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_ THE GUARDIAN, CHARLO1'1‘ETOWN, ‘JUNE 15 £899.
 AN ESSAY
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physical science. It was he, and not
l.a Place who was the author of the
theory since csillcd the Nebular Hypothe-
~is. The ether as the underlying sub-
~1ance of heat and light was the subji-ct
oi his inaugural dissertation in 1755.
0 , After niar.yyi=ai's of weary wailing
Kant became professor of logic and
l,¢=»Foundcr of the Critical
Philosophy.
BY L. R. MACDUNALI)
_-és
Kant’s Contribution to Phil-
osophy and the World
of Thought.
“His works have exercised such in-
iluence upon European thought, that in
tl-eestimation of the best historical
jtfdges. they n.ay be placed on a level
with the great events of the French
Revolution as '.he most imporuan: lac-
tors iii determining the chariterisiic
features of the nineteenth century cul-
ture.” .uch are the words by which
the Encyclopre lia Britannica opens the
biography of Immanuel Kant. It has
occasionally fallen to the lot ot one
man to iniluence greatly, perhaps to
change entirely the thought or the in-
stitutions of his time. But it is never
to the man’s genius alone that this is
due. It will be found that the age was
ready to receive his message. One
century earlier or one later his worn
would have been a comparative,
perhaps. a total failure.
The mystics of the previous cen-
tury l)esCartes and Spinoza. were now
forgotten. Pascal and Malebranche
were laid aside. Even Leibnitz’s work
was obscured and misunderstood. The
smpirieist was on a throne. Locks’s
argument that all ideas of the mind are
the product of experience. either simple
sensations or reuections upon sense
phenomena, had made the pendulum ot
speculative thought swing to the oppo-
site extreme. Hume, taking Locke’s
 own premises, with
merciless logic proved causality s simple
order ot suoocess in the inner life, s
more series odchnnce experiences. and
the moral law s feeling in the mind of
the sympathetic subject. Voltaire, the
apostle of the new, era in France, which
by a strange anomaly was called the
period of 1l1umiuationism,had taken the
physics of Newton and the philosophy
Locke and perverted them to suit his
own sensual and skeptical purposes.
Oondiliac reached the extreme point ot
empiricism, when he made the famous
statue obtain all the knowledge and
feelings which we possess, by the mere
opening up of one sense after another.
It was time for the pendulum to swing
back.
A ma ter mind whose conceptions
were to revolutionize human thought
led the way. Criticism was to reveal
both to empirictsm and dogmatism the
unwarrantahle nature Ot their as-
sumpti ~- and hold the brlauce true
between them. It was Kant, who ex-
ploring the recesses of the humrn mind
as with a lighted candle, discovered to
man the limitations of his intellectual
faculties a-.id the boundary of his
knowledge.
This great philosopher. was born at
Konisgberg in 1724 and is believed
never to have travelled 'nero than forty
miles from his native town. Here he
was educated, here he taught and here
he died at a good round age in 1804.
liecoiling- from the theological studies
towhich his parents wished him to
devote himse.f. he turned his attention
to-languages, Mathematics and Physics.
Au objection urged against some men
of his class, that they line above the
world of fact and experience in the
serial region oi abstract thought, can.
not in any measure be urged against
him. He was interested in all fields of
human research. Especially had he a
complete and thorough mastery of
metaphysics in the University ot Konig-
sberg. Slowly his philosophical medita-
tions began to assnnie the form of that
svsteni which has made his name im-
mortal. His University now sharss his
lame. When the citizens of Konigs-
br-rg saw the philosopher sup out of
l-is door each afternoon at exactly halt
part tour and walls up and down the
time t;ee :ivenue eight times in suc-
¢-¢5gi0n_ new r more,never less, at every
season and in ali weathi-rs, not le-as
punctual in all his roii'in»~ of life than
the Cathedral clock, if it-ey had any
idea ofthe wor.`d-upheaving thoughts
<“ ttlivring form and coherence in his
iiiiud, tl:.ev might well have bowed
_~ it`l i'e'.`ere;lt~:il awe before him. But
zo :hem he was a plain, unpretentious
p;cte:-.~,or of philosophy and nothing
UlO"£`:.
I = lTo'l appeared his °-Crifque of
I’ur»e Reason ` of which all his later
wntings are a development. For six
_veals this majestic work lay neglected.
Few, if any, realized that a new mine
of intellectual wealth had been opened
up. The Germans were not then the
philosophers they now are. The style
of the book had little to recommend it.
The barbarous terminology in which
the author loved to clothe his
ideas made it eumbrous and repnl-
live. He may be considered one
ot the worst writers ot German
prose that ever published a book, and
this is saying a great deal in his dis-
pr-ise. His involved sentences somi-
iim s cover a complete page. The
author who could refer. to the soul as
the ‘-Unconditibned of the Categorical
synthesis in a subject,” and to the uni-
verse as the -‘Unccnditioned of the
hypothetical synthesis of the members
in a series,” had ho mean power of in-'
venting uncouth and preplexing terms.
But at last Germany awoke from her
apathy. The philosophei‘s reward was
nigh at hat d. Schutz and Reiuhold’s
advocacy of the new system suddenly
wrn for him tributes from the brighest
intellects of his native country .Lectures
you the transcendental philosophy in the
‘universitit s, and discussions among the
literati were the order ot the day.
-Young men flocked to Konisgberg. In
twenty-live years the "Critique" trans-
formed a people hitherto remarkably
barren in philomnhical speculation into
the typical metaphysical race ot
Europe. . ~. f y
Too _long had vain empiiicism flaun-
tod its pretensions only to end in skep-
ticism. Too long had the irrational
dogmatism'-'hola past age tried to cou-
' tirm the conclusions of experience hy
abstract reasoning. To Kant’s mind
there had been little progress in Mei-
apbysics for three thousand years. He
y will go back of all and institute a criti-
`cism of pure reason itseif. When the ac-
cepted opinion that the heavenly bodies
l meved around the earth as a centre
Ifailed to explain the ordinary astrono-
mical phenomena, Copernicus con-
ceived the bold plan of making every-
thing, the earth included. revolve about
the sun. When the two conceived
opinions that truth was innate, on the
one hand and on the other, that it was
wholly of sense origin. hoth failed to
satisfy requirements, Kant openly au-
nounced the claim that our knowledge
was neither innate nor experimental
but transcendental. It came to us be-
cause we made it.” _
I Dont cough
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I lb flat cans still unsold A qiuilggat Cong
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~`, .l TIM  come you should look ' up your
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' In the event of you dec idingto mveht or:
overcoat, etc., not promptly b .sgrhgl
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LADIES’ WHITE SHIRT WAISTS
A Magnificent Showing of THE WOR'-0 0F SPURT-'
' Butler Brothers to Rue ln Canals--Ksnrns
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Tom Eel: received a letter at Mon-
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bwthers. ot Biston, Nat, Tom and
w w g ' b‘ kg . 0
Ladies’ White Lawri,l`luslm or Pique Shirt Waists effivouiiiuiflilistiaiifgiil Szgeznriiifimii
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against McLeod -and McCarthy, nnd
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 pipggarthayhand Boalre a one mile triplet
, races to be flying starts.
Butler states in
Seventy-Fire Dozen Folic Shirt Wait  P P   ""` 
y S S s ar association should put up
" I PUl"'° Of $1.000 for thi~ race, and
»
All new patterns and latest shades,plaited fronts,detach-1 ;:‘!_‘;';‘;"l'1`e1?:;§ °;':'::;’;i"; 1‘§'°£'l‘;;
able _collars and laundered cufl`s,very special 3o,50,6o, 70, 9.9. committee to ,,,,,,,;d_,, ,his ,,,,,p,,,_,,,,,,,
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P
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Un |11 0111' Stgy-e_ poglts 3106009 I0 B0lftiBt,N6.1' 8.111. d
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%iipepi,,Bayadere faucies,'1affeta,Heavy rustling hindlfrench mmm aw collected mm meet
F003' es- " ter boxes of6 a.m., 2p.m.and8
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'i
Mens and Bo s’l.‘I th' .
oRn1NAizv ‘To Fit?
 -Values that we wish you to
call and see, when we ask you to
look about
  Ready-to-wear liloiliing
Because ordinary values you can
see anywhere but it’s a saviu of
at least 35 per cent on you im-_
chase.
How can we do this Z V
The reason is we bought the
goods that much less at the Doull
& Gibson great retiring sale and
to give our 'customers the .benefit
of the low prices paid for the
goods.
We always make it a rule
when we buy at a bargain we sell
Z ` 1 ' 12%; t
 “”é‘5‘l?Fi;;$’§-IilIf‘3sm soo. mummmi in sf 11028. __°°U;'0i0°d with g  M *WTI* WIS- 
_t P9 C-¢ Corsets
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_ We make corsets to Bt
Cool get
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everybody. _
We make corsets to ht-
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Just s matter of choos-
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Your dealer h is it.
U
Quebec. P. Q.
from Upper Queen Street to
Walter Burr-ew’s old stand
      interim is P
i and-.naman _ I "’ I °"°""""i‘i
my livery
___ ` -~+-____
_ suppylmg the crop in suitable prqiortlon, association and
 ' _ form, with the Plant Food it requires
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That ls
and wlthltoomes the
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  R‘;'g"g°";,";";;;'g J. B. MacDonald & Go,
R=1i¢'¢=i»=¢=°t1r- LEADERS' IN LOW PRIES. I 'Ilan I ii tadundrymxm
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=   Blom' Bone ]M§eg,]_
we im-screw hugs; and Ta' e'
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