APRIL 9. ,19sa_ l 7"’ - FOR FARME Livestock and MeatTrade Review IUIVDIABY m. o! live stock ..nt to ma; in Febmary was oorrslde below the same month last 1y um u well, the acoumuiat-Jve mar-listings for the vwo tbs of January aml February mnmngiflly lower. Cattle sales a year 85°- were more 95 165 ‘l pabf, guhpplio; for tlillftfio W, “i, about 4,000 need short last vw- ‘M m“, H“ February l!“ showing dc- “swim ilfmarkegmnca olinea but the u“. dew-w was msfirfi “if. Western C Sheep and lamb offering; Wm “PM? lll 986m 0i! same month a: year. and the m, the 11m 11w of the year p, some 12.000 head. mum's °° liidbruary was a month g1 eflgjfl- lv eifedr markets with no grams. {:13 Willi"!- Prloee. as a rule, fluc- unwed “ml-ll "T! narrow limits mm“? the trade was of s dun "mum". There was very little in- WWM in rhilpoers to liquidate “m? he?! M a mlninulm. The Ewen-l "ill-look. however. at the "id "l “binary was a. deal brlshter than at the of {he month. This was pariicu arly “l” °l “mm when. with West- Egldwhfle m"! llKh-t, the Toronto e was aible to accommodate fill-Wt of Ontario's differing, "he ex. port situation, both in (11-93)), 31-1- taln and e United Smarts", also Willem". and shipments were "efing Week by week to these markets. In the west, pagk- “"595 NDQYi/Bd a very slow movement of beef from their cooler: The Lure of the Seed Catalogue (By a. o. LAIRD) 1d gl-rgkespeare: “That which call a rose hl’ Bill), “h” ma‘; uld smel as sweet. But. wo ed Catalogue under such ca?‘ as, "The Healthiest Way to a spasm," “How to Grow Weeds. "Th3 Approved Method of Ac- ring Freckles." be half as allur- as it now is under the Plain c, "Seed Catalogue.’ he Catalogue arrives in the mall day in mldwlnter, but younvhil e iust looked out at frozen fields leafless trees, and stared dis- olatcly at a patch of white be- tlic window in the vain hope i, by some miracle 0i the glnatlon you might Elllnllse l grass and ruscs. lay the iilnnll k to one side with a impnilclil Llnwhy do lrlrrylsen out Seed ao ueslnwii er ' her? evening comes, Wllh llEhl d warmth; winter is shut aWnY the darkness. One might as l have a look through till". un- cly herald of the siulilil. 140W‘ , your mind is firmly made up t with all this depression the e of European politics and n bllng stock market, you will est very few pennies in flowers d5 this year. There are geranium ; for the window boxes, Mrs. s5 has prom.scd_ some double py seed .the marigolds will shoot themselves. bless their yellow :ts,-—a.iid there is a fair share srennlals. Yes. a packet or two do nicely. Oh! Those snap‘ gons in color on the front paid- t summer the snnpdragflns 71¢" dling. You decided against snail‘ gons. Still, these would look gro s in a. wide border against b i; fence-mrovlded that t-hd pas rcow doesn't shrink i! 9°" etai: a’ la Hitler some moonll h lit."T.s \ve.l to write one or W0 kets, anyway. That cow did eat sweet peas one summer! . re must be oodless of sweet Pen! ot for ilic cow. 0i ililllfse- The v varieties are superb. a liitla re expemlve. Pefhiifls- Andi turtiums. The new sweet scent- double variety Nfililftllln“ w in spite of cats, cutworms chickens. Cats - cutworins- keris! one can wreck vei18¢i1il°° the cutworms. But. the CBl-il remember painfully the milm" you seized the spade. leap‘ r the Smith cat and feel into syringo bvsh. Another morn- you threw the trowel at one of own prize chickens, and a1- gh you could never understand how it ha llened. Yilll "dmlt had fried cilcken for dinner- r all, gardening should be done indow boxes wherein no cats. orms nor chickens may enter- the window boxes! Would it b9 to plant lobelia seed im- lately. Well . . . that winter it planted, don't you remember- as you though (after W69" weeks) you aaw Uometlllnl. the knocked the seed box to the plants. Still . .. it to have lots of lobella. And ins-double ones. last surn- the petunias were a auccwi .Thc ges tilrn. your pencil t ‘filter ltepii. gala?‘ packe , un your s - is full and you are asonishcd. are greatly‘ astonished when compute t e cost. Gracious . you have mentally spent ton on flower seeds! you sit in your chair with d e es . . .Suddenlt£ the all" wee? with roblns: e 800d turns its wholesome lip-i l0 the seed: the grim ' green" tulips lift there ea-VY u; g gp sunshine; the the fragrance far h ldi “(Tylom i? 713$ . 0 n! n H‘? (is a delicate blossom stilt in er stalk, are repeatinB rently: r in the crannied wall. uck you out of the crannlel. ld cu here. root and all, in my and. a flower --but If I could un- derstand tyouararootandalkandall n a , oulg know wbat God and Min ‘ma! the lure of the Seed o. . m. w.» b m f0: Live cattle, to sing}. “mflgg? “mde- We" sharply curtailed and the unfavourable condition or out- “iile markets trimmed Operators 80 verv cautiouslv in their buying, The brightirt spot in the cattle market throughout m-y was m” "ii-Wham? 800d call experienced for wwa this class being well out l“ m!" 0'1 other lines of stock. The rather aotory situation in Heard to the market for good sine-l? was perhaps due. in large mes ure to the fact that the mar- ket has been overshadowed by re- Dofls elf large nuimllwers of steers in the hands 0f feeders which, 80 181'. halve not found an out-leg on American markets. and the fact that these can only be moved to the British market a1 ocean space mnlnapurlng 1937. in some of the 81‘ 0-9196. a large retail trade was built up on cow beef and beef 1mm the lower priced classes of steer". and retailers now ar to be reluctant to return to t c prac- tice of stocking good steer b-ef Ollflc Prices General average prices or all grades of calf-tie. with tlm exception 01f those dbtaining on the Toronto market. were at least equal to or a little better- than the averages for the month of January. 'I‘cron- to. however. Wu; down about 20c l><~r owt. at $4.55. General averagm in Feibnlarv this year cmriipared Very favorably with the same month a W51‘ 88v. some ruling a. lltrtle low- er and others slightly higher. 0n the other hand. top prices on but- cher steers and reprevznbatlve sales generalllv were sharply below Jcnu. lso below February last ye . Toronto. the top on butcher steers at a/t $6.25 was $1.35 below January and $125 below Fwaruary last year. Overseas buyers took some 2.000 cattle off the ‘I'm-onto market, paying any- where from $5 to $6.25 with the av- erage around $5.65. Mos; of the-e were steers weighing around 1160 libasomiebullswerealsctakenfor Glasgow. Toward the close of the month. an outlet for several him-- dredcaittleaweekwa: found in the United Sit-aim although net re- lvums were sometimes The price range for butcher cat e at Toronto was very narrow from $4 to $525. Montreal sold steers at $6.25 which was 50c below January and $1 below Fbbruary last year. Several of tihc best lots were taken for Overseas shipment. Winnipeg was 50c down from January a/t $5. 50 and $1.50 below February 1987. The price spread in the steer divi_ slon was an extremely narrow one and. while material was not too well covered sold around the $4.50 mark, it took real good steer; to re- allizc wp to $5. Buyers got their pick oif the good weighty steers, silitelble to.- e - , at $5.25. Other Westiem experienced :1 - dltions, Calgary and Edmonton having tqp prices of $4.50 which were considerably lower than both January 1938 and February 1937. Moose Ja/w with it top of $4.75 was $1.5 below the previous month and $1 below February last year, Calf Market Active Althowh exporia 0f callus: to the United States were considerably short. of those stripped in the same month last year. amounting to ap- proximately 3.800 head. as compared with ‘over 5500mm Iibbruargv “$937. 81901‘ WWW: 800d l" "we vea-lc on the ‘Toronto market made for good prices and at the close 0d the month the market was about $1 above a year ago at $10. but re- wind to $10.5) at the close. ‘Prad- a l of a cut in rlces, sales were com- paratlivelv ska throughout. Tao prices mt Tomn and Montreal were about on a with January ' For best results and quickest return! Ilse the fnmoul BROOKVILLE LIME- l-llghestqaallty. Moat finely pull/filled Price — Good Service - Bulk or Bag! Brookvllle Manufacturing to. Lill- Brookvllie, Saint John co. N-B- u. o. s. ADAMS. Mans!" Low niuiw scans rum on rum. THEN LAY OU'.l.‘ GARDEN. BOWS SHOULD RUN NORTH AND SOUTH TO GET FULL SUN. While good vetables will grow in crooked rows or even if the seed is broadcasted over beds, the work of cultivating and caring for the Innis ls immeasurabl reduced if be seed ls sown in s alght rows. Take the trouble to stretch a. line. and mark the row with exactness; it will save hours when the time comes to push a wheel hoe clown the aisle between them. S I S! glfffot? in?“ LAN YOUR GARDEN CADE- FULLY. . Gas AGUIDE use WHEN OPENING BRILLS TO ANURF. STRMGNT »- ROWS. l arc best to let sunshine reach the soil after ilic illliiiui ale well grown. Distance between the rows may vary considerably. In small gar-dons, well supplied with plant food, rows of low-growing crops may be as close as (i inches. The best distance for crops not exceeding 2 feet in height is 18 inches, which enables you to cul- tivate each aisle in one trip with the wheel hoe. Seed catal08s usu- ally state the space which each crop needs. These are relative rather than exact directions; you may vary them somewhat to fit your special needs, but remember that crowding your crops may re- duce the yield. Time spent in thinking out a gar- den program, deciding what you want to grow. and then drawing a plan, will be well repaid by reiniti- Transferring this plan to your 8111'- den area. is easy. if you proceed SUMMARY price advanccs in the cat- were expected to attract larger receipts of cattle but, con- trary to expectations, country load- ings were held down to fairly mod- erate dimensions and, as a remit, the market staged a very good per- formance this week. While Toronto opened 25c lower on Monday, light runs for the rest of the week brought a stronger tone lo the market and price gains of 25c to 40c from the week's low level more than wiped out the earlier loss. At other major markets, the trade was active and supplies were well clear- ed out at firm values. While some cattle were taken for export over- seas, and also to the United States. the latter outlet did not lend a great deal of support to the mar- e At Toronto all grads of’ killing cattle were off 25c on Monday. but light runs enabled the market to stage an excellent recovery, and good butcher steers and heifers were selling at the colse at $5.75 to $6.25, while the top price on steers was $7. Montreal was 25c higher on the better classes of steers and heifers. Good steers going for ex- port to Great Britain. Winnipeg receipts were in fairly light vol- ume. which provided the trade with good action and ave sellers the advantage of ma talning firm rates on virtually all classes of cat- tie. des lte the fact that the trade receiv very little encouragement on shipping account. The trade stood up exceptionally well, with most killing chases meeting a de- nendable outlet on local account. The best end oi’ the weighty steers sold mostly between $5.50 and $5.75. with g few eligible to make a top of $6. Calgary was active and strong under curtailed receipts with good to choice butcher steers at $5 to $0. Edmonton continued brisk and had hardly sufficient receipts to fill all orders. Steers were fully 50c higher, up to a top of $6. Other western markets showed improve- ment and tops at Moose Jaw were at $5.25 and ‘at Saskatoon $5.50. The United States Cattle Martel Buffalo was mostly steady on na- tive cattle and on some weighty Canadian steers but rough and kinds of Canadians were slow and were selling at 25c or more lower than during the previous week. One load of l lb, Can- adian steers broilvht the high m-fce for the week of $8.75. but the mai- Recent tle marke orlty went between $7 and $7.75. with heifers at l7 to $7.50. Choice weighty Canadians at St. Paul made 08.75. and the balance of the ganadfan steers from $7.25 to $0.- lxporll to United Staten Cattle exports were sharply re- duced this week. amounting to us» bee! and Ml dairv cattle. Calf shipments totalled i188. Dilrlng the sum a yearralo. filaments e amounted be ca . 1B3 da . a l calv to data to the United States totalled calves, and 7 h I. as compar- ed with 51.562 beef. 2252 dairy. l7,- 000 calves. and 19.227 hogs. The Bfllllh Market Only one steamer 1m duo to Four steps to a Well Planned Vegetable Garden. methodically. An evening's thought may save afternoons or labor; not that labor isn't good for you, but why waste it‘! In most gardens there will be other thin s to do. You: plan should prov de for the whole season. This means in some cases, two or more grown in the same row. Where several successive crops of the same vegetable are de- sired, there are two methods of get- ting them. Either sow at about the same time early, mldseason and late varieties, which will come into yield at different times, or make several sowings of the same variety, ten days or two weeks apart. Where directions say sow in a drill, it means a shallow furrow. Sowing in hll‘s dces not mean in STAKE OUT YOUR GARDEN SlTE iébhtllii“ A WELL PLANNED GARDEN lS A Hill. SATISFACTION. IT l5 EASlER T0 CULTIVATE AND WELD!) MOST i Illlfliflllltlllhill lib filtration“- elevations, unless you live in a sec- tion of heavy ralnful. It means a. series of spots, evenly spaced. at each of which several seeds are sown, as contrasted with the con- tlniious row which is termed a drill. Vino crops are usually sown in "hélls," and they need room to rea - Plan your garden so that early sowings are made at one end. and the rows are added in regular ord- er, as planting proceeds. so that the planted area is always com- iete without vacant space. This simplifies cultivation and irrigation. Remember that to sow in straight rows to thin out properly so your plants have room to ow, to culti- vate faithfully so tha weeds never grow ,and retest. your plants a- ainst insec and diseases- these our points carefully observed will i-Acavbrrivp . - ‘NEWSY NOTES - B! AGBICOLA The winter constellations are pas- sing away westward. and the surn- mer star-groups an; beginning to "swim into our Ken." It is with a kind of vague regret that 1 observe “Orion low in his grave," asTemiy- son puts it; for the stars of suin- mer are not nearly so conspicuous and interesting. The sickle-like group in the constellation Leo is in evidence to the South-east, and the three stars in a triangle close be- hind the sickle, complete the image of “Leo? The star Regulus is situ- ated at the end of the sickle handle; it name was given be- cause lt "regulated" human affairs in a fortunate manner --so the old astrologers thcugliti Happlening to train the binoculars onto t e sun on March 25th, I saw two fairly large sunspots exactly central on its disc. The Astronomer Royal tells us that suns ots give rise to streams of e ectrically charged particles which may enter our atmosphere and cause various happening; of the sunspots: that is, they must be "centrol" before the Earth is affected .That is the right view to take, as the stream is thus aimed directly at the Earth: if the suns ots were low down, or even nn t e other side as the Slill rol- ates, naturally their influence would be dlrectrd away from us. Well. the particles did enter out atmosphere. and that same night. there was a magnificent display of aurora. It reached from the North over the Zenith, to within 30 de- grees of the southern horizon. Usu- ally our Northen Lights are of a greenish cast. but this time there was a. good red patch to the West- ward ;a feature not common in these latitudes. “The facility with which radio waves can travel round the Darth depends upon the state of ionization in the ionosphere or ionized region of the atmosphere— the “radio roof of the world," as it has been called." On the night in question (March 25) we could " et town." but other more distant s a- tions were cut out by the electri- fied atmosphere. is brings up the "meteor" of Saturday. March 26. Was it a meteor? We heard a rumbling peal of thunder that night and some of the neighbors saw a single flash of lightning. That again was ulte compatible with the electr fled state of the atmosphere, and was a hang over from the sunspots! Be- cause there was but one flir-h. some observers made sure it was a meteor lastly it may be remarked that the wind, which had been in some Northerly point on the 25th and 83., turned to the S. E on the Saturday night. That shift cf wind has occurred time and again after an auroral display, say my records: of an inch during the night. By March 30th the sunspots were low down on the sun's disc, and al- most out of sight. "The rotation of the Sun about its axis causes the make your rden one of pro- fessional qualify. LIVE STOCK MARKETS carry cattle to Great Britain this week. The S. S. Manchester Port left. St. John N.B.. for Birken- head on Thursday with 571 cattle. Price of fat cattle on the Old Country market were somewhat irregular during the week, but storas were holding firm. At the moment, only d. guallty dairy cows are in eman. Canadian cattle from the S. S. Manchester Regiment sold at Birkenhead at prices ranging from l5l/ic to 1699c per 1b. dressed weight including of- fal. The cattle were mostly stores. Glasgow estimated good Canadian taggers at around 9% per lb. live w Calves Mostly Steady to Firm The calf market at Toronto was uncha to $10 for choice veais. w lie Montreal wu steady to strong and closed 25c higher, with veals up to a top of $8.50. Win - pe was an exception to the rule and develo d a weaker undertone. A few cho ce veals topped at $7.50 but the bulk made no better than $7. Calgary had a high price of $8.50, and Edmonton was firm up to $8. Moose Jaw topped at $7.- 25, and Saskatoon at $7 50. Hogs Make Further Gains With reduced su plies of hogs and early cable a vices indicating bacon market. the hog market a pmslble advan in he British staged a. good erformance and price advances were recorded at all centres. The hog run for the Dominion totalled 69.032 as compared with 83.334 for the came week last year. Markctlngs to date this year now amount to 918.739, while in the same period last year arrivals a- mounted to 1,064,120. Toronto scored an advance and closed with bacons at $10.25 to $10 40 off trucks. Montreal was also higher, with bacons at $10.75 f. and w. and $11 off trucks. Winni- peg also made further gains and sold bacons at $10 to $10.15 f. and w. Ca‘. ary was stronger up to $9.75 orbacons. Edmonton wise gained strength and closed with trucked - bacons at $9.76. Prince Albert closed at $8.75 for bacons off trucks; Moose Jaw at $0.$; and Saskatoon at $9.75. Some Baring Lambs Arriving Small lo o spring lambs are ma an appearance o eastern marke, and Toronto sod a few this week at $7 to $10.50 each. The general quality of the Ontario feed- ot lambs wasaoounA fewgood ones Bold at 89 to .25. Montreal had odd early lambs at $6 to $9 each and common lambs and bucks ‘of last‘; crop at $6 to $7 per cwt. Winnipeg was unchanged. under a small supply. Ind sold a few suit- e killing lambs up to $9 50. Calgary reported a foo Edmonton had hardly supplies on hand to astablsh i WAUL: (Continued on page ii. Col l) rurai rsoroiv rlims-nrTi-e-afliim mi: froz- en, a young dcaerter from the Hungarian army arrived here from Budapest the undercarriage of the Orient wanted spots to appear to move along tracks parallelrfqithciiiulig Why Feed Lawn Early? Here's a Practical Idea Every Gardener Should Know. The gardener who plans and looks ahead, extending his gard- en tanks over as long a. period of tims as possible. so as to avoid in some measure the April-May rush of things that have to be done then, will be glad to know that the spring feeding of the lawn can be made very early-before the rush of other garden tasks start. In fact, this is not only the most convenient, but the very best time to feed your lawn. The time? In northern local- ities, just as the frost ls coming THAWING SOIL l5 POROUS. HONEYCOMOED AND CREVlCED. PLANT FOOD APPLlED NOW l5 CARRIED DOWN TO THE ROOTS r ti THROUGH THIS SOH- CONDITlON. . ' 3"‘ “IHEN SOIL l5 lN MlD'$EA$CN CONDlTlON lT TAKES PLANT rooo touosv. ro RE_A_CH 2003i out. of the ground —snn*.e time during the month of hhrvli. In the southern sections. when the winter grass-es are waning, and before the perm-ardent grasses re- sume iictlvc growth. Wheai the ground is thawing, the soil is in a porous condition. huneycombed and cnevlced. Plant food works dorwin in the crevices when applied, and prevents very little of the product from being carried away when the ground becomes completely thawed ouit. Lalo snows and spring rdlllfi come along and (b4; plant food is carried down through the sol‘. to the roots, in time for the hungry plants to assimilate it just as soon as growth begins. Remem“ that it fakes some little time for plant food to work from the sin-face down to the root area. If we post/pone feeding of the lawn until the grass has start- ed top . then the plant must wait for its nourishment U117 til this plant food can work on down to the roofs; as a result groper nourishment is not furn- hed right at the time it is need- ed. Vigorous early growth makes a health. dense deep-rooted turf. This early feeding gives tihc laiwn just the tread-start it needs on the weeds. too. Grass makes its best growth in the cool moist weather of early spring. quite some time bcfore the weeds start into growth. The dense turf that re- sults from earl spring lawn are is thus a goody insurance against weeds. When plant food is applied tw- forc the grass starts to grow. it is unnecesa y to water it in All that ls necessary '5 to scatter the plant food evenly on top of the . e to mliat in th h “an. a Ij-enc ilorclgn l groilid and let the late snows and iwim rains do the not of the lob. and the barometer fell three tenths, ABTRONOHICAL HAPPENINGS %uator." Th6 time 0f rotation is days at the equator, increasing to 34 days at the solar "poles." OUR. WOODPBCKEBS We have five species of wood- peckers ou the Island and in order to help our younger students of bird-life I have drawn up a “Key" for their identification as follows: Section A: Back marked black and white. (i; Crown with red patch border- ed black. l (2) ‘Throat. red: Yellow-bellied lWoodpecker (Male). r (2) Throat white: YellWv-heliled ] W. (Female). j (1) Crown black or blackish, nape ircd. i hi3) Length 6 inches: Downy W. (3) Length a inches: Hairy w. Mal (1) Crown blackish, nape not red. (4) Length 6 inches: Downy W. (female). (4) Length 9 inches. broad white longitudinal line on back: Hairy W. Section B: Back marked brown and black. (5) Black moustache mark at base of bill: Flicker (male). (5) No such. mark: Flicker (female). Section C: Back entirely black. lin red nn head. (6) Crown yellow: Arctic Three- toeil W. (Male). (6) Crown black: Arctic Three- toed W. (male). The yellow-bellied Woodpecker (No. 042) it known asthe Sapsucker and is (rightly or wrongly) looked on with dlsfavor, having been ac- cused of injuring the bark of trees for the sake of the sap. This species must be rare with us. as its pres- ence has not been recorded since 19 l6. The Hairy (No. 393.2) and the Downy Woodpecker-s (No. 394a) are much ike in coloration. but while the outer tail feathers of the Hairy W. are pure white. those of the Downy W are white barred with black. The size is a good guide, for the Downv is about the size of a common domestic ("EnS- lish") sparrow, and the Hairy is one and a half times as large. or a- bout the size of a robin. The Hairy W. is rarer here: but I have seen it once this winter. If one might hazard a guess, N0 412.2, the Flicker. is the common- est of our woodpeckers: and evid- ence of this ls given by the number of popular names it boasts-near- ly twenty. all told. About 50 Der cent of the flickers food con=fts of ants and another 25 p. c. of cat- erpillars. beet‘es, and other insects. Only about l0 p. c. conslts of fruit, and that mostly wild fruit. Flick- ers will nest in properlfi-made nesting boxes. so we sho d en- courage them about our homes. The Arctic 'I‘hree-toed W. (No. 4-00) was recently reported from the Cross Roads district; and this ls the first mention of it for many years. "When seen from the side. the plain black back. and the bar- red sides of the breast and abdo- men are diagnostic." This bird is never common anywhere. The Northern Plleated Wood- pecker (No. 405.2) was formerly known here: and perhaps also the American Three-toad Woodpecker (No. 401). RANDOM REFLECTIONS I recollect seeing a wall-calendar with four medallion pictures. The first was that of a. King. with the motto “I rule allz" the second was a ricst —“I pray for l." The Th d was a soldier, saying "I fight for all," arid the last a farmer ploughing. and underneath “I nay Lor all.” The artist might have gone a step further and added "I feed all and I cleed (dothe) alll" It is an axiom that no country can pro- sper unless its agriculture is pros- perous too. That agriculture is not prosper- ous here, is admitted in our Leg- islature; and I was pleased to see the protest against the exploitation of the farmers. It is the selfish ex- loltatlon of one class by another hat has iven rise to all the “isms" and idec cglas that trouble the w~rld to-day. To know that agri- cultural producers have been con- sistently exploited in the past, one has but to read the evidence giv- eii before the "Steven's" Prion Spreads Commission. It may be had on loan from the Public Li- brary. Here is a letter (abridged) from the Farmers Advocate: “I have read innumerable articles in the past few years from a wide variety of sources, mostly from people who werc not producers of hogs, criticiz- ing the farmer for not increasing his production, so as to take ad- of the full benefit of the (British) preference , _ Anyone who is at all familiar with the hog market in this country knows that any substantial increase on 110i! runs at. our local markets is im~ mediately‘ followed by a. drop in pi-Zcez With profits to the producer iii the past few years being more or less mythical ls there anv reason why he should raise, say twice as many hogs a: some of our experts advise; and supposing he did, what prlc would he get for them?" Well, nobody can complain of hog prices just now. but there is an element of truth in that letter. When prices are profitable. every- body rushes to that side and cap- sizes flic boat! iomlx the metaphor. The ri'd Roman motto was “Festlna lento" ---go slow! Increase lhc hog- productlon a little. but devote more thought tc quality. For most of the farmer's ills co- operation is the remedy. yet it seems to be difficult to start the .majority of farmers on the wav to it. At one time there were five members of the "Egg Circle" whose farms lay contlguously in a line. near my own. As a matter of curiosity I asked each of them- "eparateiy -wliat transpired at the Annual Meeting. None had ever been there! A Co-operatlvc Society can onlv be successful when each member thinks of it as his own bilslness. and not, as something to be run for his benefit by other oeo le. It is a weakness of such socleles. more- over. that there is onlv one general meeting in the year. and that at a time when travelling is disagreeable for distant members. THE BLACK DEATH In 1348. just when leprosy was at the height of its course. a fai- more terrible pestilence reached Britain Jrom overseas. ‘This was the ‘Black "eel-h. which. taking its rise in the “Last. devastated all Ffuronc from the Meclllerranran to the Baltic and spread to the British Isles. The hltorles do not say mush a- bout the pestilence itself but en- Ganadian Garden Service 1938 BY GORDON LINDSAY BHITI Without Effort Many people have envied the garden next door but because of lack of time or skill have decided that a beautiful display of flowers in their own backyard is impossible, i. me would like to have such a showing but think the effort m. quires too much personal toll. These notions are wrong, sword. lng to authorities on the subject. There are gardens that fit almost any situation. For those people who have neither the time nor incllna. 74°" the" "i? Plenty o! annual flowers that thrive on neglect, A little digging of the ground in late spring is all that ls required. Take such things a; alyssum, dwarf marigolds, portulaca and Califor- llla POPDies for ed ng. These are little flowers that 0st seed them- selves, crowd out weeds, do Well in an location but prefer sun and llg t soil. Once started they will look after themselves. For the centre of beds c;- nggr the back large flowers such as ca-lendula. masturtlum, ppy and P111"! will make a goo showin and for screens castor beansdahli- as. cosmos sunflower tall innrlgold are advised. All of thee animals grow readily es eclally ll given a lit. c bit of cu tivatinli and atten- tion at first. There arc plenty of colours represented to 111315 a fine showing. Nursery Stock Shrubbery. fruit trees, roses. and vines come under the general head- ing of nursery stock. Like seed it is important to secure such stock from a reputable source and one that is familiar and caters to Can- adian conditions. This sort of planting material is offered in a wide range of prices but as a rule weep stock prcyes disappointing. Good stock is pliable. green and shows lenty of live buds. Roots are mo t and well wrapped to n7;- clude the air. Sucl will grew read- ily when planted. Brittle wood. drlrikled buds or none at all and exposed dry roots are an indication of inferior stock. It is grows at all a year or perhaps two are lost be- fore ft is likel to make growth. l’ any real Nursery stock should be plantar: as soon as the soil is fit to work and if purchased before this time or if inconvenient to plgntl “m; should be temporarly covered Wm; moist earth or plants should be stored in a cool dark cellar- and roots kepfs moistened. First Vegetables First vegetables to be planfgd 1| the spring are spinach, all sort; or lettuce. radish, and peas, once up. on a time gardeners advised a galnst the earl sowing of peas for fear seed mis t lot in we; cs1 ground. There is scant danger o his however, and biggest crops in- variably come from early plant Peas like sweet peas make th growth in cool weather. ‘With most vegetables it is advfg. 3.416 to make at least three sowing: a week or two apart in order t4 spread the harvest that much long- er over the seaion. With ca; thfg spreading out is secured y gow- i118 three kinds. an early, gmedfifl and a late variety which will rc- sult in a continuous supply cl green peas for the table from mid- Junc imtil lair July. ‘Proper ‘Jiiiining. frequent, m1. tivatlon and an occasional applica- tinn nf some good commercial i€ftlllZ81fkllYlll keep vegetables grow- lng quc y and ui k wing makes for tenderneqssc gm Seed It is impossible to ovcr-emplac- size the importance of good seed. Other factors may be beyond con- trol but the gardener has aboslute check ovcr this foundation. Wea- ther, soil and location may be ideal but without good seed, special,“ selected to suit Canadian con- illilQII-i. llle garden is going to be Q, failure. There is no guarantee that a flower which has given wonder- ful results in Great Britain or the Southern States will de equally well in this country and because of this the average gardener 1| well advised to secure his seed and. Tim's"? stock from a reliable Can- adian source. lBFRe upon its effects on the oom- munlty; which we will briefly con- sider at the close of this article. The pestilence made its appear- ance first at one of the small ports on the coast of Dorsetshlre; than it spread through Devonshire. Somer- set. Gloucester, and Oxfcrdshire, arid so to London. From Inndon it travelled in every direction till it overspread all England. It is stated, in most accounts that half the population perished during the years 1348-9. before the pest lence su ided. One ancient writer how- ev-r. Says that the plague "s0 wasted he people that scarce the tenth person of all sorts was alive, and the churchyards were not sufficient to receive the dead." The population of England at that time was between three and four millions .and the loss of even half its population was a severe blow to a young and ambitious country. It is on record that sir, Walter Manny." a knight, a stranger born, lord of the town of Manny in the diocese of Cambrey. beyond the seas. bought a plot of land rather more than thirteen acres is extent, at a place called Splttle Cross. DOD- don, and caused it to be consecrat. ed as a burial ground. When the pestilence died out in 1349, more than 50.000 Londoners had been interred in that one cemetery. Thousands of people perished at. the RTFM. p011 Of Bristol, "where the living were hardly able to bilfl’ the dea " says the historian Green; Norwich suffered terribly. a". did all the undralned and filthy towns of that unhappv time. “More than one hall’ of the (parish) DTlESlS 0f YOTk5hlrn app known to have perished: and in fhP diocese of Norwich two-thirds of the par- ishes changed their incumbenii The Black Death rav ed In villages and farms s0 Bffist fa;- g, time agricultural operations worn llnllv-“filble. “The sheep and catflq strayed through the fields andccm (Brain). and there were none loft who dcouidtdrive them." Harvggfj l'° e an he ground and fields were untitled. m. The serfs and laborers mw msg- opportunity and demanded highgl wages. shorter hours and m freedom; for since so few were l they argued that their master; would be obliged to compete for their services. But it was the mafi- ers who had the political pow! and a. law called the Statute d Laborers was passed. enjoining d1, of whatsoever condition. not haw- ing land of their cwn to serve adv employer who might need him. for the same wages as he got two years before the plague began. In case of refusal, the laborer was to b9 branded on the forehead with a hot iron and imprisoned. Thc con- test between the laborers and thl employers was maintained with m! stubbornness that was charactgrb. tic of the England of that d . and in the long run the at g culminated in the Peasants’ Revolt.- under John Ball, Isn't it a pity! . will’ We're on the subject here is an item from the German Mill. tan‘ Service Journal: "While there is mllch to be Add for yellow fever. spotted fever, and, smlllpoli. since the are all dreaded diseases. it. is eas er to producg them in the laboratory than on a scale effective in bacteriological warfare." So our friends will of ne_ cesslty confine themselves to bombs and prison gas. FERTIL For POTATOES chemicals. Where extra Nitrogen i used or extra Nitrogen 400 lbs. per acre. per acre. 44 BROMLEY AVE. (The Council don not coil, handle or quota prion on forliiizen) How Much IZER? What FORMULA should be used with the various crops; and HOW MUCH f0 apply per ACRE. depends largely 011:‘ The NATURE of the SOIL: possible soil DEFICIENCIES; _ the KIND of crop grown: and the AMOUNT of BARN MANURE used. Under AVERAGE conditions. one may aptilyt- - 1200 to 2000 lbs. 4-8-13: 4-8-10; 4-6-10 ' or 5-8-12 (with or without magnesia), or their‘ equivalent in home mixed chemicals. heavy soils, 5-9-8 seems quite satisfactory. l~ For TURNIPS-600 to 1200 lbs. per acre 2-12-6 (with or without Borax) or its equivalent in home-mixed On certai s l‘f‘(lllli‘f‘(l S-IO-fi would lid applied ovcr the 2-12-6. For GRAIN-Seeded to clover and timothy, 400 to (500, lbs. 2-12-6. On extremely prior soils, if no manure‘ has been used on the hoed crop preceding it, a’, fertilizer sufficiently high in nitrogen such as, 5-10-5 could be substituted at rates from 300 to For PERMANENT PASTURES- On LIGHT SOILS or for EARLY GRAZINGLl‘ 500 to 700 lbs. per acre 5-9-8. On HEAVY CLAYS or LOW INTERVAL LANDS. 500 to 700 lbs. per acre 2-12-6. Flor PERMANENT HAY LANDS—400 to 600 lbs. 5-9-8 l l i ‘. For further information ask your nearest Agricultural Office for a copy of our Bulletin on Fertilizers, or wrifc the Secretary Maritime Fertilizercouncil MONCTON. N. B. .~( . a wrivsri '* )A\) . » i» RS, STOCK BREEDERS AND GARDENERS _ i w.-r>-<