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if he drove-his -automobile-into-the-‘war Msoilate ondatmwand-#will-oxdaln to the ‘
area without General Jol!re'»-petmllion 1
he would be turned out.
Perhaps the first thing that made;
France realize that sho haldlfolmd a. die
tailor was the dismissal of certain gen-
ernls which followed last year’s snmy
manoeuvres, In easy going times when.
u general mademhtakes at-manoen`vru
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end of time.
'It/is .primarily asm man- of character
and action, fortified by the theory be-
gun and practised ln the new doctrines
of war thlal'/the-intellectual leaders have
worlmd out, that Joffro now stands at
the head' df' Eh: 'French army.
And the-'world had -not to wait long to
see the individual quality of his leader
Ubi? ltaraqod upon.: great battle. His
pichme may not yet be completely
painted and dared; but if one were ln-
cllned to-look for some resemblance be-
tween Joffre sndasome other great leader
of history, one would probably choose
Grant. as his nennmt equivalent, except
ilhat in techniul skill Grant 'mu-l incom-
parably above his~ed'ucal.lon, while lt is
almost impossible for the French Gen-
eral to improve very, much upon the
Flrenclvdoctrine. Isis in ty-pe more than
in circulnshvnce 'that the two men seem
to resemlile each other--quiet, runnin-
ating, both perhaps a little slow to move,
certainiy~nsv¢-fr "run away with" hy their
ideaa, absolutely clear as to what duty is
and what it is not, powerful “prime
movers" and resolute fighters.
Both, too, were domesticated citizens,
and this has its importance in the case of
Jnffre. For no man whose clvism was
not above repmaell would have been, or
could have been, entrusted with dicta-
torial [rowers by n republic to which
three distinct pardel of numarchlsts lay
claim. There is a wonderful letter in
existence written by_ Lincoln to one of his
>-
,»“
.1 f"" ?
»_¢&-‘\..,_,f _
"-5. - '
. .l\:`O 
f""‘°\
m 
.___  \
_y Q, ¢Y‘l\
bi
i
li
-_<
_ a unarvferd
-1 "
_ rm- mu- ~~  ----~ _ 
\
/-
l  By Al°x.nder  I rlnncs. (ll-lll-lxli l'.lll \\‘:l< llnrll ill lion-
"" ' lIl*l.\', nt thc llcgin-
>- .Yi,,_`,T"  ning of the pr:-.sl-llt
’ ‘Y » vm war, lt \\'a.~l uu-
'  .l J) llouncell lim! 24"'
pr; .4
" prclnc comlnnllll of
the 1-`rs-lll-ll |ll'ln_V
v
-fr’ _ .4 3,1
 was ill ilu- lllllllli
Ili(  of Gcllcrlll Jllfflw.
4.1 1";-wr-." there wan- lllnlly
L "._§;;'_".‘_. A who naked, "\Vl"\
/ - tl* h ~.~` is h,'_l'*
0/ I They llllfl f1\l'9.0l'
‘len that tilrco _\"¥=\f5
no he was Ill"
l r ` pointed (>`fhl?f ‘lf TIP
qlherll AUD! sun’ which mrm`dlll`\" ill
ff. as or----‘ °°'““‘““" "' ""’ 
time of Mar. the result of th-illll' H dl
Uhclfldn Of the Fl-enL‘ll Lnh no ‘turd ni'
tllaion which met wlrll not f"“fl_‘ (,__.._.
disapproval throus\1°"¢ l"'““‘ '“_r_________
tlls lfolarehlsta would l\|\§"l ll’ tnnma
o"".| Pnl' but on Imlmclillnfxelf da.
oily, and even General Pau F a~uCe- fm
cland that the hge mm: _:Surf
_CIO Wllllllloh was eners ~ _ h
D  la A curious fact that sl;:“‘;*;;“;`d
*nh 'ho hu; dfli:-ifers General
:mules mn ,:“lzlv»»¢|¢¢»_ it llnlr
nv. ls; pynngg Orleutalcl. fl““’“*
on is mam. .ml ll-'Ins 2:; ':§;{:*;_
‘ °f ,|°,n||||¢|||‘~ll0tllln¢ t the
“.”,_n , obviously thsht is nzmn.
- |50 s ow n
l|la..‘l:lt r\l\¢;‘§‘:n:| .num J°"__e.__
N wh'
l . is
"...‘r?.""‘*......'.i.°l":l.‘:..2::':.:;:'...
1
¢
~  .~',' , ,
, . . _,_ _ 
* . .ll ~ :_
tl\limnl'_ :lull ill-lil-|'l\l lhlllil-lli nlsu i.-l
fl'lll'l till- fnl'lll"_.' sllllill of l"l'.lll<'l-.
ill-llcl-:li .lnfl'l'l-'.~l |'nmil_\' wus l`<»llll\l<'\l
'ln' ;| lrll\'l-llinl: nllvtiolll-1-r nl-out onl-
‘ lllllllllm-ll _\'l-urs :lin-. '.l`rlis :lln-l-all-l' will
frlllll villllgl: ln lo\\`n_ l'|<- ll :llwll I-l vil-
l»ll:\_- ill n sllo\\'lll:l|l .- vnu lil-nl.-ll wllll ull
l llnrls of glnllls. ullil-ll \\'|-rv llvlllllll-ll-ll l\_\‘
l llilll ll.-l lnlrgrllns. “.l'llfl'rr" .sul-ll :lull sllvll
~ nu nrlicll- :ll .sllvil :lllrl l=l:r-ll :l l*l`l""~ ll"
l wullld 1-l'_\‘ l'l'olll his vlln ill lin- lll:|_\'lll-;lli_\'
l rulllllrl- nl- nl`nl'l<l‘l lIl=\<‘l‘ ‘lf l" 'I "" "ll'
ling;-_ llcgillnlll.-: :lt n high f`i;:-.ll'r-, lif-
lcnnlr- flmvll ;-;rnlluull.\'- .llilf lllfl Vliiill'
' lnninn nllnw pl-ovlllilllf-ll him ns n for-
:-ignl-r, and llc lldflpll-ll ill:-_|llr‘kll:llllc ills
‘ 1-nnllll"v foil: hu-l lrivcn hiru of "Jn_ffl'c"
l ' ' ..
1---"lm l‘l-rc .lnffl'c.
. 'l'Iu- gl-ln-ral ill-\\‘I|lnn _-:ll nlrvh f:lilh is
,,,,“~ ,,-_,,\,;¢~.| vr-ry r-nl-ly llfquircll ;l lil-sire
tn lmrnllll-` :l -.ol.lil'l. li \"nl: ill this \\'!l.l'¥ "
_\_,» n <-ilil.l lu- \\'.-is fnllcl uf ll:l!llill‘-'
lrnlllcr dr-cl’ and ln\l""'¥""-“ I'-"~"""““
slrf-nm. lils mrcrlrs. lfvariuz llc \\'~lul¢l
hr- drnwnrri, lor-ks-fl him up ill n swllllll
‘story room ni nigh! null lc:-pt him l-.ndor
g|||||-rl in the slay tlnu-_ Thr l-or pincd
and fretted. llc tllcn prnccl-llcri ill llf'f~
Ho went to thc prcss wllcrr- his nlulllcr
gland hor hollsn linen, horrnu-cd the
,gmngylg and .longs-.st shr.-cts he cmlld
_find, and made with them n larlflar
whereby he could cscapc frnm his llcd-
room at dawn and' hart- his rivr-r inltll
and awlm. For a time all went lvl-ll, lill
one morning the "ladder" Pflvv \\'n.l' 'md
ln solo an :mah "
r
»\
-4-.»-_-,.3
`».., . -Q1' ,
' v  "~. ‘f -` .-9'#
: l undgrvloed .. \,}_\ ala.. ‘
,
<1"
¢="
h.r',¢
I \\'llill- llll- lilnll was ln Splilltrl _vnullg
. Jnffrl- :ll-||l|il'l-ll .1 illste for stlldy, went to
lllll- l._\|-<‘»<- lllnl cllosc illc :lrlny ful' his
l <~nl'1-cr.
' 'l'\»\\:ll-d llll- r-nd of 1S4`»il, \\'llcll lll- wzls
lull _\'\-l sl-\'<~ll|l-Pll, lil- was fulll'l»-1-lltll ull
illl- lift ol' lln'»-:<- lerlllliilull lo illl- lil(-ole
l'r\l_\'lt~clllliqln-, \\'ll1-rl- till- ;;ro:\l gnvcrll-
me-nl 1-lllllucl-l'~1 :lull illr llffllw-r.~ of the
a=‘li|ll-ry :ind l~ngIllc1_-ring corps lm-
irninf-rl. ' ’
Iiis \\'ln»ll- nlililarv <':lrcl°l‘ was llnssrll
|i|| fill-Lili.-:llio“.~l nl- on 1-olullilll cxpvdi- -
|tinlls_ .-\s ‘xl _V-lllllz lllnll he lnllorcll nt
| `.l:\- oll\\\‘crl:.< nt Paris and i'nulnr!il-l‘.
i'..\lcl‘ ln- r-nll.sil'll4-lcd thc fnl'il-r-sans nt
'i`fsn!<ln-,;_ nl'l:.'lnlzr-ll lllc llc-ff-ll:-c of tim
lslnllll of i<'nrlnn.<n lilll'in;; lilo war ill
l‘!lln:l, null hlliil llll- lvhnh- nf the ilugc
stmlelxllnlll nl' llic-no Hllmnlmvl. in tin-
slznl of .\lllll:\gll.'~‘f‘:lr. l.lllcr still lil'
lr:-nl r-ll lin- llrlilnnu-_v expr-dilioll to
Afrll-n. fm his rctllrn l`in.'lll_\' in l°`rl'.llcc,
, ill- 1-.-5 .4 |l|'ufc:=snr al lllr- Evoll- do lillrrrv.
lflllll fill-tl alll'-r important pusltlmls; but
Ili \\'.'l.: not lill 1005 tllnt llc ohtllincll lllc
lrlpanll-lll-< ol ll hrlgndicr gl-"rrl'nl.
'l`,’ll-ulfll llc hr-valnc lnlv-r l‘hll-f l-l' the
Gerlcrnl Si:\fl‘_ hr- lvnll no nlnrv- ¢~o:nnl:ln~
(1.3, lp ch;-af, whilu pr-nfl- rf-ilzucll, ihllll
the ('\li¢\f nf lhc Gcncrnl Staff is “War
l.|\`rd" ill if-erlllun,\’. 'l`llc suprclnf- wolll-
mnndcr nf thc l<`rl-ncll army nnrl nary
| is the Prllsiflv-n‘__ who 1-.rr-rr-lar-s flint com-
mand. ns far as thc- army is 1-llllcnrndll.
thru'-lllh thc .\Iillisl|-l' of \\`:lr. Bill
Joffre soon bccanlc dicrnlnr. The War
Minister la aald lv have remznlked that
rr
l
l
l
l
|
,_(Y
il had hr-cn usual for the cl-lticislllg all-
tilorily to say, “I nln_v ln- wrong, but per-
sonally I think l‘. would have bl-an het-
ivr so null lm," lllld io lnnka lu(-ntal llutcsl
not lo r-lnllloy lllc said gl-llcrrll uftcr his
linlc was llp.
(ls-nr-rlll .lnffrf-, ll0l\'e\'l-r. called for
rr-silrrtntions on tlll- sunt. Among the re-
tiring office-rs wcrr- one nr lwo mr,-ll of
lzreut cln-rgy null rl:-vntioll lo duty. For
tllenl it was ll hard lllnw. But Gfllrrlll
Jnffrl- had llc:-n put in nffif-e tn lnakc
thc l*`rclll-ll arm; ns nrnr pcrfcciioll as
il 1-ould ill- hrlnlglll, and in this, all ln
otllr-r things. nn cnnalderalioli would
mlllu: him awcrvc- from the line of duty.
lil- rr-lil:-'rnlv-red, doubtless, that tile l
licrnlan vic‘_orll~a in 1806 and lSTO were
the lngi.-al sfqllmlvc nf their peace
lnanov-uvrc.=. iii- regarded nlllnueuvrcs
ns ll rchnnrsrll uf the raal thing. and the
lm-mbcra nf his company who did not'
ilnolv their parts he cast nut. There
has hm-n nom- rl' fin- comfortable fl-el~
inc that "il will lm all rilrllt in the ered" l
\
\
‘--fee-ref
..;¢r"Z!_'» _
` army commanders who had been tolling
the world that "tho country needs a. dic-
intor_" “Only those commanders who
gain military success," wrote he great
l’rceident, "can set up an dtctaiors. Give
lnr- success, and l will risk I dictator-
ship."
And the French republic has shown
hmv it believes in the axiom tlrday.
Ii has been said that lf Fnnce had had
a Joffre in 1870 the probability is that
the Germnlls would not have won.` Like
Iron! Kitchener, Jnffra la an organizer of
victory. Ile does not bellow in flashes
of genius; lie knows that lol(-and cam-
ful preparation is necessary. Never for
a single moment dl.-ring me three years
that he has been at the head ofthe sraay
has he forgotten the purpose for which
he '.\-an appointed--to prepare for the
struggle in which Francs ia engaged to-
day.
Now sixty-two yearn of ags. General
Iinlfre ill a msn of medium height, shift,
lrilh a massive head. fair hair, and with a
since (ll-neral .loffre lnnk conlrni of the
army.
'Pills :nay sr-rln loss than fair to his l
llrr-llccc_ssm‘s, wlm \\‘fFrf\ strung, hlird \
working -_nl-n of thc lllghr-at slliilty. and 
in fact rr»\.'lt/-<l rhr- army wllich fi:-naral '
.lnffrv has aivnnly tuncll up. Andilt
nley hurt lin-nl l- mink lllnt the oppor-
lllllitl' of llnllflliulz ll-rl l'n"' has cnmn
'lftcr ilwir limi-, . |
_llonro madl- lim army ll... \\'rlllng-
lnn lvns to lclld: Pnrllwt ilu- troops 'nf l
.\'l\pnl¢-nn; I\fc4'|l-llnn thc nrlny with l
which Grant crushed thc l`olli'¢~dr-racy.l
thick drooping mustache, and heavy eye-
brows nearly concealing the eyes.
llia will, the outstanding feature of his
character, is that under the llndcst,
quitteat, most unaffected, most only |0-
lng manner is the steel determination
that can shut tight like a visa upon lla
purpose.
".-\ good hean fnr a wntchdvlt "lim,
hut always ready to bite." ls one of the
firrl description-: I ever heard of the
French lfommander in l.`-lllcf. Tllerc lsj
more truth in this than ln ulmvt eplrrams.
You have only to see how that calm, -
1 QD
slow manner fiasllr-s .into energy as he
refuses a suggestion. Ile looks like
wiping it out of cxistence with nur- lll>»
cisive movement of his llllnfl. 'il-nern!
Joffre is the most determined anllporil-l'
in France of the policy of altnvlr for ll
commander. “The only tactics" ls what
lle calls the offensive.
Ile is a gcncral, ton, who has the
lltlnost confidence in his troops. “Thr-
F`rr-ncll are warriors by tr-mperzlnlent,"
is one of his sllyilllas; and though in
the lrolllzsc of his vllrcer he has sf-en
the luxuries nf life lncrelaac und ullllli-
ply, so accordingly he helleves that tin-
young lncn of to-day lm- as good soldiers
as tllosl- llc colnmalldr-d as n boy lieu-
tenant forty~four ye-are ago.
Ha is known io few. llis friend Ili.
Pujadc recently ref-trail to him ln :ln
in thc- corridors of the \Vn|- Uffi.-9, have
and his peculiar garb. lt was ll. rlllort
luvket and a tall llat. lie nc-vcr wore a
v.xlil’orln in ills- \\'.'.r Office.
_Like his coadjutor, Gellerlll Sir John
litiia. Ho docs not oven writl-. Yet.
vust as is his capacity for sill-lu-c, you
nt-ver feel lllut he is silent. ln-cnllac he
llasl noillillll io say. You fccl llc il-l silent
hr-.csllso llc has tml much io talk llllout.
And when hr- speaks what he says is
pithy and lo the poinl, ills rosull nf
quiet' rcfleciioll, .spoken with studivd cx-
Dffrilsillll, in slow, strail;htfllrwl»\r<l xen-
tenccs. Thr-re is no eloquence about
what he says, nn flummery.
>"_._"4\`7§';,i*___‘l,_.E,_e`:g Alil)l.\ had man
ll/. - f elm he felt it
‘ivm.:`:\w'-/ an sign or iladge to in-
.Y..~7,.",'_f'»“._-,~(‘<_,’,'_  Ion; and this very
banners. From tile.
kcpi in till- if-lnllics, sllvc i.l time of war.
fry is a thing to dir- fur, to prca:r\‘\‘§ HIM
By Hereward Carrington.
,.~_\~`. cnlrrgl-rl from a
- qu state of llarllarisul
 ` ‘. ll
ar  necessary io adopt
,N _F ` '  some distinguishing
 -.~ .-
.fr -2;-7_.’&__._ ` dicalc ills partlC~
-_ ular trille_ or nn-
 naturaily took the
` "l forul of flags and
_ rf-ry earliest limes
Q ' 'i wc, find traces of
lhcsc stnndnrrla, which were guarded
with thi- lllnlost rf-no-r:\t.inn and usllnlly
` 1-‘rom this wc ll:|\'i> the tradition, now
l inlzrnincll ill usl. that the flag of a coun-
it is alnlnst sm-rl-d, and the fight for
thc siunllnl':l" has `ncr-ll the subject ot'
of inter:-st hx-irfly to indicate the history
and manning of the flags of thc various
wllrrillg naiiollsl.
'l\ak»>, fil-nl, tllf- flag nf (lr-rlnally. lt
must he rcnlemlrered that prior to thc
F`ranco-Prllssiall War of P370 the Ger-
mnll Elnpira was littlc mlm- than n gr lllp
lof scattered Sinfca. \Vhan they cum-
biaed into n single elnpirr. llowevl-r_ il
is only natural that we sllmlld look fur
traces of all their flags lu thc rcsllltullt
standard. And we find auch traces.
'i‘n he sure, llle color.~l of Prussia » hlnck
and whiff--»-and the Prllssiull Elgll-, cn-
rmnenlhorl-ll that ihia cmlnlry bor-nnlc :lt
that time tho head and rlllcr of ull the
otfhl-,r~s, ll. was by far the largest collu-
try, both in area and population. ll.
naturally, therefore-_ llecalne llrudnnli-
naat. Besides the smaller States. there-
wore also the flags of East and W1-sl
Prussia to be included, 'Phat of West
Pnlmla was hlaclr, whit:-, hlack, three
ltrlpes of equal diameter, running the
length of illc flag; that of Burt l"russ|:\
consisted of two sucll atrillr-rf, the nppl-r
black and the lnwcr vvhltn. 'l‘ll»- "jack"
horizontal stripes, 'he upper black, file
middle While- and the lower red. Thr-
much plized iron 1-rosa ldatlllz llnck to
the 1-nd of tha- lwclfth cc-nhlryl is in lhf-
oclltre. This ned stripe app:-urs ill thai
final wnr ensign nf the empire, in which
in the upper quarter, with the iron l-ross
upon it, while thc remaining ihrmwlllar-
torn arc whitc. with llle royal nrnls ill'
the centrc. A black cross riivldes tha-
wholz- flag into quart:-ra.
The flag of Austria la n re-ry cnmpirx
affair. To hegin with, the various _\na-
trlan provinces have their own flags; llc .
hemla la red-white; Tyrnl is whitl-~r:-d;
Dalmads in blue-yellow: Galicia is lllno-
Md; Croatia ls red-while-bil-cz lalrin is
_vdow-wirltrhlue. 'Hzerl alralll. .-\ll.~llria-
l-Iunfsry being a rlual m_1narrll_\~, lmlll
Aeuslria and Hungary mua: he s“l\1l'f\l"' ,
ly repraaemed-and fully-on lhr- flag!
Fortllnately. this combination was ran-
dored more euy hy the far. llml por
tions of the flags of both countries wi-re
already the same. Thus, the Austrian
flag was red-whltered, the llnngllrinn
was red-whltegrecu. Compromise was
¢f(¢¢t¢d by dividing the lowest horizontal
stripe in two. and leaving half red while
lbo remainder was gre-en. The al-ma of
both countries also appear on the flag.
This was dcridcd upon March 6. lliilil, 
.Tho Imp'-vial standard of lhc 'l`sar
llrilclc in thc Matin na ".`loffre file;
Pnclrllllnr-, Tllmre who llnw :not him *him nr his quiet ham.. at Augeuil' you
l
l“rf-null. he is a “Silent llllln." He mllo. 1
ter very largely into it, hu! il lllllst in-l
But of course it is the man of actiml
that l~`rnncc has wanted; and she hal
got llilll ill Joffre.
“'l'llnl`.s thi- man we need," laid M.
Brlnnfl to tha- President before his ap-
? poinllnl-nt to the Chief of Staff.
lie leaves nothing to chance. The
moililizntion of the French army took
placl- in admirable order. Ill the aamo
wily his plans for the campaign sro
_br-ing o-xwllled with the utmost pol-
liilbll- pre-vision. In the field. as ln bil
office at lhr- Ministry of War, he ll
“hard as nails" He gives his orders
and r-.spa-cla them tn he carl-lsr] one
P-U\f‘Yb'. If they are not. there is
tl-nllhlo, Affaiiic, klndly and con-
sidf-rale to all nllder llim, he may sym-
pulllize with incompetence, hut he can-
_ llol l»\'f-llonk failure.
lf. ll f<-ll' lnomlls ago, yon had vi.-Ljfl
l
would llllva found lliln apparently llv-
“0""1 his ll€B\`.Y ililvllyllr-rlnatolls trend l ing lhe lif»~ of a peaceful country gen-
llennln, v.-ith his wife and two daugh-
ll-rs: hill principal indoor relaxation
`l»ri<lgr-. ut which ln- la, as he llaa aald
Ilimself, all inlliffcreut player.
Now illc lllinds url- drawn, but
priser-rs-hy notion a modest little bunch
of flowers planed on the doorstep.
'l`lle.se flowl-rs are renewed each weak.
Fnl' some time it remained r. mystery
lwhf-rc tllmle lmuqllots came from, until
_ ll was <lisr_~o\-r>rl»<l that the faithful
ldnnor was "Pere" Jenn Garland. a
vs-tr-rail of 1870. who was wounded
l three times while serving with the boy
l li:-nl:-nnnt. Jrlffre, and who works as A
l linkmnn at the Anteuil railway station.
*+*‘**++¢*¢ 0+ 4-00+-ooo-rooooo-o vo-ooo( *ooo-Goo-+4-o off-000000*
Flags of Waning Nation
'U5
OOQVOQO
I in thc centre of which is n large double-
- llcallcll black eagle. This flag dates
l from tllc ycar 1472. when Ivan the Gr-gag
lnlnrricli Sophia, lx nit-ce of Constantine
l 1'*\lM‘0l0lwS. -and thence assumed tho
l Hruls of the Greek Empire (the Rugsigm
cmllracc the religion of me Greek
i(7hUF\‘l1). On the breast of the eagle
_A an csc-niclwon bearing on it; red figld
in sllvcr thc figure of St. George slaying
hhe ]`lrsgqn.__.¢|,¢ wpmle bein' sup
f°“-dvd by the collar of ul. orfln or sr.
Andrew. On the dlgpllyed wi". of th.
"Ile nre nther shields bearing the arm;
gf l\l°_"`- NOVZUPOG. Voldermirs, Kasan,
b c. 'lhe fini; of the Tsarina is similar.
_ “l "m'l_l°"_- Tl1@.Russisn Union Jack
1; very slmllarln that of England, sara
l_ 't lh" Wllvflpsl cross-bars are bln,
Inlfcad of red. This is the well known
Russlnll war flag. The pm” 1. that of
Sf. Andrew, the patron saint of Ruggig
Th” "IB Of Servia il the flag of th;
Rus:-ian merchant service reversed' for
of Servia is red~biue~whlte arranged in
three horizontal stripes rlinning acl-ogg
till-V flag. The royal standard is similar.
Huw I nt the royal nrms are placed In
lhaccniro of the blue stripe. -'
lh” w"" l""‘“"‘ *_~`l'<`0l°l‘ of France ll
'"“‘ " "9 °f ll""’f‘ SUIPPS-blll& rrlllte and
r¢~d»~-running not the length but tha
“"'m' "f 3"? fliik- It dates from the cra
Of flu- French lierollltioll and came into
"Xl-all-llcc in 1789, lr llaa been the na.
tional flag ainc:-, with hut slight rulin-
tions. in i794 thi- tri-color was n‘so
"Wd" ill* lhuk of the Frcnch navy.
'Pho ifniuu Jn:-k nf (';|-,mt };,,imh;__the
nn!! l<non'n to ull--is conlpqgpq nf ||,°
.tllrl-c 1-ross(-.1 ni' Ht. George-. St, Patrick
and Sr. Alnlrl-w. Thar of lln- first mu, Q
l"""“ 'Hi “ffl” dlfldi-ls ll... wall. flag
into four while squares: the white cron
“f Sf. Arldrcw. on a blue background.
*ran from corner to corner diagonally,
. “"""' 'l"' "fl cross nl’ sl. Pall-il.-lr 1-an .1
(llc llalllf- directions. If thc Union .Ink
|Ȣ- exalninod il will he found to hs nag.
lmao-ll of lin-so three crosses, as statcl..
llesidvs (his, (lrnar, Britain has of
.~.»nrse, the rn.\'aI standard and innu-
many rl wclndf-l'l’\ll painting. It will he  wllereaslhat la wllltvblue-red, tho f|.‘
l
of the inrperial nary vonsislll oi’ three i -nv-ra-hiv other flake-~army. navy. mer.
“l\“l\f. dr". 'I‘llr- flat! was first llnfllrlcll
ill l<\`0l. on the union. ill that ycnr. nl
(lr--al. lirilain (England, Scotland.
Wnlesl and lrf-land.
'l`ln- flnll “Y liclgillnl is compnncd of a
lriwnlor - black, yellow and red--running
the tri-color 1bIack. whiff-, rr-all nppr-urs 4 up and |l<»vvn-- lhal ia, the width and not
the ll-nclh of the flax. The royal standard
has lllv arms placed in the centre of tho
,""llf\W slfill- This was adopted as the
llnfinllal flag in 1951!, being orillllllly UID
colors of the Ihlr-ll_v of Braham.
l-‘mul 1477 unlil 1566 Belgium belonged
ln .\uslria_ hm ml the latter date lt fell
inln the halida nf Spain, In 1795 and
for mmf- ye-ara following It was held by
ifrrlllcc. and ill l"¥l4 was banded over to
llu- Princf- /if Orange, hut ln 18N the
iicllriana msc against the Hollandera and
l-.urahlishf-fl their independence. The flag
n hir-ll is now firm-n was l'nen adopted.
P -lawn. Nippon the had ni the Rising
Film -has adopted the rllllll lun as its
1-mhlem. Japan claims to possess a writ-
tcn history of mor: than twenty-five lua~
dred years: lla authentic portion bqlal
about the year BG) B. (1, when the prea-
scnt hereditary succession of rulers com-
menced. lt was only la IMI, however,
that the country was open to for-Quan.
The red hall without the-rays la of
as lhe jack when it il placed in tho
foam of the white flall. A golden
rhryaaatllemnn on a rsll background is
of all the Russlas is of l.-rilliant yellow, _ lhe standard of the kpdol. ‘
_ _..._ _ ,_ -_ 3 __ __ _l _,. lv, __ _
,_ 'ti _  _ l _f»__.¢~- -rc; .-" 1 ' 1-: ~'  ,-- f _   
 'ii  ~ » .»  If ‘ ">"'=v-'-`~'--=~<- '”“" ~ ` .....-  __ - _ -,.__._-__   _
, I .__..,,,
l 1 r , ._ _ . .__-‘il
. ‘DECEMBER 131914  ~ - ' THE cHARLo'r'1‘1-:Town GUARDIAN' ` f PAGE mum- 
' ' f _ - Ae. -f - -.Q-I __
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