.9 by David Cairns 
     
    
   
   
    
     The big fish eats the little fish, but what does the little fish eat 
     
    
   
   
    
     on 
     
    
   
   
    
     Everyone can trace the simple food chains of people eating the cow that has eaten the 
     
     grass, or the fox eating the hare that has eaten the bark of your apple tree. But the 
     
     food chains of the sea are largely invisible and to the unhflthfied are quite mysterious. 
     
    
   
   
    
     ' To start with the big fish--the common large fish of our area are cod, herring and 
     
     mackerel which are often but not always, at the top of the food chain. With a bit of 
     
     bad luck, any of these fish may become a meal for a seal, a seabird, or that super- 
     
    

    
     - fish the tuna. 
     
    
   
   
    
     But in general cod, herring and mackerel are the big fish that eat the little fish in 
     
     the Gulf of St. Lawrence. These may include capelin, lance, silversides and, very 
     
     frequently, young of their own species. Small fish don't eat other fish (except some 
     
     of their younger relatives), but rather prey on tiny crustaceans and other invert- 
     
     ebrates, which are collectively known as zooplankton. These zooplankton are every— 
     
     where in the sea, and some of them are quite visible to the naked eye if one concent- 
     
     rates them by straining seawater through a nylon stocking. ' 
     
    
   
   
    
     And what do zooplankton eat? These tiny animals may be predators on other, smaller 
     
     forms, or they may graze directly on the ultimate source of food-—plants. Plants in 
     
     the sea are generally small, so small that they even look tiny through a microscope. 
     
     But they are so abundant that they form the foundation for life in the sea. 
     
    
   
   
    
     .In feeding the hungry mouths of zooplankton, little fish and big fish, these micro— 
     
    

    
     scopic "phytoplankton" are assisted by seaweeds and remains of grasses washed into 
     
     the sea from salt marshes. These plants are eventually beaten by the elements into 
     
     bite-sized chunks for zooplankton, and thus nourish the whole food chain. 
     
    
   
   
    
     And so ea around us is not empty save the occasional codfish or errant lobster 
     
    
   
   
    
     J- a 
     
     la 3 
     
     buoy. It is a veritable animal chowder, suspended in a finer broth of plant soup. 
     
    
   
   
    
     v--- a 
     
    
   
   
    
     . LITTERBUGS BEWARE 
     
    
   
   
    
       
     
    
   
   
    
     by flargaret Mallett, Charlottetown 
     
    
   
   
    
     At Fox River, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, 
     
     there is a charming lay—by where someone had 
     
     a thought for the wayfarer. Clear cold 
     
     spring water gushes from a pipe at just the 
     
     right height for filling a container. There 
     
     is a plank to stand on; also a trash can, 
     
     painted, and aptly inscribed: 
     
    
   
   
    
       
     
    
   
   
    
       
     
    
   
   
    
       
     
    
   
   
    
       
     
    
   
   
    
     "If you must litter and deface, 
     
     . or mar the beauty of this place, 
     
     May you be cursed with forty warts, 
     
     and hordes of ants invade your shorts."