...-.- ...,,..,~»»' , . _ _* ' _ ‘ _ - , , _ - W sr __ ._ Ill- _ V _ _ I ~ , ----»~-»-~~~ I ' __ _. -l=»Aozs»fth¢r..»l» v _ _ _ l _ _ I ' ' .` _ Nl; L9¢l»1 l.iidP'0i~ ~ '/,_ ` ._ 0 _ , X ‘P '_ ' ‘-!“0m' ' .- '. __i’in NQWL . _ ` ' U "”` ‘ '.1 ? 3 ' A | ~ ' ' ‘I ‘yy-~ L ! __ ‘__._,;,pt_-,1_4,. 'le l _ _ _ _ I _ _ Q __ 5 .JS _ J ' _ ‘C _;~_ . _ . _ V A ,AJ 1’ V iw.: i/.v`___ D » e em.»¢»=l e I-' - v= '~°i= ==wc=-P 1° ~'== -rr _ _ » ~ e is . _ i f 4 1 ml. 55 s E. ‘ii DLI _OW E <1" . ts* $5’ di ca: is 1-F’ 53 ___ I ` l ~n~m1..mm-New _- ' 'r QANADA, sA'l`uaD_tv MORNING, LNE 22 1 12 l mer or nu- ' 'mar - fe' r`~ B ge si We .<2 s CHARLONE OWN, _ ___ _.____9,g_ _'_ N; New nrt Home oo. an luzhu iuaernas _ _ _-OW that the flying machine has come and can _ .~ Ano longer be~consi_dered a mere tangle of im- practical inventors and cranks, there is, as a part of the wide popular interest in it, a spe- " cial interest concerning what part it is to play ln future wars. ' _ It has always been recognized that if the flying mn- chine should _actually come it would have great possi- bilities. ll a scouting craft whereby one army could spy,.\\pon and observe the operations and manoeuvres of another army, make pictures and drawings of for- tifications and highways and note the disposition of troops, -and that it might have great usefulness in the transportation of small bodies of troops from one point toanothlzr- ~ But by far the greatest use that has been predicted for the dying machine in war'has been naturally that which has most strongly appealed to the popular imagination, and it is the dropping of high explosive bombs upon war ships, coast fortitications and cities. There is probably no one subjectlof equal interest about which there is so wide a misconception as the nature and power and possibilities of high explosives, unless itibe as to what constitutes poetry. In popular novelowp often. read of some depredator blowing up d block ,pf "buildings, destroying a large bridge or blowing ;g_ba)_tle ship into the air with u mere hand- ful of high e'§ploslve. _ Anffgua' chin:-once undertook to blow up London Brldgwwfthfn pound of dynamite. At anothcr time an ianarchiatmexpiodedl a handful of dynamite in the ltis»al;§;ance‘-ilall of the British House of Parliament, ‘jpeg-' gtojpee that huge structure hurled to earth infutter -rulnff-but he merely snceeded in breaking rl QW laggtoii _, shattering some glass and getting hlmselfxgolg bad mess. In newspapers and mug- Qzlgmjd _ if uncommon to see pictures of airshlps gropppw huge steel bombs and the artist often goes to the exteai, of mounting big cannon on his iiylng machines. .t ' I am in constant receipt of letters from inventors an m:¢p,gp¢'¢ount1'y, and from well educated, prac- ¢|;~|\] men, too, some of them well k|lo\vn engineers, who submit"-to nie plans oi' various kilgdshof aerial for “gg on tiying machines, \vlc are ex- sgggg by their inventors to be capable of working great 'destruction wherever they may be. dropped. _ wide mmnclty ought to be given to the actual truth about this matter of aerial bmuhurtlluent of battle ships, coast fortifications, cities and towns, for it would prevent many an inventor losing nluch valu- able time nnd spending considerable sums of money ill an enterprise where there is 110 DOSSIUUUY 0f‘ marked success. . Fiction in Ex losivcs.' ' Natnl~l\fT3v Ts! an inexorable thisg and cannot be bonded. Human fancy nnd imualllnliun mill/ 1H“l\_e Jules Verne lilgllts. and in fiction Martian warriors may come to earth and do combat. with us, but n actual fact `thls world can never require defensxs nlcnsures against the inhabitants of other stars. the .H-ev llmltgd in our accomplishments not only byl 9 nmugtggng-.of»o\ir intelligence but by the iilnitat ons of.-earthly materials and natural forces. Yvencamlrt accomplish ievitatlon and nlnk; lisllly ililllxe 'xlllcg ‘m"`\lmd we cannot make ‘llxlnemlloyedin shilling so powerful and destlutt \e w Tl l nd re- acriul bombs as tofullil the frxllffilll Ollshilt P diction! _pf the oversuuilllllle “@"|“l “'“‘ Pml’ "' s_' ,__h_wm "m1guvor to explain wily dynamite dropped h_°.__°u.,h\ps,would not aut-. could not be widely de- structive.. ._l) ` _ ‘ in e, an ordinary case or box °fI§;aa“'"'61l':§' rgw r°\““‘S- “““ 1"“°" "og" n tint [urface of`\ground in nn open field and expl e itl_l\i1ri'f¢Qiote its nt-tion. A round crater will be illowgn ill tha 'ealiili where the <1.V"1\1“|*° U” “tv Vary "3 tn dopthflld width according to thc hardness or 'so |||-gg ol the earth., lf., explotlctl on sallddit muw ||Ar¢\-n;er` perhaps six tect at-loss. nn lposd t Y uvouef deep, dopelltllllgnpoll the yielding c :linac er of tllijnnd, whether it were wet and putked nr in n wi\lch._¢5vont the crater would not be so large. .li- plodcd _in the middle of a hard, trodden eulth ronltlg t|“,_.3z,§¢¢r wgulti probably not be more than eg th;o¢f;l€?t>§e?~M;v[)c1'c Dll\<‘(“l 0" the WP °f the b°x tllo;eti'cct upon the earth would be somewhat greater tllnn if it were placed ill the hottolll oi' the box, for the reason that the cxDl0dl‘1‘ gill” d|\'@"u°“ t° me "'x° "law, W“‘.,,__“|ld if thc d_ynamlte be exploded nt the top the wave, moving through the dynamite down- ward. strikes the earth somewhat more forcibly than i! the viynaxnite be detonated froultba bvtmm- Again, lat us- go out into the field with some mol; d‘_v|`»gll_|\lite. Let us take this time it thonsan pouuds~-half a ton. Now. let US ill`i‘D“l'° W ”‘“"° ”“ ulgtliufiiiu experiment. We _select n it-\'ci plane and |,\|p,g "pple frame houses around a circle whose diam- eter, shall bo about equal to the width of the usual modern city street. Let solnc`of tllcso houses be one utorylliygh, some ot them two stories high and smut of theln ten`_.|torics high. Ylnce ln the middle of the ww. °|,°ul|g}3||pa¢o.,g:ur half ton of dynamite made |,'m,‘¢~.,\ laying It on top of the ground. Tilfcc tiaogr. _ _.exactly in the centre of the ball ||1|¢"@9\°;,|¢|y "`.‘. t will be tho effect upon the ad- 1“&nt.._§°um ,__-5| me ‘found be perfectly level |na€||_yt`_ owe on the 1¢round»;loorst¢;i tel;e bgttdin¢|=y|iil}'~ ‘blown ont.. ao away 'Um ' ”liag&n,_ hut in tilt direction of the explosion; and op' the _second iioors probably some\ of the windows »-:.;:.'>° :.':;.:°“‘; '"““‘;::;.;";':°.‘.;: tlnrlt ' con and t e er oors. Fvnldowi .Lil Be blown in and away from the ex- DTUIGIN ` "-V * » l - ' When Clay or Rock. of the earth be sand and gravel the buildings will not be nluch l 'nnd and the framework of the build- Mbo much' injured. If, on the other hand, bonolid ally ot rock the buildings .more shaken. The also of the will, as I_ have said before, ofthe earth; whether hard "of damnation the bail ot high 'ex~ ,n'. ‘ball of incandescent gan a _pressure ot In N I V M UW York>by_ Airship.s~Is~lmpossz'bIe f _ _ 'I' /'_"”` "-au-'- . lf"“*“"”"‘» Amerz'can-ln°ventor --ini 'Telling-ofithe-Remarkable. Action of High .Explosives _Shows -- That the ~~Destrac!1'on-of a__~City» 5, . _...t __ .___ 1 ` ,,.._..-- »l»4r¢¥f\‘f‘ .l -_-_-1 ...ws/\*¢°" .rllnldgm __.l ~... j=,,T-‘~ -=_T; V r¢§__fi_f_._h_-~_; "'” '-_E;- bundred thousand pounds to the glualje inch, which will expand ylvith great rapidity and violence ill all directions. The expansion ill a downward direction, being strongly resisted by the hllrd eurtll, is soon brought to a halt alld \ve have a crater tilled with in- candescent gas under n high pressure, but will-~h can n0\v expand only ill un upward dll-et-tion. In thc meantime the expansion which has nlrel'ld_v tukcn place in an upward direction, being unimpcded, has proceeded rapidly. The _Qxpansion on a horizontal plane, while it has at Brat proceeded freely for n few feet, that is to Elly. it distance equal to the depth of the crater formcd in the earth, is at that polnt‘deiicctcd by the ro- boulldlng body 0! gas fronl the crtltcr, wlllcll is nluvcd upward with great violence ulld tie-tict-is the gases moving in a horizontal direction and cllusoll them to move upward, as well ns rapidly outward, with the result that tlic total voillnle oi' gases in oxpllmllng from the point of detonntion is thrown upwum lp the fornl of all invert(-d cone, with the result that/ ll partial vacuum is formed and the air rllshcs in from all directions around the ascending column of tire. This causes the windows to be blown out in the direction of the explosion, as indicated, while Og the higher floors the windows are bioyvn lu the opposite direction, where struck by thc ascending and rapidly widening base of the inverted cone. » If a rubber bail be thrown straight down upon the earth with great force, it rebounds high ill a V€l'ilL‘al» line, coinciding with the lille ot' (ll-sl-4-p¢_ N°W then. suppose that at the lustuut of the some mencement of the return 'bound this rubber bali were to he converted into a bali of gust-g_ 1; lg evident that the rebound upward would tukl- pince~ just the same, but while the bail were rebounding it would simultaneously expand while it rose from the earth. In other words, it would rebound froln the earth in the form of nn inverted cone. This 13 exactly like the cone of dynamite-_ _ Let us now take another half ton of dynamite and placeit as before in the centre of the open space surrounded by our circle of buildings, but ln. stead of exploding it on u perfectly smooth level su,-_ face~iet us build a~.aton'e wnll tell feet high. fifteen ft-or thick and fifteen feel; long, of heavy bowlders, with earth and clay and snlaiil stones packed lletween them, alld wet the whole lnnss dowll and let it set and harden. Let us place our thousand pounds ot’ ¢i_,.,m_ mite at the base of_this wuli ill the angle of ||,,,. Wu" and the enftli and explode it. The llllll ot' expnndlllg gases will rebound equally# from the ourill and the face of tile wall, so that illstelltl ot' nscelnling \-..|.u_ cally in the form of an»invertcd cone the n.-\-ent \\.||| be at an angle of about" i'orty»|lve ti¢~gl~ecs, \villl the result that the buildings im the tlircciion toltoll by the gases will be badly wreclu-ti, while the |>uildlll;.;.~|`ol| uw opposite side of the wall will not he llll':~vlcd unless the character ol the earth be such as nllgilt i`u\'ol- the transmission of the earth shot-lc. if this explosion were to take place in thc streets of u large oily “»|,,.,-,. the houses are of 'rnodeeu stt-cl t~oulsll'uctioll, thc build. ings would not be blown down, nt-tiller would their front walls he blown in, but the windows only would be slnasllcd. // ~' I ‘Why Windows Blow Out. It ls n well nowll pilenomenon that buildings ml. jacent to a dynamite mplosion lnlvc the-lr \vp|,1,,“.,, blown out_in the direction oi' the efxplosioll. ’i‘hl.~4 uc- tion il demonstrated by experience ulld is not a mera matter of theory. - Anarchists and biatd: hand operators, by throw- ing dynamite bombs into windows, and by exploding dynamite under buildings, frequently succeed in damaging the buildings cousltlerubly and in killing some of the occnptlntsi But such bombs L‘@ll€l'1ll|y have a metallic casing -,nnd are charged with frag~ ments of metal as wcil'~_ns with dynamite. 'Pen pounds of-,dynumite, for e.\nnlpic, placed under the front stepsror ~uuder ont- ot’;the front windows of a dwelling wifi frequently blow ill the windows and knock A holein the front wall, but the dunlnge will be by no means as extensive, as \wauid generally be supposed, and nothing at all comparable with the ter- ror produced by the explosion. 1' . To give n furt` r ide-n of the limitations of the force of high expigsives let me refer to tha results of the Gathnlann gun tests, which took place nt_'linndy Hook on November io, '1tl0i. Large aerial: bombs, carryingfnvn hnndredl pounds or guliepttpll, were thrown agonist the face or twelve-lush _frrupp armor plate at high velocity fm__ul an eighteen-inch glnl,alnd exploded against the plate, with the result that _the piatdiwdif forced _backward sndshifted about as much as it would have bets: shifted if sand. instead of n htih explosive, had been thrown against mf The exact upon tits pinto§ was merely a large round smudge Upon lll»Ince.l A sncpeision of the shots _nullauooodod la _smkiac it .while a uulmm. _K.“. . -_ -. w"-» . I sill-il thrown frolll ll i\vcl\'c-int-ll gun nnd l'lll'l'_\'illg only i\\'l-llt_\‘-llll'ct» pulllltis ol’ tlull Illgll vxplo,-¢i\'4», |l<~llt~tl~ntillg nnll cx||l\uli\ll.: In :l silllillll' plnil-, blow l\ ilolr ti|l'on4.¢ll ll :ls big :ls ll lml~rc| uml I»rolu~ It in nil dl\'c<‘ilnll.~=, Al. lllloillcl' tlnlc :lt S:llltl_l' i/Iool: nn ox|wl~illlvl|l \v:ls lllllllu by [hu go\'ol'l||llt~lll to lla-it-l'nl||lo \\'llt\lllc|' llll'-_'1‘ quantities ol' high <~.\plo:4i\'t-.< llclollntt-tl upon lilo llrlnol'vtl \\'n|l oi’ :l lulrllc slllp lr-»l|ll\ kill nlcn ill.l would not kllou' that un_vtlling nt ull of t-.»ll.-l-»|l:|-nw lnul iluppcllcd. | I Such ll qllulltily of llylnllniit-, on-ll \\~<~rt- ll to iw dropped frolll n dying lun.-lllnc llhfl l-xph.tll-tl an ll battle ship, would do no .-lcl'l.:ll,~' lil_|lll'_l', lllllc-.= il fllolfld llnppcn to [ull liliir mio ol' thu lunnll~1. l\`l\‘»~ hundred pounds ol' dyllunltle til-oppcll from ll ll_.'ill;; machine nnd oxpiotirti on the dw-k in-ft?:,