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WHY THE EMPIRE IS AT WAR.
The Causes and the Issues.
It was rt reflection of the first of
political philosophers that distlirban-
ces in States, tllougli they may nrlso
on trifling occasions, (lo not involve
trifling issues. The present world-
wide war started from the cash of Ser-
vln, but involved. cveu from the start,
much larger issues. if only a dispute
between Servia and Austria-iiungary
had been ill question, Iirltniu, ns Sir
Edward Grey repeatedly stated, would
have hail no concern in the affair. Bilt
since, as we shnll see., this dispute wus
boi|n(l tn have ulterior consequences,
ii, is necessary to undorstaild what tho
dispute was ubout.
THE CASE OI-` SERVIA.
Sorvia is a snlnll, but very anclcut
llingdolll ill thc Bulkall peninsula. it
obtained colisiderliblc accession of
territory as thc result uf the recent
wars ill the Balkans, the war between
the Balkan States and Turkey. and
than the war among the llnlkan States
themselves. The Scrvian people ure
akin. in race and religion, to tho Slavs.
of which race Russia is the predomin-
ant Power. and to wlllcll race also
many of the subjects of Austria-Hun-.
gary beloilgs, Gil June 28, 1914, “thc
crinic at Scrajcvo" was committed.
namely, the murder. of thc heir appar-
cnt to the throne of Austrixi-liuilgiiry
and his consort ill thc capital of Bos-
nia. That Province, once n part ot'
the ancient Servlnn kiilgdoni, had
fallen into the possession of tho Turks;
the administration of it had been giv-
en to Austria, by the Berlin Treaty
after the Russo-Tilrklsll war in 1878;
und' in 1,908 Austria had annexed it.
The Austrian Government ollcgcd but
has not proved) that the crime of Ser-
njevo was it (rulnililnt.ing point ill ii
“subversive movement" organized by
the Serviaii Governnlslit "with tile ob-
ject of (ietacliing u part ot' the torri-
torles of Austria-l-iullgnry from the
Monarchy." Oil July 23 the Austrian
Government addressed an ultimatum
to Servia. Austria had been “left it
perfectly free hand" by Gcrnlany- ll
was admitted by Sir Edward Grey that
"one naturally sympathised with many
of.the requirements of the ultimatum."
and that "tile murder of the Archduke
and some of the circumstances respect-
ing Scrvla quoted in the (Austrian)
Note aroused sympathy with Austria."
Russia also admitted thnt "thc de-
mands wero reasonable enough in
some cases." But thoro were two foa-
tures in the Austrian ultluiatuni which
caused alarm and regret to those who
desired to soc thc peace of Eurolle
iualntlllnod. Tliv first. was the lilcius-
loil of a time limit so short (fortyeiglit
hours) as to lciive (llplonlacy little
time to avert war. The second was
that what. Austria demanded within
48 hours was ilot a reply. bitt the
reply dictated by Austria. “I had
nevor before soon." said Sir Edward
Grey, "oilc State (uldross to another
independent Stats ii document of so
formidable cllarnctor." The GHIIIBU
Foreign Secretary “admitted that the
Scrvlun Government could not swal-
low certnln of tho Allstro-lluullurlun
denmuds." Sir Edward Grey advised
Sorvia to go to the furthest |J0SB|bl0
point in meeting those demumls, and
similar advice was KI*/\‘l\ I0 HPI' by
Franco and Russia. The Sc-rviiin (lov-
ernmont replied. wiiliin ilic uDl>0I“I*"I
tinio, conceding the greater DNF! Of ‘he
Austrian demands. The conceded dr-
mands were of a ver.V 9U'I‘]F°“i chafj
actor. Tile Servlnn rcply ihV0IV0iI»
said Sir' Edward Grey. "thc greatest.
humiliation that hc had ever seen a
country undergo." Nevertheless, Aus-
tria refused to accept Ulf’ "°P'V' ml"
declared .War against Servia, (Jay
28th.) The part of the Austrian 
mands which Servla had felt unable 0
concede Loucho(l her very existence
as an independent State. Mid Wm; "30
garii to these matters she offsrle l
submit them to the lisguo Tri Fun'
The fact that Austria, wlillc rece vhali
satisfaction on the other D°I“i“» mm
matic the refusal of the latter pf) her
a. casus baht raised susPl°|°“°l °qu0s_
ultimate intentions. The re? Mlm
tion." sniff the liussian Fore guns to
istor.“"was whclllcr Austria “(0 me
crush Sorviii and reduce hor he W-M
status of a vassal. 01' W\1°ih°‘; 1, ep,,nd_
to leave Bervia ii free and n -
ent State."
THE LARGER IBBUES INVOLVED-
It had been recosuiled "'°’“ ‘he M"
that (no one ot sn-vis coalslo
isolated. 'rho szsr"°l°“ vm, con.
via by Austria (with 01° Pffmd ,U |,..
sont of (lol-many) W" ""
ment between Servia and Austria
alone;" but everybody else knew that
it could not be so. and the German
Government , as we shall see present-
ly, seem to have known this also. The
relations between Austria and Russia
had already been strained by the Aus-
trian annexation of Bosnia and Her-
zegovina. Aggression by Austria up-
on Servla. was certain to bmregarded
by Russia with the utmost alarm and
indignation. During the Balkan crisis
the Russian Foreign Minister "had
made it clear to the Austrian Govern-
ment that war with Russia must inev-
ltably follow an Austrian attack on
Servia. it was clear that Austrian
domination of Servia was as intoler-
able for Russia as the dependence of
tho Netherlands on Germany would be
to Great ilrltaln." "lt must be ob-
vious," said Sir Edward Grey in the
House of Commons (July 27), "to any
person who reflects upon the situation
that the lnoment the dispute ceases
to be one between Austria-Hungary
and Servia and becomes one in which
another Great Power is involved, it
can but end in the greatest catastro-
phe that has ever liefullen the Contin-
cnt of Europe at one blow; no one can
say what would be the limit of the is-
'suos that might. bu raised by such rt
conflict." War between Russia and
Austria, in a cause wherein Germany
has supported the latter, must involve
Germany as her ally. and rrance
would be drawn in so the ally of lius-
sia. Tile action of Austria and Ger-
many in the caso of Sorviu was tllus
likely to cllallcnge it European war.
England and France ami Russia saw
this. italy. the oily of Austria and
Germany, saw it also. Wlicii thc gen-
erul war was breaking out, thc italian
Govcrllnleiit, being nskod to state its
intentions, replied: “Tho war under-
taken by Austria, limi the coilscqllen-
ces which might result, had, in the
words of tho German Ambassador illin-
sclf, an aggressive object. Both were
therefore in conflict with tho purely
defeilslve character of the Triple Al-
liance, and in such circumstances
would rcnlnln noutral." "We were
fully conscious," said the German Gov-
ernment itself, “flint ii possible war-
likc procedure by Austrin.[{,mgm._v
against t-lcrviu might bring itussia up-
oil the scene und so illvolvo us lil a
war lil nt-cor(lan(:e with our duties as
Allies." “As for Germany," snid the
Gornlnu Ainbussndor at Vienna to the
British, “she knew very well what she
was about lil backing up Austrln-Ilun-
gary ill this mailer."
BFilTAlN'S EFFORTS FOR PEACE.
Forcsociilg all this, Sir Edward
Grey. whose efforts during the recent
Balkan wars had won for him the title
of the l’ca('eili:lker oi' Europe, was
early in the flcld with proposals for
avertiug war, und the liritlsh Govern-
ment “persisted to the very last moni-
ent of` the lust hour in that great find
beucllcent but happily frustrated pur-
pose" (Mr. Asquith.)
Already. oil July 20, liaviilg received
an inkling ot' what was on foot, Sir
lldward Grey spoke to the German
Ambassador oi’ the importallcc, iiitlle
police of Europe was to bo preserved.
of Austria "keeping her demand witllin
reasonable liniit.s." The suggestion
was not ndopt.c(l. The German For-
eign Secretary "considered lt_ inadvis-
alile tllnt the Austria-Hungarian Gov-
Iernliicnt should be approached by the
German Government. on the matter"
(July 22). The Austrian ultimatum,
which the some Minister "admitted
that the Scrviaii Government could
'lot swallow," was despittelled on thc
following (lay.
(ln`.iuly 23, liaving llr-ard from thc
Ailstriuil Ainbnst=ndor nn outllilo of
wllat. tilt. Austrlalli notc coiltnilletl, :iii-
E(iwnr(i Grey pressed upon him, us nl-
so upon the Gorulnn Government, the
'lcslrnbiliiy of persuading thc Austrian
Govsrnnient to extend its time-limit.
Tho liussiail Government took the
same liilc. The German Ambassador
was instructed to "pass on" Str Ed-
ward Grey's suggestion. but thc Ger-
man Foreign Secretary said that
‘-‘there would be delay and difficulty ill
getting time-limit extended." adding.
“quite freely, that the Auslro-l{ungar-
ian Government wished to give thc
Servlnns a lesson and meant to tnko
military action."
Ou July 24, having received the text
of the Austrian ultimatum, and fore-
seeiilg that if Austria attacked Servia
Russia would mobilize, Sir Eilwnrd
Grcy proposed that “GerrnanY. |"l“Bu(~(‘.
italy, and Great llrlialn, who had not
direct interests in Scrviu. should sci
together for the sake of peace, simul-
taneously fn Vienna und St. Peters-
hurg." “ln tile event ot' the relations
between Austria and Russia becoming
threatening." "lt would lic very dc-
siruhle," he said to thc German Ani-
bassador, “to got Austria not to pre-
cipitate military ctiofl nn(l so gain
more ti mc. But none of us could
influence Austria in tllis (llrcclion un-
less Germany would propose nild par-
ii(-ipnte lil such action nt Vienna."
i<‘ranco was favorable to this plan. So
was Italy. Russia was “quite ready
to stand aside and leave the question
in the hands of England. Fralice. Ger-
many and Italy-" IIBVIIII-I UIUS F0'
eelved assurances that. if only Ger-
many agreed, his plan might he effl-
caclous, Sir Edward Grey oil July 26
formally lnvltcd thc Governments of
France, Germany and Italy to instruct
their several ambassadors to confer
with film "for the purpose of discover-
ingnin issue which would prevent com-
plications." The invitation was ac-
cepted by Franco and italy. The Ger-
man Forelgn Secretary "could not fall
in with tho suggestion. desirous
though ho was to co-operate for thc
maintenance of pc-ace" (July 27).
Sir Edward Grey thereupon saw the
German Ambassador (July 27) and
promised "as long as Germany would
work to keep the peace I would keep
closely in touch. I repeated that after
the Servlsu reply it was at Vienna
that some moderation must bo urged.
On the following (lay (July 23) Mil'
trla-Hungary declared war on Bervia.
As the Gemian Government was
unrlorstood to have accellwd "IU Dfill'
ciplc" tho idcn of mediation by t.ho
four t’owers between Austria and Rus-
sia, it was proposed “that the G6l'B'IBl\
Secretary ,of State should susfiult the
lines on which this prlnciPI¢ Sh'-Will
be applied." Tho German Govern-
ment inads,rlo suggestion of the kind.
Bir Edward Grey's scheme had tem-
porarily been in aheyance. al the RUS'
ian Govsriintent had offered to dis-
cuss m\tteri with the Austrian Gov-
voive other Powers. `
The German Govsrnmeut ‘M I“'?.°°d
th gram .gd I p This offer was (ie-
Wiw Witt' ""'"" “"”f.'.'}°§»¢l|'o°l.oilno¢(°lIy-Aquila (my as.) ,
wanton ¢t"l|suo was 0"'
Sir Edward Grey next appealed to
the German Chancellor. “if he can
induce Austria to satisfy Russia and
to abstain from Boing so far as to
come into collision with h-er. we shall
all _loin in deep gratitude to his Excel-
lency for having saved the peace of
Europe" (July 29). The Italian Gov-
ernment had simultaneously appealed
to Germany in a like sense. '
On that same day the German Gov-
ernment made certain proposals to
Great Britain to which we shall come
presently and which the Prime Minis-
ter cliaracterlzed as "infamous" But
so persistent was the British Govern-
ment in pursuit of peace that Sir Ed-
word Grey in declining tho proposals
used language of great restraint (July
30), und accompanied his refusal by
yet another "most earnest" appeal to
the German Chancellor: “The one way
of maintaining the good relations be-
tween England and Germany is that
they should continue to work together
to preserve the peace of Europe; if we
succeed lu this object, the mutual ro-
lntlons ot Germany and England will,
I believe, be lpso factor improved and
strengthened. For that object ills
Ma_iesty’s Government will work with
all sincerity and good will. And I will
say this: lf the peace of Europe can
be preserved, and the present crisis
Safely passed. mv own endeavor will
be to promote some arrangement to
which Germany could be u party, by
which she could be assurred that ilo
aggressive or hostile policy would be
pursued against her or her Allies, by
France, Russia and ourselves, Jointly
or separately."
Un the following (lay (July 31) Sir
Edward Grey gave proof ot’ his sincer-
ity and made it flirt her effort for peace.
“I said t.o the German Ambassador
this morning that if Germany could
get any reasonable proposal plit for-
wurd which made it clear that Ger-
many and Austria were striving to pne-
serve European peace, and that lius-
slu and France would bc unreasonable
it' they rejected lt, l would support it
at St. Petersburg and Paris, and go the
length of saying tllut it' Russia and
France would not accept. it ills Mai-
esty's Government would lluvenotlllng
more to do with the consequeii(-es." In
order not to leave this promise lil the
region of generslities, Sir Edward
Grey threw out ii particular sugges-
tion. "Tile stumbling block hitherto
has been Austrian mistrust of Servian
assurances. and Russian mistrust of
Austrian iiltcntloili-i with regard to the
independence. and integrity of Scrvla."
It' Germany would sound Vienna.. Sir
Edward would sound St. Petorsliurg
wllctller ll. would be possible for the
four disinterested Powers to under-
take to see that she obtained full sat-
lsfactlon for her demands on Servla,
provided they did not impair Servian
sovereignty and the integrity of Sor-
visn territory. That Russia was
ready to accept such a solution is clear
from :L peace formula. which ller Gov-
ernment had (lrnwn up in concert with
Sir Edward Grey. Everything turned
on Germany. Oil that (luy sho sent an
ultimuiuni to Russia.
in thc early moming of August 1
(Ii..'i0*n. m.). the King of England and
ills Ministers made a last attempt to
secure peace. Tile King telegraphed
a personal message to the Tsar. In
this the King first set out the text of
a corumuilicatioli from the German
Government. The Tsar had previously
requested the German Emperor to
mediate between Russia and Austria,
and had "given most categorical as-
sliuaiices to the Emperor William that
Russian troops would not move so
long ns mediation negotiations contin-
ued." Tile German Government in its
coulillunicntlon stated that the Em-
peror wus desirous to mediate and
complained that such mediation was
frustrated by the Russian mobiliza-
tion. Klng George went on to say that
hc was "most anxious not to miss any
possibility of avoiding the terrible cal-
anllty which threatens the whole
\vorlil;" he appealed to the Tsar to rc
move 'ally misapprehelisiou which
might have occurred; he proffered his
good offices "to assist in re-opening
the interrupted conversations between
thc Powers concerned." The Tsar re-
plied on the same day: "I would gladlv
have accepted your proposals had not
the Gorman .xmbnssador this after-
noon presented a note to nl_v Govertl-
ment. doclarinr; war."
"ln this .'iolcm;l hour I wish," said
the Tsar. "tsl .incur-J you (ul(:=: ni'.re
that l have 'lone all in my power io
avert. war." This nssurnilcc is
borne out by the Diplomatic corros-
oondenco. it shows. as the Russian
i-‘nrolgil Minister said, tiiat "No sug-
gestion lleid out to him had been re-
fused. Ile had accepted the proposal
t'or n Conference of Four. l`or media-
tio nby Great Britain and italy, for
direct conversation between Austria
and Russia; but Germany and Ans-
trla~Iiungary had either rendered
these attempts for peace ineffective by
evasive replies or had refused them al-
together."
“It` war were prevented." the flus-
slan Foreign Secretary had
said just before the Gorman
ultimatum was rcvclvctl, "it
would bo largely duo to (hc Ilritlsh
Govcmment.” The foregoing resume
shows how persistently Sir Edward
Grey had worked for peace. What he
deliberately abstained from doing. no
lc(-is than what he (lid, was governed
~' ri dosiro for pence. At un,cai-ly.
stage in thc negotiations, tho British
Govornnlent was urged both by France
and by Russia to make an immediate
declaration of complete solidarity with
them (July 24.) The President of tho
French Republic repeated the request
very strongly oil July 30. Sir Edward
Grey thought be was more likely to be
useful as peacemaker it this country
maintained as long as possible an at-
titude of detachment. Moreover. the
Government had no desire to inter-~
unc unless tile honor and interests of
the rountry niane ir. unavoidable. At
thu tame time inilniutlons were klvnn
that it should not bc assumed that uv-
ilor ::ll' conceivable circuni.1i.iii-cs
England would stand aside.
The ciilciul documents thus sfnw
how nnrenlitting were the efforts
made by Sir Uilwsril Grey to maintain
the peace of Europe and by \.-hom
these efforts wero frustrated.
They show also how slow the Bri-
tish Government was to 'commit Dri-
taln to any share in the war. That
she ultimately became involved was
due to canoes which had nothing to do
 THE DAIRY 
'lessen' .va Fon 'rvPE.
Type Ia Perfection According to A
Set Standard.
.What is type? Who has made type?
What does type tyvlfy? Who has torm-
ed type? When these questions have
been answered the matter is fully ex-
plained. To me type has been a
growth, in fact is still growing. It
has grown and is growing as wo find
one by one points that nearly always
appear in great. producing cows, tlin
that poiilt finds its place ill "typo"
Many breeders polilt to this or that
great producing cow aild say, “That
cow has is sloping rump," and cou-
cludes from this that the "sloping"
rump" was no detriment to this cow
as a producer. lie (lid not try to fig-
ure out how much better that same
cow might have been if she had car-
ried out straight. Why should she be
better? Because ii straight rump
gives more room in the pelvic region
and under region. And space and cap-
acity in those parts arc fundainental-
ly necessary in a great dairy cow. Ai-
so, did you ever notice that n sloping
rump and ti tilted udder go hand in
hand nine-tenths of the time? I also
have heard many breeders, especially
of the Guernsey breed, claim thot ii
saggy back was as good as xi straight
back in the dairy cow, and have had
many great cows cited as instances.
But. the reason cannot hold, as ilo one
will ever know how good lliey would
have been had they had straight backs.
Yet. thc fundamental masons for ii.
strulgllt. back ure so obvious. It is read-
ily seen that ii straight back is strong-
er than li sagging back, und strength
fn' buck is fundamentally necessary to
carry n great pannch. Also, the point
of room ot' capacity oi' paunch nn-
ters here. This point will need no
explanation. And so on through un
animal. Typo does not signify beauty
though it is natural to think beautiful
‘flat which we think perfect. But our
standard (.-t` beauty continually cilan-
ges und will continue to change with
‘ype. ln breeding for type we are not
breeding for beauty, but arc breeding
"or thosu points that have been ac-
cepted as necessary for great produc-
tion.
l have heard old breeders stand by
tho allow ring ami say, “That is not
‘lie l used to work for." Of course it
‘s not. "Type" is and must be con-
tinually in evolution. And so nlore
"nd more fine cows are produced and
developed, so we shall find more and
'noro points, indications of great pro-
'iucticns that are common to nearly
~ll. An(l so these points will become,
‘ixcd in "type," "Type" plus produc-
tion"-not “Type versus production."
-Iioard‘s Dairyman.
WHAT DO YOUR COWS TEST?
Supposing you know ono_ of your
'vows has u test of 3.4 per cent. of fat
’or the first month she is working,
have you any certainty of what she
will test the next two months or the
‘ast two? One cow in the herd nmy
keep at. that first test for three or tour
months running, another may give far
~l-:her milk the third month and the
‘est may increase steadily; or again,
with two cowslboth increasing in the
crease far more rapidly than the othcr.
Ilcllce, at tho end of the season, one
cow may have given considerable
more t'at than another which gnvc
~.h-iut tho sumo welglit of milk.
It will thus be seen that the quostion
of' uanlpling as well as wolgllin.; of il
f2f\\v's nlllk is of great. iuiportaacc.
Nloitber is it sufficient to sample and
tt-sl the lolxerl mil kof the hcrdt indi'
vidual quality is worth study. lt
should be plainly stated in addition
'hat the times demand more atteiltiou
being paid to testing, for the simple
reason that the general average test
seems to be steadily increasing. As
milk is valuable in proportion to its
cream, or to its test of fat, it is im-
portant for the dairyman to know
which are his high testing cows. Ho
may want a specially rich milk for his
own table use; he may want an extra
(food price when selling a high testing
cow; he may want to raise licifers
likely to test at least as hlgll if not
higher than their dams; so evidently
it will pay him to know the tost. of
each cow ho owns. It is il simple mat-
ter to take samplos oil thrcc days per
iuontli. and get ii composite snmplo
tested once a month. Ask the factory
'n your section to do the testing, speak
to the (laily recorder about ii, or write
to the Dairy Division, Ottnwo, for full
‘nformalion about getting your sam-
ples tested free. (1. F. W.
THE HEIFER WITH
HER FIRST CALF
Tliosc wllo have been wise enough
to breed the llelfcr to drop hor first
-calf in the fall. have matic one step
towards making ii profitable dairy
cow, for sho luis it good i-liuxicc of
‘forming the long term or coiitillllous
milking habit. The quickenlng effect
of partllrltiou will hardly have lost its
influence over milk secretion. when
an added stimulus comes in the shape
oftho lush grasses and other lic-rbage
of early spring, and if the llcifci' is
not bred for nl lcast six months utter
cnlving (nine months would be bet-
tcr' so that she luis fully rccupcrnted
from thc drain of gestation, she will
have perfected her own growth. nud
he in condition to milk continuously
for more than a ycar.
Thedate of breeding must bc rc-
corded, so that at eight or (cn weeks
beforo the second calf is expected the
"drying up" process may begin. This
should hc gradual and the flow of milk
should he naturally dlmluislied oy
withholding some of the siiccznent
food given to (ho cows til full milk
and milk secretion should also be dis-
couraged by not "milking clean." ln
fact, only enough milk should be
drawn to relieve any tenseness of the
udder that may be present. The in-
tervals hetwecn thc pretended milk-
lngs should be successively longer and
with gestation well advanced and the
foetus requiring a tially increase of
nourishment it will not bo long until
tho surplus__ol the food beyond the
need for daily maintenance, which
has before gone for milk production,
will now be transferred to the unborn
\_vit_h_tha"Bal|rana._4 _Z __-ig* _
v ' (ro he continued.) `
young, and if there is more than is
lequired forvisornus xrowth. it is by
'a ,wlso provision of nature stored up
are again made for milk.
wake r-'_ carelessness at. this time.
f' ..ed udder and more serif 'is all-
ments at the beginning of lacacion are
frequently the result of want of know-
ledge of how to care for the cow
or heifer before or immediately after
freshening. It’ one wants to be safe
from all difficulties do not give any
stimulating, heavy grain feed for a
week or tell (lays before calving. If
'the cow is not on pasture roots, bran,
dashes and such like food of a laxa-
‘tive naturc should he given, and the
udder watched und at the first. signs
of heat aint hardness a little 'milk
could he drnwn to relieve these coil-
dltions.
WARM BARN8 AID IN MILK PRO-
DUCTION. _
Cold weather is on enemy to milk-
prodiictlcti. Daly herds must be '.~/vii
iioused and comfor-‘.:ible if they arc to
give good rctllrns. Warm, well-liglit-
ed an(l well ventilated barns ure os-
sentlal to good yields. The tempora-
ture ol' ii dairy barn should he kept bc-
tween 40 and 60 degrees.
Minnesota Extension Bulletin No.
10, by George P. Grout, to be had by
applying to thc Office of l'ublications.
Iluiverslty Farm, St. Paul, tells how to
core for cows, both in winter and in
summer. Some things it says with re-
Bard to winter care are as follows:
"(’omfort and contentment :ire tile
touchstones ot' success. When a cow
is comfortable and contented, she ro-
sponds with ii flow of milk far in ex-
cess of that she gives when she is un-
coiiifortable und irritated.
"il| nothing have the Mlnnesotui
farmers so sinned against their herds
probably, as lu the inadequate shelter
provided them against Winter's cold
ami summer-'s heat.
“lt is li mistake to turn cows which
are giving nillk out into the yards in
very cold weather. if so exposed while
their stalls are being cleaned or for
other reasons, it should be for ii brief
time only.
"ln winter as well as in summer the
cow should have good pure water. She
should not be required to drink water
that her owner would bo ullwillliig to
drink. Tho temperature of a cow's
drinking water should not bc below 55
ilelzrees.”
ODD CURE FOR COWS
Two Dllcoverlea Milde by a Self-Sacrb
ficing Scientist
If the farmer doesn‘t grow rich ill
the dairy business hc has only lilm-
sclf to hlame.- U. S. Government oili-
cials are just wearing themselves out
planning new ways to keep his stock
in primc condition. Dr. John Ii.
Mohler is one of these hard-worked
Government employes. ills electric
light bill for night work is simply
enormous. Dr. Mohler has ,already
saved a good-sizedfortuue forthe na-
tion. Hc discovered that tho epidemics
of hoof and mouth diseases among
cattle, which thc Agricultural Depart-
ment had, without avail, spent $1,000-
000 to suppress, were due to a single
consignment of impure cowpox virus,
imported from Japan by a drug supply
house. The virus in question was used
to inoculate calves, with which to ob-
tain material lil quantity for vaccina-
tion against smallpox. The calves were
then returned to their owners. Hence
the outbreaks. Dr. Mohler hunted out
thc diseased cattle nild had tlienl kill-
ed. Another (llseasc that Dr. Mohler
has nailed to its lair is milk fever in
cattle. Cows succumb, in nine out of
ten cases, wltllln 48 hours after an at-
tack. Our fricnd of the moolilg bossy
curcs the malady by iilflatillg the
udder with air, like a bicycle tire.
The trouble is caused by tile tend-
oncy of the blood, at calving time, to
flow out of the brain and in the direc-
tion oi' the organs concerned ill the
secretion of milk. This brings about
a cerebral anaenllu. By inilating the
udder with sterile-l. e., germ-free-
aid in thc manner described, the blood
pressure is equalized, and the animal
promptly recovers. A simple machine
for the purpose. invented by Mohler.
hilt not patented, is now sold by nev-
cral manufacturers. He has never rt-
ceived ii penny for it.. lie has genuine
ly given his servl(‘cs,t`r(‘oly and fully,
to the untion.-'I`cc!lulcal \Vorl(l Malin-
zinc.
A RATION FOR A TOWN COW.
I have n flvc year old registered Jer-
soy cow. She has been dry about two
Ito be used as u reserve when demands CHANGING T0 SKIM MILK.
if any cow be treated as here ad-
vised when drying her up, there is
no danger of caked udder, garget and --'
other troubles which follow in the The fur" "~ chamre the calf from
_iv
The Change Should be Made Very
Gradually.
whole milk to skim milk will depend
much upon the condition of the calf.
If the calf is strong and well develop-
ed the change may commence at the
end of the second week and continue
through a period of ten days. This
change should be made gradually by
substituting a small amount of skim
milk for a like amount of whole milk
in the daily ration. If this change
is made gradually the calf will stand
the change wltllout distaste for the
skim milk or get off feed.
Especial care should bi- taken to
have _the milk blood warm und sweet.
As the calf grows uldcr it will do
fully as well if the milk is fed cooler,
and if the change is slowly made it
can as well drink cold milk when it
is ten weeks old. There is no easier
way to completely' upset the digestive
apparatus ot' a calf than to feud hot
milk one feed and cold the next. The
thermometer is about as good an ill-
dex as one can find, and it is well
to use it, The pails from which the
calf is fed should be clean and sweet.
lt' a little lilllk is left in the pulls il
will sour and the calf will soon show
the effects of it.
The length ol' time flint the calf
should be fed will depend much upon
the amount of inllk available. Some
feeders wean their calves at four
months of ago. it is better practice to
continue the skim milk until thc
calves are six months old und lt' there
is on aliiintiaiice of skim milk on llan(l
tllat is not needed worse somewhere
else it is best to continue tllo feed uu-
til the helfcrs nrcleigllt or cveil twelve
months of nge. This will insure het-
ler growth und development in thel
lielfcrs. `
.  . t.. . A ._K*.,|>|.!.|t|:'
_ Pics 
+>I“FI<+/". . I ' I.-f+*<*§  ' ' "'. ` I f I ;I*‘+>I"‘f: .f
EYE OF THE HQRSEMAN.
A farmer recently sought expert
opinion as to the soundness of a dozen
(iraft horses and colts which he was
to sell lit auction. Some he had bought
and some he had bred. Ages varied
from five months to ii. dozen years.
The lot included all his culls, as he
planned to reduce his stock to fit the
farming of li similar acreage. The sur-
prising discovery was that excepting
for ii. small curb, o. wire cut. and two
or three harmless splints' there was
not an unsound unimsl in the lot. Eyes,
feet and hocks were as sound as gold
coin.
This man had an eye for horses. lie
had bought only sound ones ol' good
conformation, and he had used equal
discrimination ln breeding. Bright
eyes, correctly set legs, smooth hocks,
shapely feet and silky quality prevail-
ed throughout his stock. His wise sc-
lection served his effective insurance
against unsoundness. it added in
-and the
befallen
the Levito
other the
hearts.
is not
places
Levito to the
another man who
thieves did we tlnd
Jericho, and we
with one
“There shall
its for this
under ii tree
them, saying,
lol. "Blessed is
tht* thieves
judffed by
when they had
dead. and the thieves
his own country. So
neither for succonr or
Then the rlanlaritan
sl. ° W
own
life
B8! it
the
everyone
was
stralghtawa : ‘Ar
ye double ded?
as I flee? Greater
than this, that ii man lay
for his friends. Wipe me out my
good deeds that l have ......~. nor
laugh them to scorn.’
And the priest and the Levlte lifted
up their eyes to the Samaritan and
sulil: ‘liast tliou oyoa of flesh, or seelt
thou as u. man seeth. that thou inquir-
est after our iniquity, and searchest
for our sin?' And they were ashamed
and confouildetl and covered their
heads.
HO IIJID
his liiia
KEEP GOOD BROOD SOWS.
The selection of really good brood
sows is not as easy a matter as is
sometimes supposed. lt is one that
calls for the best attention and jjudg-
uisili. The sows are to be the mothers
of thc pigs und impart to many of
them thc desirable characteristics
which we wish them to possess. If the
sows fail to possess such characteris-
tics they certainly cannot transmit
them to their progeny. Everyone
should know first what he wants and
then secure as mucii of what he de-
sires in the brood sows, by selection,
as he possibly can.
The matter of time lil selecting the
sows for breeding is of considerable
importance. There are those who will
say in an offhand manner that the
proper time to select the sows is at
weaning time. Wtih some and under
certain conditions it may do to choose
tllein then, but under conditions usual-
ly found at that time, it is a danger-
ous period at which to perform so im-
portant a. task.
Al Wealilllg time some of the pigs
are very fat and look nice. but it is
as well to bear in mind that excessive
fat at that time is not beneficial, and
therefore, the operation should be de-
layed if possible or postponed to a
more appropriate time.
PLANT DWARF TREES
Not only should home gardeners
plant dwarf apple and pear trees, but
in dwarf trees the commercial pian-
tcr should also find proiitf The trees
generally produce a larger profit from
._
mensely to the value of his stock for
work or sale. And those of sufficient.
age hs.d been worked steadily and
hard. so their well preserved condi-
tion proved that they were made of
the right stuff. I
There is an ancient adage that "the
eye of the master fattens his cattle."
it is equally true that the eye of the?
horsemen determines the soundness otl
his horses. Farmers need to study(
the conformation and soundness of
horses more closely. It pays.
¥ THE FARM 
FARM warss suPe|.v. . 
In the annual report ot' the Domin-
inion Chemist for the year ending
March, 1913, a. summary is given of'
analyses of water sent by farmerl'-1.!
The report says: “Of the 386 samples
of woter sent in (luring the year from
various parts of the Dominion, 188
have been submitted to a completcI
wholesome. forty-three as suspicious
and probably dangerous, forty-one as
surlnusly eoutaniinatcd and fifteen ns
too saline to be used as o potable sup- -_
Div- I
“The worst waters were from shui
low wells dug ill burn yards or in thc`
neighborhood of similar sources of
pollution. These merely draw upon
the ground water ill their immediate
vicinity and must become. by reason‘
of their location .contaniinated. We-
weeks. l live in town and buy all
my fecil, but have plenty of clover
ilsy, oat straw and ear corn. This cow
weighs about 850 or 900 pounds. and
lives 38 tn 40 pounds of extra good
niilk per (lay nt flush. I would like
vou to give me a ration that will glvc
the best results. taking into consid-
eration tho feeds that I have ami
other foods (lint are on the market..
i~lss(\.n.iinl factors in feeding (lalry
cows are abundance and digestible
nutrients, palatability and variety.
This now should be given all thc
clover hay she will consume, together
with oats raw for variety. It ls waste-
ful lo feed cows ear corn. it should
bc finely ground. Regardless of
whether onc raises his feed or buys
it. he should avail his cows of xl large
variety of foods containing in proper
proportion the feed nutrients neces-
sary for milk production.
ln this instance an excellent con-
centrated railon to feed with clover
hay and oat straw is as follows: Two
carts ground corn, two parts ground
oats, two parts bran. one part oil
meal. one part gluten feed. and one
part cottonseed meal. Most of these
Iare available on any market.
I When the cow is fresh start her on
tive pounds of the ration daily and
increase it at the rate of 0110 \\l\f
pound ovary other day. rontllll-lil-'I8 H!
long as the cow continues to respond
with an increased flow of niilk. guard-
ing carefully after the ration becomes
heavy, however, that the cow does
not hurt herself. At her flush she
should consume without difficulty 12
or 13 pounds of the ration.
At the end of 30 days it may be ne-
corn whil later in the lacation e
to decrease this carbonaceoua food in
proportion to l.he protein feed.-Mart
limo Farmer.
cessary to increase the proportlonvof
. e -
rlod it will undoubtedly be advisable
strongly advocate the abandonment of*
lsucll wells. The bored or (lriven well 2
,obtaining its supply from ii deep-seat-I
ed source and below one or moref
:strata of impervious rock, has, as xi.
grille. yielded good water. Both as tot
:quantity and quality, the bored welli
,is more satisfactory than the 'hole' in -
the ground so commonly found in the ,
,country. it is gratifying to note that
such wells are replacing the old form _
of supply on many Canadian farms.”
THE GOOD SAMARITAN.
(A new version.)
A certain man went down from Jer-
usalem to Jericho and fell among
ithieves. and as they were stripping
him of his raiment and wounding him.
a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed,
came where they were; and when he
saw them he cried oilt with a loud.
,volce, ‘Ye are worthy to be beaten.
from you.” And they who heard his
words heeded him not. and his anger
was kindled greatly against them.
Then the Samaritan said: "I cry
out "Vlolencc!" but I am not heard.
I myself will fight with a strong arm.”
And he went up and fell upon them.
and smoto certain of them; and the
Lord brought the fear of him upon
them. so that they lied and went forth
to hide themselves.
Then the Samaritan bound up the
wounds of him who had gone down
.from Jerusalem. and comforted him,
though tha_hlood.ran out of his own
wounds into the ground. And hc
said. 'No man shall set on thee to
hurt thee." And when they had resi-
ed a while they went on their way
|Put away the evell of your dolngs`
a given space of ground and bear pro-
fitable crops several years earlier and
the fruit is larger and of better qual-
ity. As the trees grow low and de-
velop road heads they are easily
cared for as regards spraying, thin-
ning. harvesting and other attention.
Some varieties begin to produce fruit
thc first year, while all are likely to
bear the econd season. The fourth
year a full crop is generally borne;
Apples worked on (loucln stock
reach the size of ii large peach tree.
while those on paradise stock remain
very dwarf. The former are the only
kind of dwarf apples to plant in com-
mercial plantiug, but the latter are ex-
cellent for cramped home grounds
where nothing but a. very dwarf treo
would be permissible. Only dessert or
the finer varieties of apples should be
grown as dwarf and those should he
given the same careful attention as
the standards. Let at least a quarter
of the apple and pear planting on
your farm be of dwarf trees. <
HAY RAKE FOR SMALL FARM
This is a newly invented motor hs.
sanitary analysis. Of these, eighty-’, ` V
nine were pronounced as pure and rake for use on small farms, which has
just been tried out successfully at
Vienna. Austria. before representa-
tives of the leading agricultural soci-
eties. A man or small boy can easily
opcratc it, and thc horse-power can
be made as large or as small as it to
be desired. It is a tricyclo in type,the
forward or steering wheel being flat
like a steam roller wheel, while the
two rear wheels are like those in use
ou traction engines. The motor ia.
geared to the rear wheels by a chain
oil each side, running over a gear
wheel set inside the traction wheel.
At the roar, like ii scorpion, are set.
the rake teeth. wlllch are curved and
bolted to a triangular frame. Ahood
protects the engine from the weather.
The steering arrangement consists of
bicycle handles. instead or a brake
whecl.
It is regarded ae a very valuable
agricultural implement in Austria.
whcrc a great nisuy of the farms un-
der cultivatlon are of decidedly re-
strlcted area. A _ ,
KEEP SOIL FERTILE. '
Baetlc Crop Rotation and Work Land
Well.
Maintain soil fertility and effect- it
cheaply. The soil is the farmers
work-shop and ho must not impair
its productive qualities. The aoil
must be so handled as not only to pro-
duce the crop economically, 'but the
land must be left in better condition
after the crop has been flown thm
before it was planted. There are mil-
lions of dollars wasted annually la
faulty crop feeding and mlliloiil melt
wasted ln soil fertility. Bolve the eo-
miomlc msintalnance of the soils pro-
ductlvo power and the principal agri-
cultural problem is mastered. Learn
how to supply plant food without
waste and learn how to feed the crop!
pelntlfully at the smallest colt and
st the same time build up the land
economically. '
Practice crop rotation. In
practice the rota°lon of
can be
while
(iucing
land never
,towards Jericho.
| And as they ,ioumeyed they met a
certain priest, and likewise s Leyite.
who were going both of them together;
rotation is
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