Jainism
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Jainism
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Jains
      believe
      that
      the
      universe
      is
      uncreated
      and
      eter-
     
     
      nal.
      They
      are
      divided
      between
      two
      realities,
      jivas
      and
     
     
      ajivas.
      Jivas
      are
      souls.
      Ajivas
      are
      physical
      matter.
     
    
   
   
    
     
      A
      Jains
      salvation
      come
      through
      the
      soul’s
      active
     
     
      desire
      and
      labor
      for
      its
      own
      release.
      Every
      Jain
      is
     
     
      expected
      to
      revere
      life,
      for
      beneath
      the
      karma
      that
     
     
      distinguishes
      individual
      creatures,
      humans
      and
      ani-
     
    
   
   
    
     
      mals
      are
      the
      same.
     
    
   
   
    
     
         
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Hinduism
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Hinduism
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Hinduism
      includes
      not
      only
      theology,
      but
      also
      social
     
     
      institutions,
      a
      legal
      tradition,
      a
      vast
      body
      of
      literature
     
     
      and
      art,
      and
      a
      great
      and
      varied
      mass
      of
      philosophy.
     
     
      Hinduism
      has
      no
      formalized
      creeds
      nor
      standardized
     
     
      forms
      of
      worship.
     
    
   
   
    
     
      There
      are
      four
      goals
      of
      Hinduism:
      karma,
      a
      life
      in
     
     
      search
      of
      pleasures;
      arthra,
      the
      pursuit
      of
      politics;
     
     
      dhama,
      life
      according
      to
      the
      duties
      of
      their
      castes;
      and
     
     
      moshku,
      seeking
      the
      release
      from
      the
      wheel
      of
      rebirth
     
     
      because
      one
      is
      tired
      of
      other
      pursuits.
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Islam
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Islam
      Religion
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Muslims
      think
      tath
      God
      created
      a
      g00d
      world.
      Havin
     
     
      been
      created,
      it
      is
      not
      eteranl,
      Itis
      sustained
      by
      the
     
     
      will
      og
      God,
      but
      God
      is
      not
      coursing
      through
      is
      as
     
     
      sap
      througha
      vine.
     
    
   
   
    
     
      The
      world
      is
      made
      for
      humans
      to
      enjoy.
      Food
      is
     
     
      good.
      Drink,
      other
      than
      alchohol,
      is
      generally
      good.
     
     
      Comfortable
      clothing
      and
      shelter
      are
      good.
      Marrage
     
     
      1s
      expected.
      Sex
      and
      procreation
      are
      good.
      Having
     
     
      Property
      and
      wealth
      is
      good,
      so
      long
      as
      believers
     
     
      remember
      to
      share
      with
      those
      in
      need.
      The
      world
      is;
     
     
      wonderful
      place,
      a
      kind
      of
      preview
      of
      conditions
      that
     
     
      can
      be
      found
      in
      even
      purer
      form
      in
      the
      next
      life.
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Shamanism
     
    
   
   
    
     
      In
      Shamanism,
      the
      shaman,
      or
      officiant
      goes
      intoa
     
     
      trance
      state
      and
      is
      believed
      possessed
      by
      a
      spirit
     
     
      control
      that
      speaks
      and
      acts
      through
      him.
      The
      shamai
     
     
      is
      responsible
      for
      the
      well-being
      of
      the
      territorial
      kin
     
     
      group.
      The
      position
      is
      often
      inherited,
      but
      the
      final
      ©
     
     
      choice
      is
      made
      by
      the
      spirits
      who
      informa
      candidate
     
     
      of
      their
      interest
      during
      his
      first
      trance
      experience.
     
     
      Some
      duties
      of
      the
      shaman
      are
      diagnosing
      and
      curing
     
     
      illness,
      finding
      lost
      property,
      and
      foretelling
      the
     
     
      future.
      The
      Shaman
      also
      officiates
      at
      the
      re-intermen!
     
     
      ceremonies
      for
      the
      dead
      held
      every
      few
      years.
      In
     
     
      such
      religious
      contexts,
      the
      shamanisarespected
      |
     
     
      priest
      and
      moral
      arbiter
      through
      whom
      the
      people
      caf
     
     
      communicate
      with
      the
      spirits
      and
      gods.
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Shamanism
      has
      very
      ancient
      roots
      in
      China.
      In
      the
      ©
     
     
      early
      20th
      century,
      shamans
      believed
      to
      be
      possessed
     
     
      by
      minor
      deities
      of
      the
      town
      participated
      in
      commu-_
     
     
      nity
      ceremonies.
      There
      were
      also
      shamanesses
      witha
     
     
      clientele
      of
      unhappy
      girls
      and
      subordinate
      wives
      who”
     
    
   
   
    
     
      had
      become
      possessed.
     
    
   
   
    
     
      In
      Japan,
      the
      priests
      of
      some
      Shinto
      and
      Buddhist
     
     
      sects
      were
      shamans
      or
      shamanesses
      licensed
      after
     
    
   
   
    
     
      purificatory
      rites.
     
    
   
   
    
     
      ca
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      UPEI
      X-P
      RESS
     
    
   
   
    
     
      March
      26.
      1992
     
    
   
   
    
     
       
     
    
   
   
    
     
      Page
      22
      i