UNIVERSITE
      MASTERS
      AND
      PhD
     
     
      B
      YOR
      K
      PROGRAMS
      IN
     
     
      Se
      Ri
      Mt
      ENVIRONMENTAL
     
     
      STUDIES
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      The
      FACULTY
      OF
      ENVIRONMENTAL
      STUDIES
      offers
      unique
     
     
      opportunities
      for
      those
      interested
      in
      graduate
      work
      leading
      to
      the
     
     
      Masters
      and
      PhD
      degrees.
      Students
      pursue
      their
      own
      interests,
     
     
      building
      on
      past
      experience
      and
      exploring
      ideas
      in
      the
      broad
     
     
      spectrum
      of
      perspectives
      on
      natural,
      social,
      built
      and
      organizational
     
     
      environments.
      Individualized
      and
      flexible
      programs
      are
      possible
      in
      a
     
     
      wide
      range
      of
      environmental
      studies
      areas.
      Some
      of
      these
      areas
      are:
     
    
   
   
    
     
      *
      environmental
      thought
      *
      resource
      management
     
     
      *
      organizations
      and
      change
      ¢
      Native/Canadian
      relations
     
     
      ¢
      gender
      and
      environment
      ¢
      housing
     
     
      *
      environmental
      education
      and
      *
      impact
      assessment
     
     
      critical
      pedagogy
      *
      women
      and
      development
     
     
      *
      urban
      politics,
      planning
      and
      design
      _*
      environmental
      politics
      and
     
     
      *
      environmental
      and
      social
      policy
      ecological
      economics
     
     
      ¢
      global/international
      and
      Canadian
      —_—*
      cultural
      studies
     
     
      development
      *
      biological
      conservation
      and
     
     
      *
      environmental
      planning
      and
      biodiversity
     
     
      design
      *
      action
      learning
     
     
      regional
      and
      community
      *
      environmental
      and
      political
     
     
      development
      linguistics
     
     
      *
      the
      study
      of
      the
      future
      *
      environment
      and
      behaviour
     
     
      *
      communication,
      advocacy
      and
      *
      cooperative
      management
     
     
      social
      change
      ¢
      health
      and
      environment
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Applications
      for
      September
      1994
      should
      be
      received
      by
      March
      1,
      1994.
     
    
   
   
    
     
      The
      Faculty
      also
      offers
      an
      undergraduate
      degree
      program
      leading
      to
      a
     
     
      Bachelor
      in
      Environmental
      Studies
      (BES).
      Information
      for
      all
      programs
      can
      be
     
     
      obtained
      from:
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Coordinator
      of
      External
      Liaison
     
     
      Faculty
      of
      Environmental
      Studies
     
    

    
     
      York
      University
     
    

    
     
      4700
      Keele
      Street
     
    

    
     
      North
      York,
      Ontario,
      Canada
      M3J
      1P3
     
     
      Tel:
      416
      736-5285
      Fax:
      416
      736-5679
     
     
      BitNet:
      ES052003@ORION.
      YORKU.CA
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Buy,
      Sell
      ,and
      Trade
     
     
      C.D’s,
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      and
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      100
      1/2
      Kent
      Street.
      Tel:
      566-DISC
     
     
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      FROM
      CITY
      HALL
     
    
   
   
    
     
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      MON.-SAT.
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      14/X-Press/December
      2,
      1993
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Moneycare
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Building
      your
     
     
      own
      business
     
    
   
   
    
     
      f
      you
      are
      going
      into
      business
      for
      yourself,
      you’ve
      undoubtedly
     
    

    
     
      I
      researched
      external
      factors,
      such
      as
      potential
      markets,
      competi-
     
    

    
     
      tion,
      suppliers,
      customers,
      and
      sources
      of
      financing.
      But
      what
     
     
      about
      internal
      matters,
      such
      as
      how
      you
      will
      structure
      your
      company?
      As
     
     
      any
      chartered
      accountant
      will
      remind
      you,
      it’s
      important
      to
      consider
      the
     
     
      financial,
      legal,
      and
      tax
      consequences
      of
      choosing
      to
      operate
      as
      a
      sole
     
     
      proprietorship,
      a
      partnership,
      or
      a
      corporation.
     
    

    
     
      Due
      to
      first
      time
      costs,
      many
      new
      businesses
      experience
      losses
      or
     
     
      make
      only
      minimal
      profits
      in
      their
      first
      year
      of
      operation.
      If
      you
      expect
     
     
      that
      your
      business
      might
      be
      among
      them,
      consider
      operating
      the
      business
     
     
      as
      a
      sole
      proprietorship
      (you
      alone
      are
      the
      principal)
      or
      partnership
      (in
     
     
      which
      there
      is
      one
      other
      principal).
      Either
      way,
      reasonable
      business
      losses
     
     
      can
      be
      applied
      against
      other
      non-business
      sources
      of
      income
      for
      income
     
     
      tax
      purposes,
      thus
      reducing
      the
      overall
      amount
      of
      tax
      you
      pay.
     
    

    
     
      If
      you
      opt
      to
      incorporate,
      your
     
     
      corporation
      exists
      as
      an
      entity
      in
      its
     
     
      own
      right
      for
      legal
      and
      tax
      pur-
     
     
      poses.
      This
      means
      you
      must
      file
      a
     
     
      separate
      corporate
      income
      tax
      re-
     
     
      turn
      in
      addition
      to
      your
      own
      per-
     
     
      sonal
      tax
      return.
      Salary,
      bonuses,
     
     
      dividends,
      and
      interest
      received
     
     
      from
      the
      corporation
      are
      recorded
     
     
      as
      income
      on
      your
      personal
      tax
      re-
     
     
      turn.
      Business
      losses,
      however,
      can-
     
     
      not
      be
      written
      off
      against
      personal
     
     
      income
      given
      the
      separate
      identity.
     
    

    
     
      Regardless
      of
      which
      structure
      you
      choose,
      bear
      in
      mind
      that
      you
      may
     
     
      opt
      for
      a
      non-calendar
      year
      end
      for
      the
      business,
      that
      is,
      a
      year
      end
      other
     
     
      than
      December
      31.
      Doing
      so
      can,
      in
      the
      case
      of
      a
      sole
      proprietorship
      or
     
     
      partnership,
      result
      in
      a
      one-year
      deferral
      of
      tax
      on
      such
      income.
      Say
      you
     
     
      started
      the
      unincorporated
      business
      on
      April
      1,
      1993,
      and
      the
      business
      is
     
     
      profitable.
      Let’s
      assume
      you
      pick
      January
      31,
      1994
      as
      your
      fist
      year
      end.
     
     
      You
      do
      not
      have
      to
      report
      the
      results
      of
      that
      first
      profitable
      period,
      and
     
     
      potentially
      pay
      tax
      on
      your
      profits,
      until
      you
      file
      your
      1994
      personal
     
     
      income
      tax
      return.
     
    

    
     
      Timing
      of
      the
      first
      year
      end
      can
      also
      reduce
      your
      instalments
      of
      tax
      00
     
     
      income
      not
      subject
      to
      the
      normal
      withholding
      at
      source.
      By
      delaying
      the
     
     
      year
      end
      and
      reporting
      of
      business
      income,
      your
      tax
      base,
      the
      amount
      on
     
     
      which
      subsequent
      year
      instalments
      are
      calculated,
      is
      reduced
      accord-
     
     
      ingly.
     
    

    
     
      Exposure
      to
      liability
      is
      another
      factor
      to
      consider
      when
      structuring
     
     
      your
      company.
      Since
      a
      corporation
      is
      distinct
      from
      its
      owner,
      creditors
      a!¢
     
     
      limited
      to
      pursuing
      corporate
      assets
      to
      satisfy
      claims,
      unless
      you
      hav
     
     
      given
      personal
      guarantees.
      Personal
      assets,
      however,
      are
      not
      protected,
      in
     
     
      the
      case
      of
      a
      sole
      proprietorship
      or
      partnership.
     
    

    
     
      If
      you
      intend
      to
      operate
      as
      a
      sole
      proprietorship
      and
      use
      a
      business
     
     
      name,
      you
      may
      have
      to
      register
      your
      company
      with
      the
      Ministry
      of
     
     
      Consumer
      and
      Commercial
      Relations
      in
      Ontario-
      and
      the
      appropri!’
     
     
      ministry
      in
      other
      province.
      It’s
      also
      prudent
      to
      conduct
      a
      search
      of
      yo
     
     
      business
      name
      through
      the
      Ministry
      to
      ensure
      that
      no
      else
      is
      using
      it.
      Ther?
     
     
      is
      a
      fee
      for
      both
      services.
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      "Due
      to
      first
      time
     
     
      costs,
      many
     
    

    
     
      new
      businesses
     
     
      experience
      losses
      or
     
     
      make
      only
      minimal
     
     
      profits
      in
      their
      first
     
     
      year
      of
      operation."
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      DEREK
      DEGANNNES
      ©