of the Rhine there were Burgundy and Allema- rmia, and a, number of states in more or less the h fl t’ Chaflemagne iignv in 785. His example was gen- $1.1 ttoehitryiewsct rliimseif the task erally followed, and German‘: be- of estabiishlnrr and maintaining the eume C111‘1§1-1111'1. 1101111118111’ at least! influence o; Cvu-gsuun culture; qnu .the Frankish system. political and polity. Almost from the first his reign was troubled by tne Saxons. the religion of Odin 1191111151 onward progress of Christianity. I‘ 772 the Saxons invaded his easie- frontier and he at once directed r expedition into the ancient tor" Teutoburg ("German stronghold" , .~ _ felt si hin 1'1 "-10 011-115 of disease. inc if clflgera-lgnilgwfimgltzw o belzglxg 1éil1xqrggge But ‘me 35g. ti’ think of those days sg-llqsés Zélinlefiebzgréesfétuéiom 531:1: The present writeger has read Y; 1'21"“ wing‘: day-s 591°" "W111i? Qffifiifgyiaétspi"? 811191511351)“ 111' a Germanic tribe. who champion? zgiizteugihxlegeéxtlsat‘lghgglfgrilaiigfioaua: emgyilggmle New Year a-gleam- Edmburgh University and 1512051313: the option of becoming Christians The“ lure P: light and 111° are 11%? mumfigltcng stfgdems he 311.111- or of being drowned in one of the 1111131115 before you pro e ng m pram‘ ihi- Qfftgléxifigfls,§',;§n‘;“§§,§,§‘,§nd_ gions of the Saxon countries. whim Bu; now they met Charles answered ed by Varus. the“, match___charlemugne 350mm,; thousands of Saxon families into the stronghold of Ehresburg, over- Irminsul. a column- shaped idol held indgreuihreverfgfio s“ by the Saxons, an per alighgmc w“ crushed’ the (‘my was drowned Emperor of the West: m short compelled the Saxons t, the coronation took olaceat Rome “or, on the i .. h ggrggsfi: °n‘j,"“,§‘,‘}j,°,,§§,"e§,,¥'h,$,,‘,}§§ Aachen-and was buried there. head, it was next to imoossibieqto }e_ much of Alexander the Great, and {ch of the victories m] these were only conquerors. Charle- threw the nected wiili the ancient worship. He also destroyed sanctuary or temple of Odin. submit. With a. loose confedera make any fixed treaty or even rangement, hence the incessant newar Qf the Germanic war vl‘ actually did not terminate thirty-two years had elapsed- Gharlemaizne now hastened to 1 m 1,0 - er of just laws, and the upholder m1“- whfl“ the m“ ° dfng {Q9 of the Christian Church. Learned barrio. Desiderius. was inva . I bril- ‘mmmmns “f the Pgepéderlylu: was man Alcuin were his friends and 150m;- teachers. Guizot the historian calls the View]. placed the Alcuin his intellectual Prime Min- campaign i t Hm and taken 9-” vanquished (774) while Lombard crown on his won head. In the meanwhile the had profited by the FY1111 absence. expellirl! 111s B111‘ renewing their ravages. Charisma!- ne hurried back and in two visor- ona campaigns forced the subma- axon confeder- meemm at as we now call them) sion oi the entire S MW. In a great field Pndeborn, ("rm iihe Frarikish K1118- surrounded by 1115 cill-llllels- Mme‘ men, and ambassadors. 1'0001V°d 111° Th and Middle Atlantic i915, .- gagtleiasnda great manufacturing re- of a prehistoric temple, in plan like gion. Chicago lies close to the coal that of Gigantia in the isle of Gozo. fields of the Appalachians and to The work was carried on in the dry the great cattle-raising plains of months only, so that the soil re- the Middle West, and is the lead- moved, could be sifted. The upper lug meat-packing centre in the layers yielded broken pottery R0 world, Minneapolis is situated ln mnn and Punic: a lower layer re- the we,“ when be“ o; the norili- vealed burnt bones. bends. em united states and close to the birds, fishes and small figures; and. Prairie Province of Canada. Abun- most important, a bronze dagger dant water power is furnished by which gave a clue to the burials. Because of They belonged to the Bronze Age the msussipol River- io Minneapolis is the people who lived in the Mediterran- glued??? 33.111011‘: flour-milling cen- can lands between 2,000 and 3.000 m; Toronto and Hamilton are na- years B.C. Inside tural mnnufauuring and distribut- broken urns were ma, centres, qua-y are centrally lo- beans and other in pi‘ OBDQYOUS cated hydro-electric power Falls. soutlhern journeydtg‘ thshnext world. It is out,“ for God and Home m“ “mud an M 0t M ith c eup suppose t at e Bronze Age new- a d r rig a ri Omar“ and a" “°"°§.§. Niagara comers had heard that the tall CWMYY- bl" ‘"1 d0 k110i" 11118 11111011 mischievous than e. lie. stones, desolate and weed-covered, they ""0 B 011159 1° 0111111191011 The good life must make 1'°°"l which requires nerve and faith and go;- t tendency for hazi once been a sacred place; coghneigci: atiirrarogbecome indus- hence they utilized them as o. cem- trial. The large seonoll- will‘ "s 01°11- = l1 f iorelgll r371" 33692114121112 1113f) ‘albugdant labor, is strongly mingled with the remains . . _ ted to 90 per cent of crime; re- . it cl to bi - ‘°°“¥'°'l..’.‘-" initial. more... iifiéiiifii‘... iZ.i‘§.§é""-’i. 0.2.2.1110 ml- gfg-illilenlugw “$11131: Elgadsaiv» linked simdwvithout trace of rocks poi: speaking is a virtue which nesll-i s ,, ‘ “v i r- t t i, till fl ii th‘ ii 1- i b2 balanced by love lcsi it t" States in th. $11153; ‘list “$251111 ‘first oiwhgrwllfirf]; was rgéhid. e m which must have been seven feet 82,168,‘, m,” brumum Lures‘ wh 1e “ m Whence docs all the sand ani high at least‘ only the he“ calves If we have knowledrte We 1mm Fuse m Canam" ar'l~ come? The Roman remains “m! pa“ °l a fluted skirhmma1n- pray for grace lest knowledt? e Representative Citles.-New York in Bri is at the mouth of the Hudson on der several feet of soil. Must we be- a splendid harbour 0101001011 by lieve that all this earth has been Loni; 181111101- T110 Mohfiwk-Hlldw" married by the wind, or nre zncs" valley affords easy amess to 1110 10' philosophers terior of the continent. Because 01 that our planet is the depository v its central boom" °I1111e Ailnnllo thousands p: tons of "stardust"? coast of N. A-. New York l1 able at all events the temple floor is 113d” seven feet below the surface oi’ the 1110118 111° 005511 110111 1° me 1191111 surrounding field. and 5011i“, It is also conveniently situated with lekllrd to Europe- temple extend to a length of about South America, and the West In- fifty yards and appear to be “much to curry on an extensive dies. London of the Thames astuafy- 3e lies a productive and thickly pop ulaied hinterland. Across the “',f§§',u‘1‘,’fj~d§"f§ “mi?” ,m,"“"§§” the farms need black-out, fci- the Jean Max cutt- rro sea is a. densely peopled part D °b 1' m‘ n ° W enemy would not waste a bomb to -—-—-j"'”"_ o, 2% cgrvitinental Europe. Situated gfulzsfimgggzjermiunwhotg%figffgz' destroy a solitary farmhouse." GETE BAR To n’ s wdzmit 1§e1w"°" gait?‘ gggmg: thought it was used in ceremonial Lwdl? :5 u kmppgg‘ Pagglefinflgl‘. __'_:OP) -— gala‘ "- ' ‘ °° ablutionr while others thought it “ ° flu" ' “ ' o.- t-Capt Harvey ' ' trade. usedbr 6n y! ‘w said I." e bomber is sailingalong h u? h recently mu“; Gali- Buenue Mus-lg the capitol oi 11:5... there Waifflm: fiuantuity 2111mm lgoghznyfréhfrfl 2§2:°.11.;'he'1:1:w:,? ti? 5x11111110 U. 8- ‘ma, a ha} Argentina. Its location at the licud balls found near the slab. In vor- are a" dark ‘m. he 5;," nothing business. has been 11mg h,“ M " .2’: iazrirrseuziiisir.utiriazri » - 1» m» - luv" 1i..':.r.:,'-..as.. figugf‘ 051112181.) forsytlie vast pastoral Moor, nawéisuc on Tyne, grooved n 1‘ 1‘ mm b“ h°w 1' 1" 1° 311° one mcccss." and agricultural lands of Argon in: Carlo— is a. commercial centre which is not a seaport. It is situa- ted on the Nile River which leads into the interior of Africa and is on the Caravan routes which have for Cbllltllflfl connected Africa and a. 1- NEWSY NOTES - DAGINOLA less themes of song andromanoe. ' fgonslble 1:101, 55 per ce ; caus 5o ggggylerture that battle of Hastings C T U accidents; i‘; cordleilbutfiulg Igwluu Charles could not stay to avenge ' ' ' goageageléini-z! lllmlprisonment, g5 his rearguard: he had received ur- N km mo“ WOmeKIFB-se o1 um,“ u; gent word that the Saxons had Our New Brunswl again broken faith, and assisted by Malone, m, R 01¢ Liquor com, Danes, were ravaglng the ports. 85m i‘ - B- Pulison, country with fire and sword. l-le was prevléus years 113m m . s 2 , by national and religious hale. re- 1111118 ow- h 1 h The dear, dead days that have been C ares as Th so fileetlnlg; d sh d m ALCOHOL AND HEALTH e , V d (782) h d You! 51111511110 In '1 9W 9V . m torv at er en e massacre filehaligfgggr fgfitaawn and dusk n enléelisn tklglggfthflfégtévlgglilifetillélfi biililu. mating er and the drinker? a 5mm‘ lwa s -ave wa befor the 1.1 . days of drum. u" produce d 110111 iii territory eivellyarngied afidy better? disciplg There were days o! losing and days ‘h; fifguglflgkflflfilalltlf tremor.“ rive;- armies cf the Frankish King. Evan M Wmnmfl- 085'“ r l. f‘? a ""1 111° 01in. , Wittikind, the hero of the ion: Wfl.‘ But the golden dawn o! the neiv Th defflfe l’ ">1" 11111151? was constrained to admit the super Year's 5103111 o, Xéovg,“ ‘gr has l Worse chm“ smaller iority of the Christian faith and r 511/95 "5 the chance o! i‘ ‘rem be‘ jury thany nroll? a “W” or a“ m‘ subjection. ceived the rite of Baptism, nt at 811ml"!- 3_ “ a "m" ) the old pagan customs. There were Saxons klsh King's Europe when Charlemagne “Sons and for his successors were too feeble England, is at than 150%! JANUARY 24. 1942 x To Those fionvalescing liter Severe Illness u... fififfisfgfifsihifi?» extremmfi nervauq-urirn-down conditioni- ho M“ o than oonvalasosn - of a tonic w lutiiénirlate anudbugiilbup unfififii “c W"? fihnmi-“fg- -..-...' “i” c" Ne" n» .. We i... unvrimamnreinw r ""1 u» Pnce%0o Look for our homage of the Saxon warriors. thousaiids o! whom submitted to Charlemagne now crossed the “W: Vulegu” bo e5 'li, tdl _ ' iihrfiifaacntuffq1m”%m~onh,pwht The T. Mllbnrn Cm, Limited. Toronto, Oat, the Franks. gave rise to count- cent almve the 1930 ' a raasn naomuruc m; to 55,309,335, anliigarrietlikgué? the 0 w, h“? bid 800,14,” u, u,‘ y“, Spams 03:1: millions in a Wu": There were days of darkness and M°°h°1- 11111111111111!’ used. can oi 1i. the prese in the blood from ugeeifruélm?‘ crease the effect of remedies‘ The book of the old year is blotted o doctor may use in illness? er, We gaze on its leaves with heart- ve these facts," THE WELL-BALANCED L15] The ideal iifc is rivers of Germany. They cnosu mo Gladly we turn to the dawning former, but secretly retained all To 2:11’: me joy a! a fresh D m eg - still bloody revolts 1n different re- “m3- —Helen B. Anderson. a “191141311111084 if . by lie-porting °°“‘°°°“' 01mm“ 1anii I: gllgcnelffifilstsssfzinegllgpollfg? distant provinces DEAR WHITE RIBBONERS:_ sidedness is a defect, a hindrance of his empire. while giving their land to more loyal bjects. It was not until Al). 801i, that the last German resistance and an unlovely thing, Whether u occurs in the body or the mind. m every department of liuman activ- ity there is a crying need for Balanced Thinking A New Year is with us, may it be one of greater effort, courage and faith in our work. A new [HD1300 is also with us, a national project undertaken during the Convention at Scarborough, Ontaro. I a itots u at Scarborough, Ontario. It is to build and equip a Home Centre s: Petawawa, Ontario, in the name or the Canadian Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and presen: 1.111: same to the Soldiers’ and Airmenb Christian Association. where th-t boys may meet for fellowship ur help, The amount asked from each member is fifty cents, although many of you will likely give more. The time limit set for receiving con- tributions is February 28th, just one month away. I am sure you will all welcome the opportunity to help our soldier boys through co-opern- tion with the soldiers’ and Air- men's Christian Association. Please re-read all about it in your December Tidings, then let us to the work through straight giving, or perhaps. some special efhif. w make Nova Scotia Unions go over the top in this work. Send your contributions to our Provincial TTea-iurer. Mrs. WE. Banks, Kent- vilie, as soon as possible. Yours in work. MAUD THURLDW. MRS. STEADMAN SMITH AT CA- NADIAN CONVENTION, GUILD 0F ALL ARTS, TORONTO, OCT. 2i It was in 800 that Charlemagne The man of one idea has pm unduly praised. He is always a tin- some person and often a hurtful one. His one idea may be a good idea. but it needs to be companion. ed by other good ideas to km, l, in“ floning properly in its proper place. ..u.o horns and locomotive with. ties are good things, necessary for the public safety. But they are lu- occasions, not for continuous and everlasting exercise. When some- thing goes wrong with the mechan- ism oi.' your auto horn and iii: thing refuses to stop in shrieking, it becomes a nuisance and an ai- fllction. You can get too much of a good thing, and likewise of a good idea when it gets out of control. It is a dangerous thing ior a reacher to ride a theological hob- : dangerous for himself and loi- other people. We cannot have too much truth. but we can have no -much of one truth if that truth 1| over-emphasized exoggcraicd and made to i. other kindred truths aside. Was Paul a man of one idea when he wrote to the Corinthians, "I determined not to know any- thing among you, save Jesus Christ and Him crucified?" For from it. In "Jesus Christ and liim cruci- fied" Paul discovered a glorious gai- axy of truths concerning God. man, lln, salvation, duty and prlnlese: Christmas Eve. He died in at Aix-la-Chapelie -- now Charles was a great King. apart entirely from his conquests. we read of Caesar: bin magne was more; he was the or- ganizer of a great empire, the milk- men like Eszinhard and the English- ister. Darkness again descendmi on died, in character to wield his sccptre with the firmness demanded by the times. As to the Saxons (or Germans they have been trouble-makers since the dawn oi history; and it will be quit! an undertaking to attempt to change their mentality. The Island of Malta (4). . ehnew eicxcavtatinns, begun d f »' . W We e ops ° me W“ “'I‘he1‘e‘s nothing to stop us from building again, When we find our castles have crashed; and he reached them all. “"08 111111111111 to 11°11 ‘~11- from ‘The Christian Church has m 11105111111? 11811111. sadly afflicted throughout all its When the hlngs ihat we worked hgsgoryflgogiejy wounded m [119 house clay '01‘ "e 5m hed- of its friends by those single-track There's no law to stop us from wearing a smile, Tho‘ perhaps we are crying inside. ere‘; never a reason for losing mnds which take some one doctrine of Scripture-the Second Advent for instance-and treat it as though it were the only doctrine worthy o1 a BTIP- - consideration. when a Christian 0n our nerve, or our Faith, m- our gogs Qff-bglgnce that way in liis some of the Pfldii" thinkng, hi5 teaching beccmrs mis- mund when, We do not know how much long- leading, He u; an unsafe glilfl0. Put food,‘ for the er W.C.T.U. women in Canada may out u; its proper relation and pro- have to build and their portion, his single truth becomes pride. The case against alcohol has well been summed up as, “the root of £15 per cent of broken homes; re- a Balanced Virtues layer n. is good to be thrifty, but 11111 The Bronze Age was have i2- It stands on a slab carved wit.‘ egg-shaped symbols. and a sacred cone stands before the feet: hence with some show of reason, the im- age is conjectured to be that oi‘ "lire Goddem oi Life and Fertility." Perhaps this very brief sketch all that need be given of ‘ ‘ Malta, and in next week's Notes it islmhoped to advance to historic. t es. shou'd grow arrogant. if we , strength. we should covet 8mm ncss, that strength be not used 1 juriousiy. Our virtues need to be bnlanrgll- It is a life-ion undertakiiigX-‘a-a most profits one in 111-30“ human being can be (2118118011- - ' BRAVE SON or BELGIUM noriporu- (CP)-— In a 101,111? ceremony Gzimillc butt, Belgian Minster _ walked slowly and sadi) coiifin of a Pilot. killed and pinned the Croix de flue“ on the flicrls timic, It 11'1" hmm‘ tain are all buried. some un- richt, who suggest The whole series of rooms in this The Black-Out "They're going to have a. black- out" said a visitor, "I suppose it's only for Charlottetown. Summer- side, and such places. 1 don't think of a muchness" so only a few re- o‘ markable features will be noticed. Near the entrance is a big boa‘.- shaped stone as large as a good it isn't a factory incompletely blacked out? In England "Jerry" sometimes chanced a shot at such a Pght, till the farmers got on to the risk." So all we can do is to black out too"? Said he. "Yes," said I. "and the easlert way is to make inside shutters of half-inch boards which can be put up at night. and taken down in the morning. When the blind is drawn down the black- - in the same manner by miners "true-lug" their atone bowls. I‘. was evident that the stone Age crafts- men had "roiled" the stone bails in the grooves to make them of good shape. Several altars were located, two of them beautifully carved with soirai ornamentation in low relief. Wi'h all of them were associated olAC .£ Drive use _ 51°” “Mme “ymmh M the w“ out should be perfect. And as the _ 1 d bee f d_ m; of chief importance in the 01d located where power is available milaszrlll§11ltr1fozfihilt~lce sxilllsisebflgoxgn 111?; Zulu?» 1s notna hlexrveoncatio tint: day-i "he" ‘he 17°51 1119mm of 5nd- 11 m "9" ' °f the “i160, curmulufi, h ptgrhaps child, the teacher finds l; dmcuu hauling goods overland was by raw material. Good transportation is also essential. Enormous supplies of coal and iron account for the growth of Birmingham. Bheflwelrf and other industrial cities oi litm- land. Excellent water bower, the coal f‘e‘ds of Pennsylvania, and the splendid harbours along the A‘.- iantie coast have made the New , - _ means of wagons. Then the best ggnfiffig"‘ih§",§flfisc'flfg."o, vgilug. location fpr a city was at the head Jest n is most immman, m“ of navigation on a river. Articles Enghsh sh-Ould be we]; taught a. for export were brought to the city n necessarily forms the basis gm- u by wagruzs and transferred to the marou.“ unuhfigunumg o; “my small rain: vessels of that time. Olga, gubject “If a pup“ mum; This has been changed by the de- rem mwulgemly’ u m “mug; im. vciopment in land and water trans- thc mcst difficult one to tench. This ‘s due to the fact that the chilzircii have alrrady learned EilglL-h oi a sort before coming 2o school. We can understand then that we must undo much before we real study of the subject is commented. Many Wroui Idem This Department i: conducted by the Prince Edward Isl~nd Teachers‘ hrleration. Contribu- tions 1P0 welcomed and should be adalreued Lawton, Charlottetown. and the ball. Borne of the walla had low relief carvings-van: spir- ited but hardly in nroportion-ot coats. sheep. two bulls. and a sow. In the centre of the entrance hail were the remains of a human fiv- ui-c, we oniv one found in this temnfe. It was the broken lower portion of a n08! female 111111‘! countryman cannot get any "alert" signal. such n black-out must be for the duration." "Would not the shutter be heavy or awkward handle?" "No. not if made in two sections. lenrihwi-e. with an over- lapping cleat: and perhaps it might be made a little thinner tiun ' half-inch."