increasing duck populations on streams is the creation of new ponds through dam 
     
     construction. These structures are normally placed in locations where a large 
     
     expanse of water can be achieved by the installation of a small dam. Biologists 
     
     and engineers have installed fishways where necessary to allow trout and salmon 
     
     passage but, in certain cases where spring flow into the pond is low, the 
     
     shallow water pond can cause sufficient temperature increases to force trout 
     
     away from the outflows of these impoundments. This occurs somewhere in the 25 
     
     to 28 degree Centigrade range. Temperatures over 30 degrees can be lethal to 
     
     trout and salmon and they will hold or move to cooler water areas in the stream 
     
     or pond such as spring holes. While these temperatures in the mid to upper 205 
     
     can cause problems for trout and salmon, they may assist frogs and salamanders 
     
     by causing a more rapid growth rate in the egg and larval stages. 
     
    

    
     Another interesting facet of stream management 
     
     is the choice between beavers, trout, or salmon. 
     
     Numerous beaver flowages can create the same 
     
     temperature problems to which certain shallow water 
     
     ponds are susceptible. The larger dams can prevent 
     
     the free movement of trout and salmon to spawning 
     
     grounds in the spring holes or gravel in the upper 
     
     portion of the stream until high enough water 
     
     levels are reached for trout and salmon to jump or 
     
     swim over the dam. The dams also trap large 
     
     quantities of silt which will bury any gravel 
     
     rendering it useless for salmon and trout spawning. 
     
     Frogs and salamanders on the other hand find beaver 
     
     dams almost perfect places to breed as they utilize 
     
     slow moving water. If the beaver dams are 
     
     concentrated in the lower reaches of a stream they 
     
     are a bigger impediment to fish passage while, in 
     
     the upper often shallow reaches, they may cause 
     
     temperature problems. The success of the anti-fur 
     
     lobby will cause a large increase in beavers in our 
     
     streams. 
     
    

    
     There is also a basic choice between salmon and trout enhancement. Salmon 
     
     prefer faster water areas than trout in their juvenile stages and they will 
     
     normally displace brook trout from this preferred habitat. Salmon leave the 
     
     stream when the become smolt (the stage where they undergo a change in body 
     
     chemistry to allow them to survive in salt water) and return as 2 1/2 to 5 
     
     pound grilse (1 year at sea) or large salmon (2 or more years at sea). At this 
     
     time they require deep, cold water pools to hold in until they spawn. Habitat 
     
     managers must thus modify the habitat to meet the particular development goals 
     
     of the individuals implementing management. The faster waters preferred by both 
     
     salmon and trout are not particularly good spawning areas for salamanders or 
     
     gaspereaux. 
     
    

    
     Even when the choice is salmon, managers in certain streams are also 
     
     asking “early run“ or “late run". They are normally trying to increase the 
     
     angling potential of the salmon run and there is limited fishing potential if 
     
     the salmon do not return to our streams until late in the year. The early run 
     
     is normally achieved by capturing early run salmon in New Brunswick, culturing 
     
     the eggs at the Cardigan fish hatchery, and releasing these young salmon to the 
     
     stream or a semi-natural rearing pond. 
     
    

    
     So, which of the options would you choose? The choices are real. Someone 
     
     must decide which species or species mix is the most appropriate. Someone must 
     
     decide how the stream can be altered. It is important that the impacts of the 
     
    
   
   
    
     Spoiled Salammdu 
     
    
   
   
    
       
     
    
   
   
    
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