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 THE CHARLOTTETOW GU RDIA 
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» _/ Article in Which T here ls Much That Is lnstrucfifve, ,
,-N _ Spectacuiar
(dopyrght. 1010. by the New York llerald Co. All rigbtl reserved.)
_ NEW YORK, Saturday.
LITTLE sand, a little limestone, rt little
“ alkali, 3,600 degrees of heat and an awful
lot of llyslan interest," mixed thoroughly,
properly and according to Hoyle, ami tile
result is l\ glass bottle (a lnilk bottle, for
instance). the ordinary milk hottie that you tlnd on
your back stoop in the morning, or on the dulnbwniter
if you are a town dwellcr.
To see ll hottie nlatle is to witness one of the most
interesting' sights in all manufacture. This lloids, no
matter whether the hottie he lllllcllllle nlatle or man
mndp. The machine operates ill a \vollderi`ul way,
but the u.lan»-well, in hottie lnaklng the labor oi' the
human worker is spectacular always. dramatic very
often. _
The old question regarding the ultimate destination
of all the pins might be applied to tile bullies, except
that the answer in the latter case is much easier. 'l‘he
pins are lost, the bottles are broken. That is \vlly
2,880,000,000 bottles were made ln the United States
last yearf Of course, ‘these figures mean very little
to the man who does ills reckoning in thousands or
even millions. but they convey a very good idea of
the vastness of the bottle ulakhlg industry of the
country. Also, between 1900 and 1905 there was an
increase of tlfty-tive per cent and the expansion sillce
has been very great.
The man who gave the recipe quoted for the
production of ll milk bottle is .superilltendellt or' tilt;
Long Island City plnllt of tile Ilottlers and .\l:lllu-
facturers' Association luld tile Bottlers and Manu-
facturers' Supply Company. of New York. I-Ie knows
all there is to know up to date about the nlaklnf: of
bottles. and can tell you ol' the steps marked by the
industry from the days of the Culonlals, who began
making their own bottles down on the sallds oi'
Southern New Jersey. ncur the place so appropl'laiel_r
railed Glnsshoro. _ ‘
_ An Artist at Work.
Up to 1820 the actual framing of it bottle depended
principally on the craft of the llaud, bllt along in
1895. nt n little factory in Flellvel' Falls called “Tile
Yellou' Cow," a lnllcblne \vas set up for lilo prodllr-
t. .f snlnli. wide nloutll ware like the i'anllIi:ll' lit-
tl -‘oline bottle. Then came an llppliallre that
turatti out the wide rnolltll fruit jar. and tlleu l-:tale
on improvement wllich pcrllllitcd the lllalltlt`:lr‘.lll't- of
bottles with narrow necks. 'l`o-day there are bull-
dreds of nmchilles lllrlklng all sorts of bottles, but tile
machine-_l8_nQt the mall, and to see the latter ln action
\`\ to witness one of the most fascinating operatiolls ill
1
_____,_.~._----»" -TT' "_‘_‘.r‘f__'~_***_~>f ‘_--1?--_-_ - _-_ -~a&_\__*________ ___ _.___ __ ___ _ -»~. _.
_ _ _ _ ________________  _ _ _______ _ _ ' __ _ ._ _ ._ _ _ _ _.__ _ _ __
`l’.‘.'~.‘L5ll‘l.'.’\-l”'ll...1l CHARLo'1"1‘m‘0WN, 1>R1NcE EDWARD ISLAND, TUESDAY, APR1L 26, 1910. ' ` WiM'___`
__.__-. _.. _-~  _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _i _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _  __ _  _____ _ 1. _._ __.____-___.__ ____-____-..____ N~___.__  ._.-v,___ _ .__ __ _ __ _ _,L_-_ 5 `_
5;
1: A .\illN'i'i| lil' MAIL i
00 i’i'Iil \'i'2AiL15\’ MAILI

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<<
_ W M i
 NFAMILl-AR Story of the Production of a F
\ - - - .
and Often Dramaln
interest, for on them depends the success or failure or
the bottle we are about to see made.
The Ingredients.
“A little sand, a little limestone, fl little alkali."
In a cellar a mall shovels sand_into a wheelbarrow and
“`1'ilrils lt_ lie tips ii. on the floor in a heap. An-
other lllzln adds the lllnestone, another the alkali, all
l>l‘vl1\‘l`|.\' broportiom-d to the quantity of sand. Almost
ally kllld of sand will do, but the cleaner it is the
better. Very good sand is found ln the llerksllires
alld some ill l’enllsyivanla, but that wlhicll the man
is wllecillllr to the heap on the tloor camo from Bel-
Slllin. It was brought over as ballast llnd transferred
|'.\' iiirhicr to the East ltivcr pier. -
'.l`\\'o other men tackle the heap on the floor. Eaell
has a shovel and they work opposite each other in
criss-cross fashion and very carefully mix the mass,
Ulilkilll-I the blend ulliforln throughout. These men
lllllst not edlirk their task. \`t-ry soon tile material
liU'.V ilrc at work on will be tlle groundwork of the
bottle, and unless the shovelllng is done with skill
and care the subsequent operations will fall.
Machines have been used for the work those
two lnlcn arc doing, bllt here is where the personal
equation is above nlcehanism. The law that drives
the one part of the mass»to the outer edge and
kt-eps the other in tile centre worlzs against the
proper biendlllg of the' ingredients. Shovels
wielded by nu-ll must he employed.
So these t\vo men <‘arei'ully mix their various parts
of sand, alkali and limestone. Also there are soda,
potasll_ lilne. allllnilm anti oxide of lead.
Soon 'the men with tile shovels have done their
work and the “hatch." as it is new called, is car-
ried from the mixing place by an endless belt to
a point near the lncl-ting tank in the nlllln shed.
Here lt is deposited automatically in the open and
is ready for the Platonic breath of the 3,600 degrees
ol' heat.
Next in the process comes a man who is called a
“sllearer." He. also with a shovel. places enough of
the "hatch" ill the tank to keep the contents at a uni-
fornl deptil of about forty-two inches. And over this
tnass stelldlly pours front above the terrific heat that
rc;;fistel'.= 3.600 rieglft-es_ i~`allrenheit. Some idea of
1l.ililtl di-fgrees l<`allrellheit nllly be had ily recalling ll
summer tiny when the nlerellt'_v ,reaclles tile 100 mark.
, "This beat blast," says tile sll|lerlllten<lellt. "comes
from all appnrattlfe ltnowll as the Slclllalls regenera-
tive furlmre. it is the invention of the great engineer
ot' that name and has been illl|lro\'ed and atlllpied by
Andrew Ferrari alld other Alllerlcllll expetts. Wo
in-ep the furnace in an adjoining shed. as you will no
(
Q W W
Ln -_
Feeding the "Batch" into the Melting
Tank, Where the Terrific Heat Regis'
ters 3.600 Degrees Fahrenheit
the end. He quickly pulls the rod out wttll its cnngmg
burden and steps lively until lle reaclles ll small tub
Qf soapy water; close at hand. in this tub partly im-
lnersetl is fastened half of u small hollow steel sphere,
The mall gives to his melted glass a quick turn or
two in the hollow sphere. ’l‘he glass takes on a shape
like n b:lll on the end of the pipe, This lnan, you'
recall. was called the “gatherer."
_ The Blower at Work.
Now comes the other' mall we notlced»~thc
"blower," It is his turn. He reaches for the hol-
low rod with its ball of glass on the end, lays the
glass globe against a slab of marble or lnetlll-~tlle_v
have both kinds~called rl "nlarvering stone"-gives
to it ll few certain and absoiultely correct revolu-
tions and. behold! the glass globe takes on a cylindri-
cal form, something like a great pearl, and also there
;.'ows a pear shaped end that ultimately will be the
. ~ _ ,_v_
havfan accident in their gathering, their marvermg
or blowing. All they show besides their d*'
and lkill is an earnest desire to do their work welL
They take a pride in it and their ability for 
precise skill." 9 "‘
The air bulb is formed. The blower movevon.
He inserts the glass in a metal mould. se! A-few lnclfbfp
below the platform which runs round tlfa tflhl. w
mould is in two parts, one inilnovlible, the d I
hinged and controlled by a foot lever. Thae glaplmfl
nun moving to me eau of the liollllw rua' and* Qi.
lone bubble in me centre is intact. The glass is ithit
ln :ne mould by me root or tue bio-vt-r on the l`J§`ér.
The man then blows in his pl|le's end until *tho iid!!
has expanded to the side of the ulould. Lpoliilfn
of the glass projects above. The blower Jerflfml
pipe away with ll queer little twisting :notion and
passes it back to thc glttherer for a repetition 0!
that artist's part in tile making of the bottles.
So far, so good. The neck is next. in the mould
the glass cools very rapidly and it is nut left there
very long, only tor a few seconds. Along comes in-
oiher artisan, it "snllpplllg boy." He has a little clutch
in his build and he prius open tile mould. Out
he takes the potential bottle, sets it on a scale to felt
its weight, und, noting this, carries lt, fastened in an
iron case with ll very long handle, to another expert,
who is seated quite comfortably in front of a' small
but very hot furnace. This nlall, too, has his queer
name. He is a "gutter," and his business is with
necks. His furnace has many openings, called "glory
holes," and into one of these he shoves the bottié and
its iron case as they are handed to him by the “snap-
ping boy." ln ll jiily what is to be the neck of our
bottle is l'eilt~uted into a plastic state. Jerking it
fl'om the furllncc, the “gutter” jams the end of the
bottle illto a patent stopper so adjusted as to abso-
lutely make the size oi’ the,.neck. This stopper has
arms of iron and revolves, And in a few -*motions
your milk bottle is t-onlplote. '
The Finishing Touches.
Ilclidy for the nlarkct'.’ Not quite. Another muh,
highly paid alld skiileli in the knowledge of what 3698
to make glass extrenlcly bl-lttlc, or otherwise, has his
inning. lie takiis till- bottle, still very hot, and putl
it ill s brit-lt rllalnbel- or oven called a *‘lear," 'and hero
it is cooled gradually. 'l‘lle chamber over which in
presides is from seventy to ninety feet long, and hll
part of the process of bottle making is called ln-
nealing_ First comes 1.000 degrees of heat for our
practically finished product. and then it is pulhdd
The "Blower"
View Showing "Marverlng §toncs‘_‘ and
Moulds Arranged Around the Gather-
ing Tank   ~ I
Tm; "Gaftcr Who bhancs thc Neck oi thc Bottle
Nhlcll a deft nano, a quick, sure eye and an active,
steady brain can be clllpl~l_\-ell. l
The Luau who inakcs bottles ls :ln al'l¢»t. lie is well
pn|d__3f|2 n dn-1 gg H fair wllge for lll||l~ ard he is all
the walls mnktilwl dis-alto'""‘l\-XI--\'lil'1\l~l reel "°'l"‘°‘
that not only atnazes but thrills tile olllookt-r.
There are tlottlennlkers who are so deft. so keen of
eye. so accurate in .iiidlrillvill illi" -"‘“' """ "IMO liilhlylxt-‘f
them a bottle of any size ur sllapt- you desire. ,ll vm);
rom your very eyes ;|“.,.\. ,min will |.~plt»t'i\ltlr:h€
model exact as to size. ""|“r' funn and UW" “lo Li (atv
plant lpokgot tho awful lm “f l“l'mIt“- iu‘<h"ll\~<o zlfler
‘nk to th? making of “ bump IW \mi“‘l~l ti|ll='t'lis-.il\:\.
nil. it is the personal element that ent qu _h H- (_“m_
»tion that surrounds the mni.'illi»? Of *“}‘;;0-nl;
'”"”V"‘“‘ ’“"""° ““ ~“’“" °f"r"'d'."v mi. ‘ lit-files ln mln
Wall. lot’s neo just llon_they ma »<“ ‘ ` -M mme
Loan island City ll|l\C<“~ “"1 "nm algmf im- rant
H3” ‘°°"f"° "“°.d” °x'°“.dmg\ fmdnllgni? i’\‘:t>\bst<-l~ street.
Iliver back to Wernrm in enut an V _ 1 Il
lnls ni’ all L I
0 |_|h|d llrfull of c-nal and tile mater ‘ I _L
-il- -- »-~--_    --  af. ‘.r.°:..:.
and ir a pnrattul n tll.rd_lloitis tilt on l
ff\¢\0t\')r flllgy V0 3° i" ""` bofm. 'n"l::»(l(-lllllntn to the
.nm “H tune “hed” uw "wml". guru prldt- Men.
big veatrlli one lvllovo the bnltlin ll frmh "ho amd
Clear eyed and P|*'""""t wma'-mnwl ala nil worit-
‘tu mlotltm-, ancil on his own tasl. intron ]l_ wlme dw
dnl with the l-oltenlnn that I' milmlwiltb the craftv
Ellodnct depenldn on the quit-It tloua . _ -
and and tio teen l~.l’°~ 0 ,mm
Th.. 'yt-|m_-lpnl appnl-nllln in tile  Swllumd
of two low cllnnlllern mmle of 'Nfl .N  aretl lo lesllii
-in vom- stove, but ll brick »\l\ri'li\ .\ ll i" _ v mhm,
| . _ _ .M 1. ‘lust thu
"mon" hunt' num dm.” m“lL‘w ' lnull bille. Tell
'W' °°"“°°‘°a nt mo h"m."" Ll nl: it-n feet tvlihlll
hm mlb' th” ehnnnwwl nw-M" Iililth tn‘ll: the ollllll'
and ep-¢\|||\t-_ Ono illvllltlwtl lm- an K tru his nom" or
the gathering tank. lllil" l“° W” '
D i
lice, and we convey the heat to the meltilll.; tank if
ll conduit.
The Terrific Heat.
"llltellse llent is llecessllry to fuse the lnllterlals ._.
tile ‘baltt-il.' and the Siemens lurllllce rrelltes this heat
by a colllbilstiotl of superheuted gas and superileated
air. it is just the satlle as lf yuu`\ve|'e to feed your
stove with heated air. V
“You might have noticed," adds the superintendent.
"that the nllln we cllil the ‘sllellrei'.’ while feeding
the ‘bateil' into the melting tnllk. threw ill with it a
few bits of broken bottles collected for remeltillg.
This ls called lt '<-ullet.‘ there being at theory that it will
cause u better grade of glass to be protlu-_-ell. 'i‘ili_~l is
one of the odd lllllllol about glans bottle nlltkillg. for
we do not really know whether it is a help ol' merely
a legelld-*ix sop to superstition, ns il \'»‘m'e. At
any rate the broken hotties go with each 'hatch' as s
sort of ceremony. lf they ,help well and iwvd- M
any rate they can do no lll\rln_"
.\leal._.nle the nlen at tile' lllg tanks are watch-
irll; the fusinfi process with practised eye and man-
aging it with deft band. and ,ai the melted mass.
fused bv`the savage hlast from above, pours to the
bottom ‘of the melting tank it flows on through tile
passage already mentioned to 'the nd.l0iUil\lr iIilU\L‘l‘°
pq; tank. This molten m s is now liquid niass, and.
being heavier than tile ingxdlentn of which it is made.
onsiiv finds its wal' to the second tank. \\'l\f‘l'r lil ll"
rlval‘in carefully watched r :loted il! »'ll“" 'mg U01*
who work in aqtladli of nlx. _.ich squad being tnowll
as a "shop," '_l‘lleso "shops" stlceeell one naorller
ronaeiesniv dav and night almost rho wllole >"‘1\\'
rollnd, 'filer ritlrrolllltl this marvellous caldrou and
front its contents lunko their hotties.
The nlasn we have followed to H10 RI'll|l°'»'\ll8 milk
¢. “ow visenun and sticky and rentiy-for lilo oxil“\’U-
who t‘uli‘ll tllo prnlnise that there is "all awful lot of
ltumnu interest" in the bottle reolD0-
,J _ _
Brick Ovens. Seventy to Ninety Feet Long, Where thc Finishéd Bottles Are
_ Cooled Graduailv
't‘?;::'e are notes ill tae valdron wall tnrougn which
the molten glass can be seen. .\roulltl the tank anti
two feet oft' the ground is a nll'r-rolv platfornl. On thin
stand the nlell who are now to do their '~'_in tho
lnaklnt; of the bottle. 'l`lle holes tllrotn, Il you
can see the red mass are called "rillg~z." Each -ls
about a foot and ll half in diameter. 'l`wo men llre at
eacil "ring"--one the "gnthercr," the other tile
“blow-er."
And thus is reached the title point in the making of
our bottle. Keep your nyc on the gntherer first. lie is
nn artist-a master. in his llnml he carries what tho
superintelldent tells ull in a lllo\v|lipo_ it is n metal
rod tive fuer long, about tlll'ee-<plal'tel~n or all inch in
diameter and hollow. The artist jars ihil rod l\1\'0l1|lil
nllo of the llolcn in the tank. stic n its end into the
siolten glass. deftly iwintn it until he han ll certain
absolute quantity of the rod viscous ulusn attached to
' 1
neck _of n milk bo.  _ ».
Then the blower proves his right to $12 a day all
wage. He lifts his mans of glass from his mar-
vering stone and puns just n little air through the
other eild of tile pipe. This air nnthers in tile centre of
the mass of glans It becomes a bubble. to be ex-
panded in an-instant to the i'ull size of the bottle
about to be nlude.
"If, an amateur were to take a rod and try to do
wan: that mnn has done." soya the falnerlntrndent.
"there would be serious trouble. because tile amfdeill'
could hor possibly cause the molten glass to adhere
to tile hlolvplpe. no mlglrtttwlnt and twmt. but tile
mmm would drop air. and tbo_cl\an<~n| tm- more would
be n nasty little explosion. Bwuue car mn" i"\°Wl
how to do the trick in wb? hr- earns ills ver! “il
wages. and with his partner in cnpnble of* mnklllz
240 dow: quart bottios A lh7.- Rarely 0° i ”"-iW°
_s .
_ "i I
_ tt ._\».l _
along down througll this |-huulner and into a pale
sage way. With ear-il move the temperature reached
is lovver, and for twelve hours the bottle is thu!
moved alollp; tllrougll tile gradulllly cooling passage
until at the earl it is l-ellrly for delivery.
"lain _yall tltqict- lla- boy who \veil:hed the hotties?"
asked the ~<ll|»<~:'illtl-lah-lit_ “\'\'<-ll. it tnay add to tho
interest _von are tlllllllp, in the making of bottles to
know that tile wt-l;:bi must not vary more than an
ounce ill si-vellteelr it rari~ly ever does. So you can
see anoiiler angle of lin- skill of the gatherer in taking
his nlatorlal i'l'onl the molten mass.
“l~`or tile making ol' bottles." the superintendent
added. “ii is not lleet-\sllr_v as a rule to have the hljltelf
gl-“de of glass. For lllstnllce, if we wished to get 1
bonp- gptgs of ll sell grl-ell tillt we would use ll dif-
ferent bielld of sal-tl ami alkali and limestone from
that used in our llllllc bottles. but ii’ wc wished a hilt
glass bottle we would use just about the same sub-
stances. but would ciloost- tilt-nl more l'ul'efui|y lllld
than use alllilllony to bleucll the mixture. Bottle
glass runs till-ongll tllany _-l\a¢le?, from pure wt to
deep black ii` lllnbel' is \v:||\ie< we add ll few ouhcel
of black had to n Illllllirell poullds of sand. lf WB
want blue we throw ln souls- peroxide of cobalt.. \_v,_
“Long apo the sllllsttlllces we mix with the Hand
WM... prppal-ell by tzrinditllg in our own factories, but
nowadays we get illem from lnell who make a apa-
cialty of prcpllrim; them for the glass workers." V
And as the man who knows bow to make bottial
gong-lndetl he returned to his tllsk of overseeing tho
men lnixlng tlle “bat\_-ll." the lzllllletwrs loading their
pipes, the blowers deftly starting their huhbiol, tht
boys llurryillg hither and thither and the vnrioup and
interlocking ill-vices that work together carefully and
smoothly for the ploductlon ot' an article which ll
so ._-ou;_ulon and so well known that it scarcely 5001.11!
worthy of even a passllllg thought-the 'milk botdo
of Qoululetce.
___ .Y ¢-----~ --
ANTS' NEs'rs UNDER GLASS.
.\‘O\'EL'l‘\' ill ilondon ls the "Lubbock form!-
A rarlutn," a portable ants: nest dlied with the lIV~
pig insects The nest is enclosed in a frame tsl
mclm. _square shaped like ll picture frame. When it
I, 495;,-aa to t>t\ser\~e tile ants t-ngnged ill their occa-
patlolls tile opaque cover ot the frame in removed and
tl glass one is substitllted. Besides ants other small
insects naturally associated with them are onclclod
in tile nest. Each nest is-supplied with lrqneen Int,
or without. as amy be desired. and complete diffe-
tions are given for managing the nent, _whicb, itil
said, may be kept tn good condition for sevetli 
Then formlcariums not only afford ploa»\`li‘0 to em
dren, but oder opportunities for acientldc study.
U
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