cj:._g.,,-,<, .,..~...,, s _...._----_.-....-..-.._'...i.. j n QHQBOQ llnnwniiuznvwugwi 9721.: r 22;’. y" _..-.-_._..... -_- - 14s _.-.-...-....._... PAGE TlVQ THE CHARLQEETQWNLGUAEUKQIAN vvvvwvvv vvrvvvvv __~JULY 2s. 1940 -- L , --¢ ~ '1'--. ‘*0 -l-I_I%'h‘b'n_I.I\\\-Im ' Du»). . L»; '. tliy FRANCES DRAKE) l Look in the seziilun your birthday cumes in. and Ilnfl g YOUR INDIVIDUAL nonoscnr: what you: uulluok is. a ccordln; to the stars gnNHvW-NNIHNWHEH’-'n‘:‘u’.‘f:'n'b'u'ln\\'tv'u'ln'u'i‘u'n'u'n'n‘fn%\ For Thursday. "l! 35- 194° MARCH 21 L0 AXPRIL 20 lAriesi __p,.xso,m1_ ggggjflll, Ullxllitss and Qpplls activities luv .11 1~1\'01'_ll\15 Lcneticicut dul- hllfliié“ ‘fl “W” ever iuuixsis ullvl‘ 1'0" We “We” l“ substtinllul l lciniun C1113"! u, Y 2U tlau: hcart. Out- or ‘ti . it.‘ 1.. 11.8 JULY 23 (Cancel-h- fzi vorcd for A :lu Evgrylwtvly Lori-s to Sing Ste- phcn Foster Ditties New Songbook Hus Dixie Airs Wfin fr.‘ ".65 are gzithcrcd to- g: r, thrrc-‘s nothing like a fav- orite southern song to creme l warm friendly atmosphere. Stephen Foster's “Jeanie with the Liuhr Brown Hair" appeals to every hcmt. “l sue her tripping where l ‘l “ht streams play. the .1 i as the daisies that dance on licr way." And who, ln leefing through a southern songbook, ever skips Fos- ter‘; “Oh Stisnnnn"? Happily you warble: "l crime to Alabama wid my banjo on my knee. I'm gwrm to Loufisiana. My ‘rue love for to see.” 0f course you'll want to wind Up the program with a stirring old- tiine spiritual. “Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Sec-n“ calls for lots of feeling. “Nobody knows the humble I've seen, Glory Hallelujah! Sometimes 1’m up, sometimes !'m cloivn. _Yt.~! Yrs! Lord. sometimes I'm sl- most to the ground." For club gct-togethers, parties, picnics, our southern songbook has 27 complete with words, wc, p"nn iavcompaniments, gui- mcnts. IPCllldES eight l‘ airs, as wcll as . or favorites. S.l‘.(l 15c in colns for your wtpy U! FCNGS FROAI ‘WAY DOWN EOUPH to The (luardlan Home Scrriw. Be sure to write plulnly‘ your Nnmo, Address, and the Name 0f booklet. >—-___ l, Home i , Street Address Provincl \.\' OLD DESIGN NO. ‘ For those whose favorite crochet design ls the pineapple lovely circular luncheon dolly W111 b9 Blllifwlflled» Pfltlfim talus 111:‘. of materials needed, illustrfl structlons. to Both personal and business maz- ters need ivatchizig. Handle very carefully xtnytthng entrusted l0 .l'0ll. Bring your innate sense 01 .l1ll.XllOlll' into active llllly ALL DAY. l AUGUST 23 t0 SEPTEMBER 23 |‘(VlYgO)—Y0it wall have to dig up ‘communities for yourself. Hcrw-r not. mean that {you should exert w the point. oti’ strn Aug. On the c ntrary, work AND PLAY AND R" ‘siblg- dlyislons. No l SEPTEMBER 2-1 l0 Jllbm) “Heart alto s, and atrtisllc matters in Lwvor undrr tcdiays and these are especi- icr _\"'tl born bciorc . . Es enigvr to help bring tl:.~c llldlCttKfl bit-rials, OCTOBER 22 to NOVEMBER 22 tsCbfplOl-"If today: you will go about things in the Srfilfifi of a true Scorpio nazlvevone who DYBC- | . tic h‘ Cl‘ S. . ‘lg ncccssary easy tasks, “.0 ' jo-b ly d8)‘. »n:'1kc up your m. ('Ofl~l~lt‘tl(‘_\‘ and minus brusqucneis. 17"" ‘ BER. 23 tn JANUARY 21 E-peclnllyi benefit: for tiertlmg with super- _ wtlves. those engaged ln artistic, SC-Ififiiiflf‘ and educational zitflriirs. new nmtoititnicnts and en- g'lt5l0lllt‘lll1 uxrh lrlvntts. JANIKARHL" 22 ti) FEBRUARY 20 (Aquaittisi __ Flnv a. Pots. What- ,c\'er stiixstztnilnl and essvnlial mut- tcrs clittm your filtFfltlfiil should be attcridr-l to lmme-rltat-sly’. 'I‘hcn try to mrtnu-gt» F0111!’ 11m» and energy for an int-crestiug hobby or avoca- 1:011. FEBRUARY 21 to (lIscc-s) -_ Finn ‘l and hcart. in- ‘ icresk have a, . .2 star aspects. Kecn yotlrscli’ rea"y for any oppor- tunitics that. may prrsent them- . Don't give in to lack of con- l! MARCH 20 A CHILD BORN ON THIS DAY is generally a k:nri'._v individual, amiable, sympatherc and honest. It; an imaginative mind union intuitivclv fiquises out. the atnnvers to problsms its they arise, Kcep rm aciprnisinr: cyc- on this child's dict. and have it adopt. a steady routine to kcun it=elf physic- ally fit. Many fine years ahead. ___}______ INK STAINS Make s. fnirlv stiff pasta of dry mustard and vinegar and spmad it thickly on the stains. Leave it - there until you are roadv to wash the article (tho longer the better) and you will find all the marks have gone after an ordinary wash through in scam" wninr. NBW Under-arm Cream Deodorant “f”! 3 Stops Perspircfion 1. Doss not rot dresses, does- not irritate skin. ,1 2. Nowairingto dry.Canbeused right: after shaving. 3. Instantly stops perspiration for 1 to 3 clays. Removes odor from perspiration. 4. Apurqwhiw,gfcasclcss,stain- lcss vanishing cream. I. Arrld has been awarded tho ApprovalSealnftheAmcrican Institute of Laundering for being harmless to fabrics. 25 MILLION jars of Atria! have been sold. Trysjariodayl BRRID ash»- ~.-::.-::;=-.~.~;"::it~.";',.c~;~ n. myopic, romance. ' :12 . b3 t’ DECEMBER‘ _4..',,.,,,_§,_g\vn:,e m, Lin“. n? cooked meat, 1 egg, uiell beaten, 2 ' father, MR GIILY 25* IND I IIUAKII IOX IO" I7 otuun ru m WHEAT III PIFFEI IIGE THE COOK 'S CORNER MEAT UOAF 1 WBilDOOn each of chopped on- \ W. her, w“, m,“ and ion, parsley and celery, 1 teaspoon __ my“ nap salt, 1-4 teatpocn pcpptr, 2 tea-z ispoons Worcestershire $81108, 1 cup stale breadcrumbs, 4 cups minced tablespoons melted butter, left-over gravy, stock or milk. Mix ingredients in order Add stock or milk given. to make the gather. Bake in a well-greased bread-pan in a moderate oven i375 with a. mixture of butter 0r drip- ping and hot, “rattler. Serve with Tomato, Creole or Spanish Sauce. POTATO DOUGHNUTS Silt. together 4 1-2 cutps flour, 1-2 WHSPOOH soda, 4 (level) teaspoons baking powder and 1-2 teaspoon mace or nutmeg. Bent 3 eggs, add 1 cup sugar and beat again, then beat in 1 (‘ll-l) boileci-nnd-riced ‘potato and 2-3 cup butfcrrnilk or sour milk. 1f the sour milk 1s skim- med milk, a generous tens cu of melted shortening should be added. The fat for frying is at the right tcmrpsratitre when the cake drcp- lnt_o it. rlscs at once to tine sur- fncc without browning below. Turn c’. once and often during the cook- ing. BLUEBERRY ROLL Make a rich baking powder b15- cuic dough using 1 cup flour, 2 tea- spoons baking pcwdcr, 1-2 tczrpoon salt, 1-4 cup shortening, 1-2 cup milk. Roll out to 1-4 inch th:ck- ncss. Spread with drained blue. berries and roll urp like a Jelly roll. Place in a baking pan and bake 23 minutes am 450 deg. F. Heat the blueberry juice and serve as sauce. A Morning/Smile lVLrs. Grimm: “So you have a situation with my friend, Mrs. Long, Mary. Did you tell her you had been with me for only two months?” Mary: "Yes, ma'am, and she said that 1f I could stay with you for two mont/hs that. was s good enough reference for her.” THE SECRETS OUT Ho worked at a. large Govern- ment factory in the Midlands. “I want my clean overalls today, missus," he said to his wife. "The King's coming to inspect the fac- tory at ten o'clock. Mind you, this is a secret. Nobodyb supposed to know-so don't go and blab it all round." Wlhen he reached homo that. night, his wife said excitedly: “I saw the King this morning. I had a. lovely view-right. up against the factory gates. ‘There was thou- sands there to see him!" “ThousandsW said the husband, disgustedly. "I might have lcnown you'd blah it out." Plvlze mhninq Q‘ fk\\\ l ll l/l c‘ _p~(\ f‘ Jams and Jellies this IEIIIIE TIMI Ill" TEISPODIS Re alm v. Social an l4- d Personal Dorothy Dix 's Letter Box GIRLS SHOULD NOT HAVE TO SUPPORT THEIR PARENTS Able-Bodied Fathers Have No Right To Quit Their Jobs As Soon As Daughters Find Positions And Go To Work Dear Miss Dix-If mi a. iri-rl N yea-rs old. school chi-cc years ago I started to work to help father. and less to finally he sto responsibility sized man an he positively i mixture molrt enough to hold to-l deg. F.) for 30 or 4.0 minutes. BasmcTgm “Pbmid l t I fie/sf . flpfydy ’/ Stari- now to make lovely Quicker, more Reliable way ‘ /¢? G Saves Time jam and jelly with Ccno. Herc’: the ru- amusements. worries a gr simplest plea myself to sle of this? Answer: Certainly l of suDDOrtlng him. arettes and give him monev to spend for his the courage to take it. mother to get up and leave your lazy and selfish When _I finished hlsh u m mother and l fie Ibega kl ,ft.h iuedtohelp For a wme a pary the lrllllgolbuiltzgrlgduifily ehewcibnxtx-ributed 1655 ' household imlll the upkeep of the pped working entirely and the whole of meet-in all of the bills fell 0n me. He is a. strong. hes thy, able-bodied, middle- d has plenty of chances to work. but refuses to do so. I am terribly tired I even have to buy his cit!- My mother is verv unhappy and eat deal about. my being so hard- worked and never being able to afford even the sure. And after I g0 to bed I cry en about. ti. Is there any way out: there is s way out of it if vou ha"! 1i: is for you and your You will have to take the initiative in breaking up his free boardln! house. He will never leave of his own accord. He has it too easy. with a comfortable place to stay in, three square meals a day and a. slave t0 provide him with clothes and cigarettes and money poolroom. _ Of course. he will be furious. He , ‘Qu for being an un- rateiul daug iter and point out to you your duiy to your poor d fat-her. Don't let his entrcaties move you. Tell him that the duty of a father to the Clllll he brought: into the world without. its consent. ls a thousand tunes grcatci" than the duty of the child to the parent, and that he should be supporting you, instead o! you supporting him. When parents are old, or sick. or helpless, it is their ClllldfflllSj sacred obligation to care for themw But, when parents are middle-aged} and strong and healthy, there is no earthly reuscn why they should‘ knock 011' work and become parasi-r Les upon their children. Nor is it, the children's duty to support theim when they are perfectly able to sup- port, themselves. Yet, sad to say. there are malty men and women who regard parent- ‘ hood as a racket, and who regaid their children merely as saves pro- . vided by nature to support, themw, When the oldest child Lakes out his» or her wanking papers, they 5.t‘ down on the cto-notuing stool and} fold their hands and let. George or Georgiunna do it. It. is bad enough, heaven knows, when a middle-aged woman Who is stronger, ltealthier and more able: to work than she ever was before in her life, sits down and dcniandsi that. hcr children support her for 30 or 40 years, instead of her hustling out and getting a job and takiizgi care of herself. But it. is infinitely worse when an able-bodied man forces his frail and gelicate daughter to toll to support 1m. Yet such cases are common, and one wonders that; the children arei foolish and weak enough to stand. for such imposition. They do it of‘ course, from a sense of duty, but, it! is no onels duty to support a lazy loafer. _ The sacrifice is made in yam, fori their parents would be much harp-i pier if they had something to do and} were independent, instead of grafb‘ ing money off their children. And the children's lives would be saved. When A Girl Is Seventeen Dear Dorothy Dix-We have a problem with our daughter, who is just 17. We have gotten along flnel, in managing her until within the ast few months; but since starting school last: Fall she has been wanting to go to class plays. dances or something several nights a week, and she has been going with a, boy who lives in our neighbor- 110011. We lectured her and told her about the trick; and tactics used by boys with girls, and she listened d seemed impressed; but I caught er_ Q and Energy 3 OUI‘ Of 4 gggdgyygghgggg in Jam and , dcii use CERTO to spend in the kissing him. I have known this boy's family all my life, and his father and his brothers were all alike- doing everything for a 81F! until they got her. and afwr mflrflfltlfi nothing to nmke her even calm ortable, Very negleciful of UNI” w ves. Now since school is out it. 1s a problem to me as t0 svhether I should let: my daughter COHUIIUL‘ thk courtship with the boy or stop . I don't. want. her to be a wail- lower or an old maid, but; I think l that at her age she should not. have , her mind on any particular boy. What do you think? B L. K. , Answer: Nothin ails the girl, except that she is jus 1'7. All fa hers and moth- ers have the same roblein wi their adolescent daug tcrs that you are having with yours. There is nothing that, _you can do but. just to be as forbearmg and patient as you can and let her outEWW 1t- Every girl passes through thls boy-crazy period, but she generally‘ gets over it, without fatal results. 1f her parents do not take it trio ser- iously, The best; thing you can do is to send her off to a camp. if you can afford it, or to some school when she will be separated from the boy she probabl thinks she is in love with, and w ere she will meet. other boys. Like cures like in love affairs, you know. A girl makes a. great, mis- take when she gets married at. l7. i It makcs her an old woman before her time and she misses all of the playtime of life. Maybe your daughter isn't in love with the boy. Her kissing him was no Sign. A kiss nowadays means no more than a handshake used to. Children Judged By ’I'heir Mothers Dear Dorothy Dlx—Our mother loves us and we love her, yet she ls our enemy, We are a. large family, from young to old, and married. W; never get along. Half the time not speaking m each other because our mot her has made trouble between us. She is Jealous of our affections. The children are never allowed to visit the others who live away from home, and she is s. perpetual nag- ge r. She has never cared how our home looked. 'I'-he furniture sitting an where it was ut, always dirty es and a mus y odor, and she looking slovenly around the house. she would like for us to have friends, but. after boys and girls visit our house once they never come back. and she wonders why her children leave home a3 soon as they are old enough to get: away. She calls herself a “modern" mother. If she isia modern mother, give me the old-fashioned kind. IIISGUSIIED. Prizewinners Jelly Contests l l r non. Po: jams you need give only a onc- ' minute to two-minute full rolling boii—i'or jellies only a half-minute to a minute. "Cmo nun nu rim, fin! and work w" n 7m new," wrim Mrs. Ed. Cooper, Prize- winncr at Beech! hi: (51%)- much jam or ielly from an equal amount of To order this desirfl Wriic vour name and address on c iece of Pel- l fruit. Mn. A.Conneil filzewlnnu at Red ‘lid §°§ld,“$§}1éf,a§§?£, m win or sump‘ w Needle“, mp" m l Deer Fair (Aim) agréel. "Bureau o! [bl %,‘“<§t§’..,i.,?t..own Guardian , , l Jbarler boiling I gel man {an or idly," NOPfilf‘\\'fl"k Dvnart-ment. - 5h‘ W11"!- Dcsign No. 4G7 b ‘ i Name ,_ _ _ _______—,_________—__._ Bmm Adda“ _ _ ___________....._...._.-_..... H03‘—~—nqn—IIunqnIIIII-'III!F"P'T3_—?'F—"_—_ jam: and jellies." colour remain unchanged and uns 'l- 0d, whereas long-boiling nflecu "Tb: sbar! balling time keep: lb: colour and flavour of lb: fruit," writes Mrs. Arthur Stewart, Prizewinner II Edmonton Exhibition. mate and colour. Writes Mrs. G. H. McLachlafrof Magnetawan, Onf., Prizewinner at Magnetawan Fair: "I have been using Carlo for a number of years, using my other method fgr making my grin-winning 0nd would not tblnk of .\~ carried out cncfillly," she wrim. More Jam 39"" 74"" You Can't 467 9r [any (Ind CQIOIII‘ 6Q wrgng “fin m“ 1 Th: Ceno b0“ l! 90 Ifyqufoflgw ;g¢;|[, ' .111. ma‘: boll in h our. - -» - ion of stitches and finigleqecT-i- ch13": halfrgyain ‘a: , o“ n e uh h“ flaw“: ma d“ "dim Bivmwhh mwbonhd CERTO i‘ °°"°"""!' Ceno you can be awn of lovely isms and jelly. Mn. E. M. Sawyer, Prize- winuer at Sher-brook: Exhibition, known how true this is. "You cm dc- pmd on Carlo II Ibo Instruction: an __a Because a slip of a. British lon- guc may give mms v-uu mm!‘- mation, Ministry of Information has placed "Chatter Boxes" in pub- lic places to help organize Eng- land into a “Silent Column". A careless word costs a contribution to charity. This London miss, loo caumuve over ner auernoon res, pays for her indiscreet. words. Bowel Complaints | oi Children l During the hot summe and early l full months most children, and . especially those teething, are subfect 3 to dinrrhma, dysentery, colic, cho era l infnntum and other bowel com- t plainls. ‘ Every mother should keep a. bottle of Dr. Fowler's Extract of Wild ‘ Strawberry in the home as n pro- tection against sudden attacks of these troubles. Doiflt experiment with new and untried remedies. Consider your child ’s health. Gel: “Dr. Fowler ’s” It has been successfully used by thousands of Canadian mothers dur- mg the ast: 94 years if has been on the mar ct. , Don't accept u substitute. Get the genuine “Dr. Fowler's." Tho T. Milburn Co, Ltd, Toronto, OnL Answer: Undoubtedly people judge child- ren by their mother, and one who is slovenly and bad tempered and quarreisome is not a good advertise- i merit for her brood. I have known.‘ more than one marriage that wast broken off by the young man's first‘ visit to his girl's people. He didn't want; a wife who might take after he: mother. ____________ TWIST YOUR OWN Tux-bans were never nicer than now, and so they are sun tops. Somehow they don't. squash down the hair as those of an earlier vint- age did. Whatever your style of hair-dress, “twat/ever your type, you'll find a turban to suit you. I-f you don't. like anything you see in the shops, make your own. Or wind one of those big sports hankies or a. scarf around your noggin and learn to become adept at making z Fashions v. Literature Living a Leisure —T7ze Woman ’s Realm Q m the momin mgr-Mb [ AKBB when u» wo new . Properly. the to o! u. cal: Hem zed mo; not, i muffin shou be flat. not raiescd i‘ Dlamoncd with dew: no the gold sun. gleaming lowing h Llghts his fins l“ ‘ at the side; . . Hero are lilies dreaming, You will see the largo sheet; 1 Dim delphinium spires. cake from the bakers’ ovens corgc out flat as a table, also the perfect Potato“ ma cam)“ _moum be cakes and muffins 1n the home m. chen. The swollen middle 1n cake, or the funny little eruption in the centre top of a. muffin, rc- sults from foo rapid coagulation o; the sides before the centre. so that when the heat. reaches the cent“ the mass has to rise and expand along the line of least resistance and consequently it bulges up and out at: the top. scrubbed, not peeled. Vegetable peelings, green tops, outside leaves of greens should never be thrown away, but simmered in make vege- table stock. Water in which you cook your vegetables should be added to stock-pot or used to make gravy. Bones and caresses should be gently simmered for six hours and the iquor used as a a. decoratlve top-knot. You'll like furbans for evening, itoo, and many designers have put out evening frocks with their own nmtchlng turbans. There's now no excuse for passing up a. party be- dresser in time. The smart, girl, however, won't take advantage of all this and neglect her colffure. She wants the assurance of know- ing that when she takes off her decorative turban she will disclose , a neat, beautifully dressed head: Z $1 7w?!“ t Id FRUIT PECTIN q q g the natural jalllfilng nubuuncu axlracltol from fruit in which l!!! Inoll abundant. cause you couldn't get to the hair-, fabric and you may choose between foundation for soup. To “an chm“; 81mm ma“ a strong suds of white castllc Dissolve l teaspoonful of hora; tn 1-2 pint. hot water and add this 1,0 1 quart of the suds. When cold, put gloves on hands and wash gently m the same manner as washing the hands. Rinse ln the same wgy_ When dry, rub between the hands ti soften. . Grass-stains will yield to glycer- ine, spread over the pat-ch, left for an hour or two and then washed off with warm water, rinsing sev- eral times and using soap gently if really bad. Mud-stains are best. soaked off in cold water; warm water seems to set them mom. Youngsters will eat s nourishing bowl of boiled rice when it is dig. guised with a peanut butter sauce. Use this sauce for many luncheon dishes, such as macaroni, waffles, plain or hunch toast: one-fourth cub peanut butter, two tablespoons flour, one cup milk, seasoning, Blend peanut buéflar and flour. Bent. in scalded milk gradually. Stir and cook slowly until thickened. Season to taste. You can make a useful clothes dryer from an old umbrella. Strip off the cover, enamel the frame- work white, and hang up on a hook in the ceiling over your cooker or range. You then have a splendid dryer or airer which will hold a large number of small things, such as collars and handkerchiefs, and it. can be folded up when not; in Only a wasteful housewife throws away a screw-top tin of polish with- out opening it; up with a tin opener because there's always another day's supply clinging to the inside. OLD BRUSH Never throw away that scrub- bing brush that has gone bald at each end. Saw off the bald parts, leaving the centre only; file down the rough edges and keep nhe brush in the sink for scrubbing new potatoes and carrots. WHEN SALAD IS MAIN COURSE A good salad dish for warm wea- ther meals might; be made of s. se- lection of three or four vegetables -cooked string beans. carrots and beets cut shoe-string style served with diced raw celery and shredded cabbage on crisp lettuce leaves. Garnish with devllled eggs and strips of cold boiled ham or spiced meat. Serve a clear, hot tomato soup as first course, toasted rolls with the salad, deep dish rhubarb pie, hot or fccd tea or milk. The stirring of a, new drink with the feather from a roostea-‘s tail during the American Revolution, gave the "cocktail" its name. FALL COSTUME JEWlfl-RY Flat, collar-type necklaces, flt- _ ' ting closely to the throat; and neck- “HNNIPEG WNUTE WOMEN Winnipeg women want I crook ol line, will be the most: important Jew“ 9U’ f0!‘ I811, says a Hitler, too, and under the direction noted stylist and designer. These of Mrs. Gloria ueen-Hughq Luvs orgsniud o spec al volunteer n- necklaoes will be of either metal or serve who want to learn the use of stone, with gold and silver of equal prominence. They will be bright rifles and nearly all that goes with and dramatic. creating interest and military training. Physfcail fit individuality for the starkly-slim women between the ages of 1g 1nd frocks of the new silhouette. 45 will be accepted, .11 THE TERA THATIS Fllll- llPllllli TEA Needlecraft- —For 17w Home - This attractive dress was design- 13386 g f? SMALL L EA F §’§.t°“'°“‘““l ‘i’ 125"’ l???" tit uresasener n up wa - flattering V-neck colar and be- SEES“ so coming bodice fullness. The skirt fits snoothly over the hips; wp sleeves are especially good in warm weather. Particularly worthy of note is the jacket cut to be just. the right length to flatter the larg- er figure; the darts at the bottom assure a perfect hang. The dress, "M". may be made with a con- trasting top. as shown. or all of one sleeve caps or regulation sleeves. Style no 8606 is designed for 81806 16. N. 38. 40. 49. 44. 46. 48 and 60. Sim 36 ulrec 8 1-4 yards of ma. s1 for jacket and skirt: 1 8-4 yards for contrasting w . IONDON, July l'l —(CP)—A- gainattlNazl olaifins ilulst. German opera ona are amperng in tirade, the South African fib- tor of Railways anctlolfgbon io- hondled in louth African hos increased tinder eve-ry- liosglpg since the war started, the Broadcasting dQontion