CANADA HOLDS FRONT LINE IN FIRST WAR YEAR (Copyright. 1940. by The f‘ “ Commanders of Canada's Shock Troops in Britain Empire Rallies Men and To Help Supphes Britain Dominions Achieve-New Heiglifs in Maltingi instruments of War for Fight With Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy By II. M. PETERS Canadian Press Staff Writer, FTER a year of war Hitler sprawls over Europe, behind A him a string of military triumphs over weak nations. Begm-e him, rising to greater military strength than ever before, stand Great Britain and the Empire. That's the picture -after a year of war. Britain has been fighting for twelve months-in Belgium and France and Norway and Afri¢a_ m4 has yet to achieve her maximum strength. She is just parting mass production of airplanes, to show Germany what tsysjteaéébga‘ cégggérrilg The Royal Navy is stronger gutted by Dominlons. Behind her, contributing a never- snding stream of men and war ma- terials, are Canada: Australia, New Zealand and the other nations of the Empire. Like Britain, they also “e just starting to mass-produce the instruments of war that will ‘mp l-litlcr. Aitcr a year of war Hitler finds hi; greatest enemy-Britaln-far more formidable than the Britain M1935! or, indeed, the Britain of the First Great War. He has little time to review his successes against the weak nations because British bombing planes, steadiiy becoming more numerous. are dropping bombs on Germany every night. A year ol war, started Sept. l. 1939. when Germany invaded Po- land. divided itself into four main phases. 'I‘hcy were: _ I l. The eastern campaign in which Germany arid Russia defeated and divided Poland, and Russia attacked little Finland. 2. The winter of defensive behind the hlaginot Line and the Westwali. of naval blockade and conflict at iea, 3 Land war in the ‘West, _the German overrunning of five nations front Norway south to France. t. The Battle oi Britain, and the attendant Anglo-Italian war in Africa. ’ Poland was fighting stubbornly ivlion the Russians invaded her Sept. l? from the east. Then the fight ttns ovcr. Russia soon turned upon little Finland, and finally. alter a hard struggle, penetrated the Karciinn isthmus defences and obtained the city of Viipuri (Viborg) ind other concessions. The Polish campaign gave thc lllii real hint that this war was not lo be fought as other wars. The Germans throw mechanized troops out itir ahead of the main troops to disrupt communications, always in close i-o-opcration with the air iorcc. Sithsequcntly in other cam- paigns lltc weapons of ‘espionage. of iiith columns, ideological propa- ganda and of parachute troops fur- ther emphasized the difference be- tween ihe Second Great War and its predecessor oi 1914-18. ltiinter Campaigns. Throttgh the winter was waged a war oi position. It was the stage_oi the dclcnsive behind the Maginot Line, the naval blockade of Ger- ntany and lhe_ examination of ships Being to neutral countries sur- rounding lhe Reich. in this period came the winter's brightest spot, the flashing oi naval runs off Montevideo in ihehl-‘l-lrmour running seafight in whic t ree ‘British cruisers-the Exeter. Achil- es and Aux-disabled and dFOVB the pocket-lbattleship Admiral Gral Srsc into the Uruguayan capital, f" iii: a threat to Allied and neu- tral Shipping in the South Atlantic. Kite Grnf Spee was scuttled 1011f ills litter, on Dec. 17. The first contingent of the Cana- dian Active Service Force landed in tho United Kingdom Dec. 17 and niltcrs followed during the win- icr ttniii a strength oi two divisions in the United Kin dom was at- tained. Later on ATisiralians and Few Zealiinders joined in the de- ence oi Britain. The third stage-war of move- meitt-openeri with dramatic sud~ tlcnncss April 9 when Germany in- Vggctls and then overran Denmark l outhern Norway. Denmark ‘milled the rule of forca from the start, but the Norwegians fought back bravely and welcomed British and French troops in an effort to rtvc out the invaders. But although the Allies landed iii ~nme strength at Namsoa and Antiaisncs in mid-Norway, and around Narvlk in the far north, the Germans were too securely hosed to be ousted. Their air force Winmanded the Skagerrak, across which they ferried troops in great numbers. The Allied troops had to be ivithdrnwn from Central Norway ‘m M!!! 1. Subsequent events in the Low Countries and France com- lielied withdrawal of the Allied forces from Narvik for other duties. Chamberlain Resignation. The Norwegian campaign brought about the resigratlon of Prime Min- iiter Chamberlain and the choice frlehxgmn ‘citmreniii, starchy-raider Tl y. o auccee m. r. giaiirlfiigllifi tllieclarirmg to theflcoungry ,, B not ng to o or u ‘blood and tears, toil and sweat." °Pmed ft truly National Govern- ment. with Ministers ranging from "-15. Amery, the Tory dlehard, on b: extreme right, across the Ereétoin of British political life to uveesg-"Btalélfmtztldkl union execu- . e _ ‘ r- Churchill's accession to office ° °l>l1ose Hitler whose policies he had fought for five years came on the very day that Germany smashed into the Netherlands and Belgium. In their determination to remain neutral, King Leopold of Belgium and Queen Wilhelmina of the Neth- erlands had refused to discuss de- fense measures with the Allies. This refusal was fatal. The Brit- ish and French troops moved into the Low Countries from behind the "Little" Maginot Line on the French-Belgian border, but no pro- per co-opcration could be set up to weld the Allied troops into a unified fighting force. At the psychological momcnt the Germans smashed with thcir mech- anized forces at the hinge, near historic Sedan, where the advanc- lng French troops pivoted from the permanent Maginot Line. The Germans broke through, crossed the Meuse River and split off the British expeditionary force from the main French army. The Netherlands had already surrender- ed, and on May 28 King Leopold ordered the Belgian army to lay down its arms. The defeat of France followed quickly. While Britain made an amazing rescue of more than 300.- 000 British and French troops front Dunkcrque. Italy entered the war on Germany's side and struck France in the back. The French sued for peace. The war’s fourth stage opened with Hitler's declaration that Brit- ain must "rapitulate" or he would destroy the Empire. Britain fights. Chief of Navy REAR-ADMIRAL P. W. NELLES, As chief of the naval staff at Ot- tawa, Admiral Nelies heads the Royal Canadian Navy he joined in 1918 as a cadet. Born at Brantford, 0nl., 1,000 miles from the sea, he is a son of the late Brig.-Gen. C. M. Nelles. The Admiral played with boats as a boy “because he didn't. want to go into the army." -Biank d: Stoller Photo. MAL-GEN. G. B. PEABKES, V.C.. Commander of the 1st Canadian Division. "Fighting G e o r g e" Pearkes enlisted as a private in the First Great War and came home a Colonel with the Victoria Cross for "supreme contempt of danger and wonderful powers of control and leading" at Pass- chendaele. Easi‘ on Aleri' For Defence Of America Maritime Provinces Form Basis of Powerful Atlantic Command By JOHN LeBLANC Canadian Preaa Staff Writer S CANADA'S first line of de- Afence on this continent, the Maritime Provinces after il year of war stand yet un-l touched by actual battle, but bris-T tiing with defences enlarged and,» strengthened in the months of con- fiict. Just as the transition from peace to war did in 1014-15, the year has done much to change the face of these eastern Provinces. Now the war dominates their life, and al- ways in the background is the cer- tainty that. if an invasion evci‘ comes. the Maritimcs will be the striking point. Key cities are ready for that eventuality. Ari elaborate air-raid precautions setup is in full swing, with even mobile dressing stations ready in some places. The navy takes care of the threat by water, with big guns, too, guarding thc- shores. industrially and economically also the war has left its stamp on the Maritimes. {factories that used to turn out materials of peace are grinding out shells by the tons of thousands. Coal mining production is up. Farmers are striving to produce more, with the Empire's needs in view. 'l‘he recent appointment of Major- General W. H. P. Elkins to Canada's new Eastern Military Command was direct evidence of the Maritimcs' importance in the defence of the Dominion. General Elkins is rc- s'ponsible for guarding thousands of miles of coastline. Long Coastline. The shores of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island are in General Elkins‘ com- mand as well as the coasts of New- foundland, the Gaspe Peninsula anti the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Organization of this new coni- mand reminded the people of thc Marltlmes and adjacent territory they were not only in that part of Canada closest to the Empire's enemies in Europe, but. also a vital link in the Empire's war organiza- tion. Harbor traffic is booming in "east coast Canadian ports." The long convoys come and go. preceded by minestveepers and flanked by the watchdogs of the navy. Press.) Lit-Gen. A. G. L. McNaughton Commander of the British Army Corps in which the First Canadian Division is included and the Second Division will be incorporated. Says General Crerar: Written for The Canadian Press By MAJ.-GI<JN. H. D. G. CRBRAR, Chief of the General Staff. UCCESS in war. reduced to its! S simplest form, is largely a mat- , ter of obtaining the correct solution to a problem in dynamics. , Generally speaking, it is a question of how to upply the right amount of force at the right time, in tlie stantly growing Canadian Active Service Force now in the United Kingdom which, individually and collectively, is the match for any- thing it may meet on the field of battle. But, tvltat Canada and ilie Empire as a whole still lack is a sufficiency of thc modern weapons of war to enable those mcn to destroy the right direction, and at the right enomv without sacrificing their lives place. If any one of the factors in ' . the calculation are incorrectly s it may appear to those assessed, then there who. hy thc very will result either a sur- nature of things, can- plus of effort or an in- not know nil thc inc- effectual effort. If we tors in tho military are to he successful, problem thtit the ric- thcrcforc, we must not tiiirtmcnt is movinf; only arrive at a proper too slowly. that thc appreciation of the staff is inrliffcrcitt to enemy's inicnlions und tircsiiincrl (l a n g e r s of the means hc in- front this direction nr lends l0 employ thc other. or that the nguinst us in order to manpower of this further thcm, llllt we country is not being must he quite t-iczir in (‘lllifilfltl or commis- our own minds at; in the military resources at our own disposal and thc bcst way we can usc them, not only to repulse tho cnem) but to (lcfczil him. Present 'i‘ask. At this LlillC it is no lllni-Gon use indulging in laments und re-l criminaiions ovcr thc military in- adequacies of the Allics its recently revealed by Hlll0l‘ through his con- quest of most of Western Europe. The task is now, with those bitter facts in our possession, to create thc right amount and nature of armed force rcquircti to destroy him and nil he represents, and to do so. in the minimum of time. From what tiie Minister of Na- tional Dcfcncc has said in Parlia- ment. it can be taken that the maxi- mum military effort which Canada is capable of producing is now in process of intense development. The essential thing is that such effort should be so co-ordinated and balanced. that really effective re- sults should appear in the minimum of time. I am giving away no secrets to the enemy when I state that our present major requirement is arma- ment. We have no dearth of men in Canada, now enrolled in the fighting services, who clamor for a chance to prcss this tvar through to its final and victorious con- clusion. We have a large and con- sioitcrl in the quanti- tics which thr- situ- ation seems to demand. iicticciices of War. Bolicvv mc, the stuff is inrliffcrcitt to noth- Cilllilflil iii waging war ing which can assist to thc utmost. and in thc most cffcctivc muiincr. The diffi- culty iiiitit-i‘ which that stuff llibois, however, is ihzil owing to the rcti- cc-nccs imported lty tvttr, it is usually quite tumble to explain to tho public throiiglt tho Iilinisior just why this policy is pursiictl nnd tiiiit one rc- jcctctl. 'i‘licrc ziro reasons, however, and hclicvcil to hr,- sotiiitl oncs. Thc essential thing is lo do first things first The Alinistcr of Na- tional Dcfcntrc, in his rct-citt speech, indicated an oriicr oi priority in the development of our military re- sources which now claims our every attention. We tirc working to n plan which. at this stage. seems bcst suited to thc contingencies which we must be prepared to meet. If circumstances indicate that changes in that plan are necessary. in order hotter to contribute to the over- throw of our cnrmics in Europe and to the security of this country and of this continent. there shall be no dclay in recommending them. From recent and personal experi- ence I might add that tlicre will also bc no delay on thc part of the Min- istcr in approving sound recommen- dations oncc thcy are placed hcfore . (lrcrnr MAtL-GEN. VICTOR W. ODLUM Commander of the 2nd Cana- dian Division overseas. He re- turned from the First Great War a brigadier-general and re-entered civilian life in Vancouver but never lost his military contacts. He kept up his studies of military science in the expectation Ger- many would agaln make war. High Destiny In 128 Words We shall go on to the and. We shall fight in France, on the seas and oceans. We shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We it” ' defend our island ""=te = ‘l9 cost may be, We < v ‘ ...t or the beaches and ~,; grounds, in the streets, and on the r “ a.- shall never surrender. Anti even if, which I do not for a moment believe, thla island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the Brit- ish Fleet, will carry on its struggle until, in God's good time, the new world, with all its power and might, sets forth to the liberation and rescue of the old. —Prlme Minister Churchill in the Commons, June 5. after Dunkcrquc. i, ,. Canada's Aid ln Baffle "On By EDWIN S. JOHNSON Canadian Press Staff Writer London, Aug. 31 (CPL-At the close of the first year of war, Can- ada stands by the side of the Mother Country in the Battle of Britain. Residents of this embattled island have ever the cheery word for the youngest Dominion and its mounting aid in mcn and munitions. When the First Division came to England in chill December. the country's hospitality warmed the hearts of the shivering Canadians. "Canada" on broad khaki shoulders promised aid to the Allies in a bat- tle rcaliy not begun. Announcement of the Common- wealth Air Training scheme in De- cember and its development, after cziriy delays, to wider scope than platined was accepted in official cir- clcs as one of the Wat's heaviest moral strokes against Hitler. Soon Canada will be producing highly trained airmen in such numbers as in turn the tide of battle in the skies. Canada's own fliers, who saw little action until the "baby blitz- ,War lndusiry lRises lo Need Year's War Orders Cost About $300,000,000 Canada's industrial plant, acceler- ating and expanding from day to day under the drive of war. has taken governmental war orders es- timated at approximately $300,000,- 000 in the first year of the war. The expansion itself, about cqu-V ly shared by Canada and Great Britain, cost and is costing $150,- 000.000. The almost daily publication of war orders means that Canadian industry is rising tn the needs of war on a grand scale. Air train- ing depots are to be built and equipped. army camps enlarged and equipped for winter occupation, naval craft are to he built. the en- listed forces to be clothed and armed. The result will be that Canada is producing war material as never before. Plant building is largely accounted for by three categories of need: explosives, arms and com- modities for manufacture of metals and chemicals. Of war orders placed, the largest plies. Mechanical transport, and construction run this figure a closc second. A large item is for clothing for thc armcd forces and in anticipation of the general mili- tary training plan. is for aircraft and aircraft sup-_ It is worth about $75,000,000. -' shipbuilding f Cheers Brifain fo the End" krcig" of August, swept into the hattle to ready British cheers. Re- calling the daredevil Canadians of the First Great War, the public watched the tallies of potential Cn- nadian “accs" almost more eagerly than of the baitle-iricd English pilots who fought through thc WRI"S first your. Canada's defence liaison with the United States meant to England a guarantee oi the utmost aid from America's indispensable arsenal. It was realized the lease to the United States of naval bases in the Western l-Icmisphere could never be possible failing the century-old co-opcraiion between Canada and the States. The steady flow of food supplies from Canada and the promise of increased war material gave confi- dence in the months when United States aid was not too certain. In the rising tempo of the war for freedom, Canada kept step with Britain. The arrival iii August of the crack Second Division, giving Britain the forccs for a Canadian corps of two divisions and ancillary forces under LL-Gcn. A. t‘. L. McNaughton, was the final, uii- necessary assurance that Canada is iis determined as the truest Briton that this war must be fought “on to the end." Chief of Air Force AIR VICE-MARSHAL L. S. BREADNER i Active head of the RLCAF. as Chief of thc Air Stuff. hlembcr of the Royal Naval Air Scrvicc in the First Great War, he flow with the navy and the fighting squad- 1 rons in France. Ile was one of i the originals in the Royal Cuna- y dian Air Force nnd wits for a time t director of civil aviation. l —n. ..A.l-‘. Photo. A YEAR OF WAR: SALIENT DATES IN THE DR IVE TO HALT i939 Sgpl. l-Germany invades Poland. 54mg, s-Britain and France de- clare war on Germany. British liner Athenia torpedoed by German sub- marine with loss of morethan 100 lives. Sept. &-Hcrlzog Government in South Africa defeated on neutraiitY issue; Smuts forms new Govern- merit. Sept. tl-French forces cross bor- der lnto Germany- Sept. ill-Canada declares war on Germany. Sept. Il-Brltlsh troops land in France. , Sept. lit-British aircraft carrier Courageous torpcdoed; 518 lives lost. Sept. lib-Canadian Cabinet reor- comes Minister of Defence. Sept. 22—Germany and Russia divide Poland. -- CE‘ ———— Oct. 6—Ma,l.~Gen. A. G. I... Mo; Naughton appointed Commander o 1st Canadian Division. Oct. lit-British Empire air train- ing scheme announced. oet. l4—Battleshlp Royal Oak 101'- pedoed in Scat"! Flllw by Gflm“ submarine: 812 lives lost. _- cc -- Nnv, g_'United States embargo re- peladltfivl: b-Hltler escaped unhurt in Munich beer hall bomb exlllfllfm- Nov. ll-Britain proclaims unre- atrlcted sea blockade of Germ!" trade. ganlzed; Hon. Norman Rogers be-‘ Nov. zit-British armed merchant | cruiser Rawalpindi sunk in battle with German warships. Nov. Bil-Russia invades Finland. __. Cp _. Dec. lib-Finland asks help from “other civilized nations." Dec. la-German pocket battle- ship Admiral Graf Spee takes refuge at Montevideo after sea fight with British warships. Dec. l7—Germans blow up trap- ped Graf Spee in Montevideo harbor. First contingent of Canadian Ac- tive Service Force arrives at Scot- tish port. __ cp __ I 940 Jan. l-War Secretary l-lore- Bi-iisha replaced by Oliver Stanley. Jan. 2l5—-Canadlan Parliament dis- solved after four-hour session. __ cp ..__ Feb. 1—Russlans start new drive at Mannerheim Line. Feb. b-Canadlan Pacific freighter Beaverburn torpedoed off Irish coast. ' Feb. l'f—British destroyer takes 299 British seamen from German prison ship Altmark in Norwegian fjord. Feb. 26—110th Army Co-operatlon Squadron, R.C.A.F., arrives in Eng- land. .__ gp ._ March IS-Russia and Finland sitln peace treaty at Moscow. March ll-Hltier and Mussolini confer at Brennoro, ItalywFrench Premier Edouard Daiadier resigns. March ZI-Paul Reynaud forms new French Cabinet. March Ztl-Liberal Government returned to power by sweeping majority in Dominion election. __ cp __ April 8—Earl of Athlone appoint- ed Governor-General of Canada. April t-Brlgadier Victor W. Od- ium, Vancouver. appointed to com- mand 2nd Canadian Division. April 9—Germany invades Den- mark and Norway. April Ill-British destroyers at- tack superior force in first battle of Narvik, Norway; two British de- stroyers sunk and two damaged. April l1—Winston Churchill an- nounces more than eighteen German ships sunk since invasion of Nor- way; also four British destroyers. April l8—Britlsh naval force de-, stroys seven German destroyers near Narvik, Norway. April 15—Brltlsh and French troops land in Norway. __ gp ___ May l-Allled forces evacuate Southern Norway, re-embarklng at Namsos. May Iii-Germany invades thc Netherlands, Belgium and Luxem- bourg. Winston Churchill succeeds Neville Chamberlain as Prime Min- ster. May ll-Wlnaion Churchill an- nounces War Cabinet, assumes de- fense portfolio. May lt-Netherlands capitulates to Germany. May 1S—-M8l'Sllll Henri Pelaln appointed Vice-Premier of Franco. Miiy Iii-Maximo Wcgvgand re- places Gamclin as commander of Allied armies. May 20—Prime Minister Macken- zie King announces Canada to raise third division. May Zil-Brilziin arrests Fascist loaders. May 24-German drive to Channel lports develops around Boulogne und St. Omer. Miiy 26—Gencral Sir John Dill replaces Sir Edmund Ironsidc as Chief of thc Imperial General Slztff. May 2l‘l—King Leopold III of Bel- gium surrenders to Germany. May Zil-Air Commodore L. S. Breadner appointed Chicf of Air Staff. --_ cc -- . Juno I—Hundrcds of voluntccr .hoals of all sizes aid in evacuation of British from Dunkerquc. Juno t-Jvinsion Churchill iin- nounces completion of Dunkerque evacuation: 335,000 British soldiers rescued; 30,000 casualties reported. Canadian troops relieve British garrison: in thc Wcsi. Indics. June li-Battlc of France begins with Gcrmnn attacks on the Somme. Juno ll-Aircritit. carrier Glorious lost. as British cvacuiiic Narvik. June l0 - Italy declares war on Britnin nnd Franco. Cnnridn declares war on Italy. Dcicnce Minister Nor- man Rogers killctl iii nirplnne crash near Newionvillc, Ont. June Iii-Paris dcclurcd an open city to save it from bombardment. lion James I.. Rnlsttin siiccroils lalc Norman Rogers as tl/liiiistcr of De- tense. June Iii-French Cabinet of Paul Reynaud resigns. Marshal Petain heads new Government. June l'1—French Government sues for peace. June l8 - Canadian Government moves to mobilize manpower and resources. Prime Minister an- nounces Canadian troops in Iceland. June 22~German-French armistice agreement signed at. Compiegne, Fruncc. June 23—Briiain recognizes Gen- cral Charles do Gauile as leader of nil "free Frenchmen.” Juno 25 — Hostiiities ended he- iwcen France, Germany and Italy. Juno 2B — Canadian destroyer Frnscr sunk by collision in French waters; 45 dead or missing. -__ cp._. July l - German occupation ol Channel Island» announced. Firs! German prisoners nf war arrive i] Cnnadn. July 2—Flrst British refugee chil- drrn arrive in Canada. July 3 — Britain scizcs Frcttrh Flccl. French ships sunk or dain- aged in resistance iii Oran, Algeria. Admiralty announces iorpcdoing tit liner Ariindora Star, bearing Ctr- msin and Italian lnlcrnces to C.,.:» adn: nhout 1,000 lives lost. July lt-Prcmicr Angus Mticdonaid of Nova Srotin bccomcs Minister ct National Defence for Naval Serv- l(‘f‘.~’. Jilly |I—.\ll\.l0l‘-Gi‘|if'|‘iil A. G. L. l\t'lt‘i\'fi\l_'llli0l\ promolctl to rank of lieutenant-general and given com- Juno l-t-Paris taken by Germans. . v corps to incitirle Cona- t. ' l . old. . . . W Jirigadier G. R. Pcttrkcs, V.C.. promoted lo rank of mzrior-gcn- errl and to command of 1st Division, C.A.S.F. July 22~».\l.'.,ior-Gt-ncral H. D. G. Crerar appointed chief nf tho gcri- cral Staff, Department of Dcfonco. Ottawa. __ (‘p _.__ Aug. 2—Arriv:tl of 2nd Cilflilfllllfl [Jivisinn in Britain nnncunccrl. Aug. B-Sixty Gcrmtin planes downctl ir. nir bnlilcs ovcr Britain. Aug. lS.—-'I‘ctt persons, including three Australian Cnbinct Ministers and Chief of Army Staff, die in crush of RiFlillCl‘ ncni" Cnnhcirit. Aug. ior-Germans ntlrtck Britain with 1,000 pianos; R.A.I-‘. bogs 1R0 Got-man aircraft and loses 34 in rains. Aug. lb-Presirlc-nt Roosevelt anti Prime Minister lifrickcnzie King, ni- trr conference at Ogtlcrisliurg, N.Y.. announce that n permanent joint hoard of dcfcncc will ho sot tip by Cmnda and thc Ilnilctl Slates. Aug. lit-British withdraw from British Somaiiland. Aug. Ztl-Prlmo Minister Churchill announces "agreement in principle" for U.S. lease of British island ter- ritory from Newfoundland to the Caribbean for defence bases. Aug. ill-Canada and Newfound- tland agree on co-ordiniition of a lcommon defence schcmc. Aug. ZS-London bombed in first pight raid of the war. War Power Of Canada Expanded Land, Sea and Air Miglii Greatly Increased in First Year of Conflict B)’ C. B. BLACKBURN Canadian Press Staff Writer ANADA, a land of peace, has transformed itself within a year of war into a determined belligerent spend- ing almost $2,000,000 a clay iii a grim war effort against Ger- many and Italy. Day by day the war effort and the cost gPO\\'. Growth of Forces. Twelve months ago when Nazi Germany hurled its strength against Poland and Canada followed Great Britain and France into the conflict, the Dominion had a small standing army, an insignificant air force, a tiny navy. It had great capacity for production of war instruments, but few orders. Today tiio strength of the Cana- dian Active Scrvicc Force is 153.842, of which 39,839 mcn are in England guarding the island fortress beside troops from other parts of the Empire. Spcclziculariy, the Royal Canadian Air Force has grown into a great striking force and continues to ex- pand in size and strength. Its en. listed personnel on July 24 was announcccl as 10,453, and now prob- ably exceeds 21,000 on the basis of a wcckly enlistment of 400. At the outbreak of war R.C.A.F. strength was 4,061. Equally spectacular ha: been the grotvthcf the Royal Canadian Navy —iit ships from 15 to 121 inside of a. year and in men from 1.700 to 10,. O00. For the first time in her his- tory Canada has sent warship; m Great Britain to fight with flqg Royal Navy. Chanson ln Capital. Ottawa, nerve centn of fipnflta unprecedented war effort, has ‘n. dsrizons great transformation since last. September. From this capital is directed the administrative and organizing force which h“ "m; 60,000 soldiers, sailors and airmen overseas, created the nucleus of a great home defense army, built Q a navy from the smallest beginning, and established an air ioros. This has meant to Ottawa the addition of thousands of wor to the public service, ap of every foot of available office space, construction of two large temporary office structures and creation of new departments of government. After the initial year of the first Great War Canada had more may; overseas than in the present inl- Slflflve. but conditions wet-- far dif- ferent. although the same enemy threatened. ‘ Then the main effort was to put manpower on the front line to hold the enemy or drive him back from his entrenchmcnls. Now the e511 on Canada is for men, but also for materials in staggering quantities. for air fighters and for assistance in keeping the Atlantic lanes open. To meet this responsibility ihl Government has set up Ministries for Air and Naval Services within the Defence Dcparlmcnt. h new De- partment of Munitions and Supply, and a new Department of National \Var Sorviccs. Air Development, ltiost impressive of all phases oi the war effort is the air develop- ment. In addition to building the Royal Canadian Air Fnrcc inin a. powerful unit which has been on ,active service tlcfcndiiig eastern and western shores since war start- ed, Canada has given leadership nnd ZltllYlilliSlFllllOfl for the gig ntiu Ctnnmonivctiltn lir 'l‘r:iining inn, ‘,\\'lli<‘ll is losignrttl to ttirn out iin ‘ciitllr-ss l lil o‘ iriiiiiorl ziii‘ pcr- sonnel from all {HHS of thi- Empire In July nnd August, I915, nits-i‘ a year of conflict, Canada was mob- ilizlng mcn for service nvcrsnas as a chicf war rcspoitsihility. Indus- trial development, for wnr purposes ivas practit-itlly nil-At ivris to coma later. Thcrc “as little or no thought of the possibility tlti- Dominion ,il.<cli mlillll ho invaticti. After a Near of war in the present struggle Canndn has not only sent tiwn divisions to Ellillilllil, hut has ‘provitlcti gtirrisons for ccrtaiii of the. iBfiliSll \'Vcst. Intlics, Iceland. New. ifOlllidltllld and the strategic Atlantic ‘nntl Pacific fortifications. Naval and air units are operating on both coasts, particularly on the Atlantic, conveying mcrrltnnt fleets, ;Pflil'0ililiH against ymssihio attacks ‘yity nir or \\'t’li(‘I‘, anti n ‘sting the naval blot-knife of Europe. l Prime hiinislci" Mackenzie King, inlwnys a mrin of pent-c and criti- 't"izcd by his poliiicnl opponents for friiltiro to co-opcrnte fully with llta British Government in defence mot- lifts, wns in office tvilh a record- hrcnkirtg majority when war broke oul. (‘aiicd Parliament. lie immediately called Parlia- mcni. and Ohlnincd almost. unani- mous approval for a declaration of twrtr against Germany. Within seven lmonths nftei- war started he went to the country in a general election and obtained iin even greater ma- jority oi supporters in the House of Commons. Diplomaticaily, the most impor- tant war development for Canada occurred at Ogdensburg, N.Y., where the Prime Minister and President: Roosevelt recently met and agreed on ii plan to establish a joint do fence board for Canada and the United States.