O’Keefe's Lake sticklebacks 
     
    
   
   
    
     BY LARRY MacPHEE 
     
    
   
   
    
     The ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius is a widely distri- 
     
     buted marine and freshwater fish of the northern hemisphere. Morpho- 
     
     logically, sticklebacks differ from typical fish in several ways. Anter— 
     
     ior to the dorsal fin, sticklebacks have a number of bony dorsal spines. 
     
     Instead of pelvic fins, sticklebacks possess a pair of bony pelvic spines. 
     
     Anterior to the anal fin, sticklebacks possess a single anal spine. Each 
     
     spine articulates in a joint at its base and can either be retracted flat 
     
     against the body or extended and locked rigidly in place. It is believed 
     
     that these spines have evolved from the dorsal, pelvic and anal fin rays. 
     
     Mean spine length is quite variable between populations, and even the 
     
     number of dorsal spines is variable. 
     
    

    
     Sticklebacks use their spines in defence against bird and fish pre— 
     
     dators. When attacked at close range, a stickleback generally "freezes" 
     
     in the water and locks all of its spines erect. This makes handling and 
     
     swallowing them very difficult. It has been experimentally shown that 
     
     when given a choice, fish predators will select "unarmored" prey before 
     
     attempting to eat sticklebacks. 
     
    

    
     I have been studying the lakes and ponds of eastern Prince Edward 
     
     Island because the sticklebacks in this region are extremely variable. In 
     
     O'Keefe's Lake and a few nearby sites, a very rare phenomenon has occurr— 
     
     ed. Most individuals lack pelvic spines and some lack the entire pelvic 
     
     support skeleton. Genetic crosses performed by Dr. Max Blouw at St. Fran- 
     
     cis Xavier University suggest that this pelvic spine loss is heritable. 
     
     Since these structures are extremely important to the survival of the 
     
     fish, its seems odd that at a few localized sites, most of the fish lack 
     
     pelvic spines. If spine loss is detrimental, why is spine loss so common 
     
     year after year? The best explanation is that pelvic spine loss may be 
     
     advantageous for other reasons. Perhaps the advantages of spine loss out- 
     
     weigh the disadvantages at these sites. I am testing several possibilities 
     
     in the laboratory as well as continuing to monitor the lakes for any pe- 
     
     culiarities which might be associated with spine loss. One important ob— 
     
     servation is that spine loss only occurs under a unique set of conditions. 
     
     All lakes with armor—reduced sticklebacks have a low pH, low calcium ion 
     
     concentration, and a lack of inflows and outflows. The pieces of the puz- 
     
     zle are beginning to fall into place and I will gladly send an update 
     
     when my research is completed. 
     
    

    
     I would like to make one request to the readers of this article: if 
     
     anyone has a collection of preserved sticklebacks from O'Keefe's Lake 
     
     dating.before 1984, I would be very interested in examining them. If any1 
     
     one knows of such a collection, I would be grateful for the information. 
     
     My present address is Box M-71, Mount Allison University, Sackville, N.B., 
     
     EOA 3C0. 
     
    
   
   
    
     IQ? 
     
    
   
   
    
     *‘kv-k*********************************** 
     
    
   
   
    
     It is not surprising to hear that concern is being raised over the 
     
     coyotes that have taken up residence on Prince Edward Island. The Eastern 
     
     Graphic's June 10 front page carried a story on the increasing number (and 
     
     two weeks earlier had a picture of a man who had shot one). The most vocal 
     
     group are sheep farmers, some of whom have lost sheep to coyotes. Seeing 
     
     sheep wandering on a road is not uncommon here, but without proper fencing 
     
     sheep can easily become food for dogs and coyotes. It will be interesting 
     
    
   
   
    
     to keep an eye on the situation and to see if an kin ' 
     
     worked out. 5 y d of solution can be