W111i? CHARLOTTETOWN uusnm/w __ __ {AGE ELEVEN 7- NEWSY NOTrES - B! AGBICOLA As I Look Back-ill of his countrymen swept down in- i? Cumberland. and plliaged that Did you ever hear. gentle reader, county as far sou es enrith, oi the Law of Acceleration? It is a labor-saving method of pro- claiming ihaLthe .ast twenty-five have seen more changes in "a" r llvln - g than did the pre- Illftgi; and the last fifty years more than the reviaua hundred. were sage reflec one came to the surface on reading the “Morning smile" a. day or two a o. “The Mis- tress wants to see you". says the maid-servant to the postman. He waits. anticipating a. generous tip. u gular postman " . “Yea. mtam," “filréfiiiue awry pre-dates the ' bell. Pcssi ly some of my glder readers may remember the uNfl-pllll," a 11tt'e knob-like affair. made in o, variety of shapes. which projected from one of the door- amim. On making a call one took iiiold of the knob and pulled: where- upoil a bell in the interior sum- molicd the maid to "attend to the door." Not infrequently. through ouch use. or some flaw. the wire motivating the bell snapped; and the visitor felt a bit of e. col when m, maid arrived to find him (or her) holding the knob with a, yard or so of wire attached! So it must have happened to the poor postie. Forty or fifty years ago in the old Country all houses oi any con- sequence had a range of bells eon- riccted up by such wires, one'bell to each room usually occupied In the home of my bovhood there was a row of eight bells located above the front-kitchen door. The "beli- pulls" in the bedrooms were fancy cords ending in tassels, hanging by each bed-head. Thebeil was of good sze and made quite a jangle: and as it hung at the end of a. curved spriiig. it vibrated for a con- siderable tme after it was silent, so it was easy to trace the call. After many years the electric bell wade its appearance, but it was not aa reliable as the old bell-null system. It was the battery that occasioned the trouble rather than the somewhat clumsv electric bell. There vrere no sllckdrgv-cells those days for the very few electric gad- gets in use. so you made ycurown "b ciariehe cell." Procurinii l “WIN girls; jar, you puts. zine rod in one corner, and a. carbon rod in the other. to each of which a conduct- ing vivire was attached. Then you filled the jar with a mixture of sal-ammoniac and water. In the circuit was a push-button. and of course the bell. The Leclanche con- traption had to be watched. for if the water got low. or a glassy coat formed on the zine~as 1t always did after a tune-your visitor might push the button in vain. Twenty-five years ago there were no traffic lights. talkies‘. television. neon-lighting. broadcasting, or air t-avei. ‘Thirty years ago a group of young folk presented the writer with a grammophone-the latest marvel of science-An which the records were "vrax" cylinders. Each record played two minutes. I doubt if one maid buy s grammophohe now: the disc record has supplanted the cylinder. Fifty years ago there were no motor cycles, no canty bathing costumes. no running wafer 1n bath- i-ooms-ln most houses there were no bathrooms-no airplanes. no taxis. and very few taxes! sixty years ago. in Good Queen Victoria's golden days. life in Eng- lnnd was leisurely and peaceful. Not that there was little to do: there was hard work and plenty of it, but there also was plent of time to do it. ‘There were no la or- saving appliances as there are now: neither was there unemployment or government relief. Science has made many changes. but not all ae gains. We shall talk of them anon. Sutton Iloo Again ‘The entire collection of old. sil- icr. and jewelled objects ound in the Anglo-Saxon burial-ship at Sutton l-loo, Suffolk. has been turn- ed over to the nation by Mrs. E. M- Pretty. the owner of the land where they were found. The British Museum claims that the fhid is the izrrat-est ever made in England. The ancent. gallev is still talked of as King Redwaldfis burial-ship. though there dors not. seem to be an; justification for this. Redwald is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Ciironicc under date 617 A.D.: and from being King of East-Anglia, he became ruler of the g cater part oi Eirland bv conquest. Little more is told of him. except that he de- fMlPd and slew Aethelfrith, King oi the Northumbrfans. Excavations r.'.'e to bc carried cut lsdin this summer. for it is said there are nine more mounds at Button l-loo. still untouched. The moving spirit 1n the quest is Mr. Stanley Brown. a retired farmer. oi Ricklngirail. Suffolk. "We shell Obcn the mound ncji cst to Red- wald‘s next." he says. "I think it may be the grave of his Queen. and lu that case may contain great riches." More likely these mounds are the burial laces of Saxon Kings 01' Chiefs: n all the old writings. no mention is made of any special honors being paid to Saxon Queens 1n their burials, though they were greatly revereneed while living. The Last of the Moss-Troopers To the inhabitants of no pact of liflsland can it"s union of the Scot- tish _and Enzflsh Crowns in have been more welcome than to the people of the three Northern Ountiea. For centuries the dwell- ers on both sides of the "Border" had lived a precarious existence. for even when there was no actual state of war between England and Scotland. they were exposed to raids by parties of feebocters and moss- troopera. wfio looted and burned the. towns and vllages. slaw the nien. enslaved the women and children and carried off the cattle. (Some of the legends coming down fro this period would anpear ln- ere ibie. did we not witness the lame incidents today in other pazts or the world.) Even in 1609. when the aon of Marv Queen of Scots was slowly making. his way- to London; to he crowed King of mgland, a body B"! m6? did not esc "~ . free!" The Governor ofpefleifvsioctk W" the 01-1181‘ coast remember) 1111118 his Garrison right across the country and intercepted them; they were defeated and many were token pzisonera. In accordance with the 591m °1 the 88¢. ibese raiders were taken to Canine. the capital of the County. and straightway hanged, as B Wlfninil to others It was not surpiusing then that the newdynasty was warmly wel- comed in the North. and that King James had a musing welcome when he reached the City of Dur- ham. the ecclesiastical capital of the North. in April 1603. It was re- alized that a new era was beginning. Particularly when the King order- ed the destruction of all fortified places along the Border. and ap- inted Lord William Howard of aworth to can‘ out his orders. Lord Howard a took vigorous measures to suppress the moss- trooaers. and for the first time for ggrlictéirles the Borderland was a What's In A Name? It was a poet who asked the ques- tion a long time ago. and I think gave a rather unsatisfactory answer to his own query. The farmers of Ontario, nowunited into a collec- tive organization-as all farmer: should be-have been exercised over the same question. Their organiza- tion. with which is affiliated most of the cooperative farm groups in the Province. has hitherto been known by the rather remote name of the Ontario “Chamber of Ag- riculture." At a recent meeting, a ve enthusiastic one too. it was dec ded to do something about this and other names were put before the members for consideration. Miss McPhail spoke strongly in favor of the organization being ie- named the Farmers‘ Union of On- tario. It was pointed out that there were similar "Farmers Unions" in Britain. South Africa. Rhodesia, and New Zealand. and that o, mm- mon name for these bodies all over the Empire would make for unity. But this was not randlose enough. and "The Pederat on of Agricul- ture" waa voted to be the correct designation. Aside from its name the Federation deserves to be highly commended for the work it is doing in the farmers’ interests. In our-own Province too there is a sign of awakening. The Island Research and Development Coun- cil has prepared a comprehensive list of projects for the ‘aettermcnt of our economic conditions. The list is well thought out. and when those items that touch the agricul- tural community come into being. it is to be hoped that th will be Elected on e. truly coopera ve bas- , rather than om that of private venture. Only in that way can the producer have his just share of the benefits they can, and will. provide. "But" said a friend to whom I read e last paragraph. "our co- operative enferprises haven't made any great showing up to now." “I know." I sa'd. “but do you know where the blame lies? In the mem- bers themselves. A few years aao. I asked five neighbors-who were members of e cooperative body-if they had been to the Annual Meet- ing? Every one of them answezed "No". Doubtless this neglect was duplicated in hundreds of other cases, and if people won't look after their own business. how can they expect any ‘great showing?" “But we had Dlrectors"—he commenced. "Yes. but the Directors are respon- sible to the Annual Meeting, just as the Manager is to the Directors. And if the members don't attend the A. M. it's like a. tree dying at the lop! Of course I make some excuse for these men who had to dr1ve thirty miles or so over winter roads. and perhaps do their chores when they get back: winter travel- ling such as the last generation knew, went out when 2m cars came in. Peuhaps the remedy is to hold the Annual Meeting in the even- ing when the ears can run. and transport is easy. In a cooperative mieiy to which I belonged in the Old Country there was a "fu11 meet- ing" every three months; always at night. We did not pass e. resolution at the Annual Meeting and then wait a whole year to ascertain r-hetlier the management bod car- ried it out or ignored itl These meetings were lively and kept everybody on their tip-toes! Three of the five members pre- viously mentioned. gradually drop- ped out. but I never heard that any- body connected with the manage- ment made any enquiiy as to why they did so. A live organization would have investigated. and pu up some propaganda at that po nt. I have the By-laws of another slmlar concem at hand. end ex- cellent By-laws they are-the work of somebody who knew his hook- keeping. There was provision made for Reserve Account. Depre- ciation. etc.. and an account for general Dividends, all subdivisions of the Profit and Loss account- These items were ignored and the effect was anything but happy. I am heartily in sympathy with the coo erative cause. and perceive that it g the one thing that will help the farmer; but it is not a syajeno that will run itself, and it acquires like some other things. eternal vig- ilance. "Scot-free" Soot-free. used in a previous note. has nothing to do with national- ity: its root meaning is "untax-ad with a secondary meaning "uuhurt. It has a very ancient origin. In Anglo-Saxon times the commonest coin was the scent: plural sccaria. The land t ax in the Shetland Iwl- ands is still called the Scat. which is akin to the Icelandic skot. mean- ing a contribution. In Northumbrian parlance "to pav your shot“ is to discharge your-individual share of a reckoning. The word in th's form reappears as a component In Erw- lish place-names; for examcle a vii- lace called "Shaver" arose on a ley (lea. that is. field) on which a tax (shot) was anclently paid i Use Minard‘: fer aches L of 25c on active trade. ‘WEEKLY LIVESTOCK MARKET REPORT 1 . I _ - . Ottawa, April 11. Aunt SUMMARY shflflilli curtailed cattle receipts proved beneficial w the trade du... m8 the past week and all class-es ,§|"~\B¢d I Veil’ good recovery follow- ,m8 the break in prices during the Previous week. The advance. how- ever. was clue entirely to the light inatule of the offering. Calf prices {were irregular. Toronto recovering 50c of last weeks losses, vvnlle some declines we.e shown in one or two western markets. Hog pri- ces fluctuated conslderablyMarkeis 913911961 lhflrply lower but European developments brought a quick re- versal of the situation and most of the early declines were wiped out by the close. The lamb market was also irregular, Toronto losing 25 cents to 50c. Winnipeg gaining 25c and other yards holding about. steadv Eastern Cattle Marketa The ed at supp y was well clear- ON at an advance Weight-y steers closed up to $7.50 for choice while butcher steers and heifers made up to $7.35 and a few as high as $7.50. MONTREAL was a shade firmer with good steers mostly $725 $0 $7.50. tops $7.75, and good WW5 891191711137 $5.50 t0 $5.75. MAR- ITIME trade was fairly evcn with last week. Good ca1t'e were in rcril demand but there were practically none on offer. Some good choice steers brought $7.25 to $7.50. Western Cattle Markets cattle TOR The trade in the west showed a firmer trend due to the light offer- ing of cattle at all markets. The ban on the use of trucks on nigh- ways has served to keep deliveries at a minimum. WINNIPE-G appear- ed to be fully 50c or more h‘ on mostkiliing classes and buyers were ciazining that llvc cattle pri- ces are out of line with the beef trade. Ordinary kiirds of steers sold from $6.50 downward, while the better grades avert: in dtmand at $6.75 1o $7. with odd tops $7.25. Good to choice buic1ici' slcci a1. CALGARY nt.-ado $650 105115.75. EDMONTON ivas firm with odd choice steers making up in $7, PRINCE ALBERT had some good steers at $5.50 to $6.25. and MOOSE JAW sod choice butchers at s6 $6.25. Choice stcci-s at R ranged from $0 1o 31 50 KATOON was 25:" in flfll’ the influence of t . . I l0 WA (‘VS for the wort coast. Slot-rs said 1m to $6.50 with a few choice up to $6.85. There woo nci sufficient cattle at VANCOIUVER to (‘Slllb- lisli a market Unilcd Stairs .\1:\rki'i. dlcated a better market on the whole. Sales of Canadian stotrs were made off curs at. $1100 in s! ‘i’ which would not lnck to O: country prints about $2.8.) 1v ., .. '87.. Paul quoted medium t i1_lfl1‘11l steers from $7.25 1o $8.25. u..0:1 cows ‘$6.25 and bulls $6 t0 $0.27. Exports to the U. S. for the week ‘amounted to 2.1558 boot cattle. 112 dairy. and 1.341 calves. The ini- ‘uls from Jllilllill“ 1st to Avril 11111 2 bcc. 2.202 dulgv. and , compnzczl wiih 50.71511 airy. and 18.322 calves in the same period last year. Ex- ports uncler the second quarterly quota from April 1st to 11th, inclu- sive, were 5.377 hcati. compared with 13,280 in the 5.11110 pcilod lust- year. Calf Market Jucvcn Toronto recovered 50c of last week's decline in calf prices, choice veais closing at $10.50 with a fcw at $11. Montreal remained sicndv with good veais from $7 up 1o $7.50 Winnipeg was lrcaulai" but. closed stronger under short arrivals up to $8. Caiagary paid as high as $0, and Edmonton also up 1o $9 Good veais made $7.50 at Ponce Albert. while Moose Jaw was 50c lower vvi‘li a top of $7.50. Regina was also drawn sharply with odd toll‘ at 53-59- Best ven's at Saskatoon sold be- tween $8 and $9 Recovery in llog Market Hogs opened lower at Toronto with bacnns at. $ll 50 tiff trucks ill/KI $11.50 dressed. The drossczi priro jumncd up. hoivcvcr. 1o $12 1111c on Thursday’. Montenl closed with bacons at $9 f. & w.. and WhiIIlPPiZ advanced late Thursday to $800 i 8r w. Calgary closed with barons at $7.90 off truck: , Edmonton $8. Prince Albert $7.95. Moose J:\\v mid fteglna $8. Saskatoon $9.30. Vun- oouver paid $8.60 for slaughter hogs Lamb Market Irregular bomb prices were 25c to 50c lower at Toronto with opening sales at $10.50 for good westerns and tuo cars mak‘ng $10.75 011 TllfSflfly. A few choke locals sold up 1o $11. Odd lambs bought up 1o $9 M» Montreal. Winnipeg ivas firmer on a short suimly and good lambs top- ped at $9.75. ‘The 1ii"h at Cnlszaiiv was $0 50. E scwhrrc. there were not enough sheen or lambs offcrcd 1o test the trade CATTLE MARKETS TORONTO cleared out an offer- 111': of 4.087 cattle at an advance of 15c on Mondav‘< mrirkict ivhi. 1 ivas ext-ended to 25c by Vviwkvsriay weighty steers closed at i\_i0ll 0i a750, with others from $6.10 to $7.?5. The t" on bu1:~1r~*_ slams and heifers w R50 to $7 3o. W111 a few tors 57.51). lluicho" cows sold a; g4 in $550 ant‘ f‘.'I1l'.‘f‘l'S and cut- i-ers at $3.25 in $1.75 Bulls v ‘i’: from $4.75 1o $5.6". Fad crlvcs clos- ‘ed at. $7.50 to $8.75. villi tiircc to»: M, 3g A [my lg‘: of slockcvs and “Mm b.-_~....y.i $5.50 i0 s‘: an. cord . milkers and snrlngtrs lvld simdv at $75 to $85 each. Common kinds wprp ~~~t in dcmail-i. MONTREAL movrri out 1 341 Mi- 110 at uric-rs a shade firmer. Tm slot-rs wor» $7.75 uiili "Nd fliillllll’ m-s-iv g7 o: In s n_ and mediums 311.2510 $7. Hrlfors voncci from "i ‘o $7. good cows I""1l1 $5.50 i0 $5.75. ton butchc a so. common flavin to '4 ll"il canncrs and cuiirrs l3 to $3.75. Pivlls were $4315 10 $6 5nd miiir-e-e Q40 fr» SR5 (“FIR MARlTlMFflnCntilr- 1\l'IE"‘.'= full‘- Yy steady. plain and mcrlium claw- ea were adequate but good cattle, The weeks trade at Buffalo in- - By GORDON Canadian Garden Service 1940 LINDSAY SMITH Eliminating Drudgery A few handy tools and a. little knowledge regarding the handling of soils will eliminate all the drud- seiy lll gardening. There is no need \\'l_'|ilt€\'€l“ for constant digging in sticky soil. In fact no soil should remain SLICIKK very long after a real gardener ta es it over. _Exper1s advise one thorough dig- ging or spading in the late fall or spring, or if the lot is a large one it will be bettier to get lt plowed. Just before either operation. if the ground is poor it is s splendid idea to have some good rotted manure turned under. After this epading or plowin it will only be necessary to cultlvce fine with a rake. One thorough cultivation like this once n year shoul keep the soil in shape and pernut one to car on easily with a small hand cu tivator or Dutch hoe. Either of these inex n- sive tools can be operated wit out bending the oack and both will be sufficient to keep the soil stirred and the weeds down during the re- mainder of the season. Heavy soil can be loosened r- manently by the s ading or pow- lng in of some we rottted strawy manure or lacking this vegetable growth such as clover, quickly grown cats or even weeds. In very small gardens 1t is possible to secure a load or two of sand. or loose black loam. These will also hep to loosen the heavy clay and make it easily worked. Just plain cultivation alone will help. The ginner with a brand new piece of raw clay should not get discouraged. Such soil is a1- ways hardest to work at first. Each year will find the iob simpler. Light sandy soils are always greatiy benefited by, the addition of strawy manure or lack loam. The |incoroporotlon of vegetable rnattter |such as straw. and w eds or clover will add humus to t e sand and make it hold moisture better and give it a more desirable body. Garden Tools A fcw special garden implements u-ili hiakc the job more interest- 111i! and loss arduous. These things arc not expensive. For ordinal-v difl- iziug both a spade and a digging fork have a place. The first is ideal for tuning over soil in the spring or tor breaking up sod. The fork. lizhicr and quicker to operate is for bvrakiliu un soil ihal has been plowed m- snzidczi sometime earlier. Fir kiiiinc ivcods. thinning. cul- ilvatiiig larzc vezetables and shrub- bciyv. a srunil not-io-rride hoe “"11 S11T1l'i7?11“d is the ideal ton‘. For wo king 1 shrubbcrv and zimuurl sin-nil bctldinu pia: . as ii€\\'l\' set yiriunins. nst . have, 01s.. a Dutch hoe is i cal This 1s a U-shaped affair and is 'mi.<hcd along 111st IIIICIPI‘ the surface lni the soil. It cuts off any weeds a -: (‘marl to (zlzoicc sircrs made $7 l to $7.50. medium to good $6.25 to $5.75. others down to $4. Heif- lt-rs sold is‘. 1's. Goazl cows brought $5 }$5.50. mediums $4 to $4.75 and canncis anzi cutters $2.50 b0 $3.25. CALF MARKETS | TORONTO calves opened with choice up to $10 anti closed at $10.50 ' with a few $11. Common to medium lcalvss. the bulk of the supply, ‘mafc SG to $9.50. i MONTREAL calves steady. good vcuis from $7 to $7.50. mediums around $13.50. and common to just fair. the bulk of the receipts, brought $5.50 to $6. IIOG MARKETS TORONTO hog market openezl lower with bflCOllS at $8.50 off trucks and $11.50 dressed. T110 close. how- ever. Iatc on Thursday was sharply higher with the dressed p:ice at 12 Clnsng prices for direct deliver- ics to packing plants at HAMIL- TON werc on a basis of $11.50 to $11.75 for the basic grade dress-ed delivered and $11 plus transporta- tion; and MONCTON" $11.80 de- livcrcd. MONTREAL bacons were down 00c or more on Monday but by the rinse of the week there was a good dnuund and mucous ivcrc making ‘l f. 8.: \\'. Rail grades ranged fiorn S $11.50 l0 $12. SIIEEP 8c LAMB MARKETS TORONTO lambs were down 50c at tire opening at $10.50 for 11004 \\‘0SlI‘I‘l1S with two curs on Tuesday a1 $10.75. Lmals made from $8 for culls up to $11 for a few choice. sheep were steady at $3 to $0.50. A [cw common to medium spring lambs mad.» $5 to $12 each. MONTREAL sold last lambs at $8 to $0 nor cwt.. sheep from $2 1o $6. ,EXI"OI'ITS 0F BACON d: IIAMS T0 UNITED KINGDOM i Weight. of Willshlrcs year's an and cuts . lenvittgz nnrkin! plmls for cxbort. ‘ ivcok ended April 0th. 1940, 5.265.629 ibs. > J OY‘, “$711” . DOESITHETRICK/ Y Ask vovr neieiibors what Bray Chicks did for them. fhen phone, or drop m. W. l. Bowman, llunter River. W. K. Crater, Kcnaington. Francis Gardiner. Launching Place. Vlrs. Basil MacDontrl. Tracadie Cross. Waldo MacDonald. Bolhwell. tlovd ll. Mcl-lwen, Sourla. Wrs. George Myer‘. Hunter River Earl Diamond, wlnaloe: or O. C. Johnson. North Tryon. Elmer Waugh, wilmot valley. through tho season mid especially" 50c below similar quality) and leaves the soil broken and ‘crumbly. For routine cultivation .some sort of a three to five rong- ed cultivator is recommends . ‘The larger of these are dragged along rows and between plants. They have long handles, and cost about a dollar. For wor g in among olosel set flowers, shorter handled smaller cultivators can be used. Fast Vegetables Among the earliest vegetables to be sown in Canadian gardens will be peas. leaf letttuce. radish and spinach. These ma be planted as soon as the grouri is fit to work. All of the seeds should be sown at least threee times at intervals of ten days so that there will be successsion of vegetables. The sec- [ond sowing will be carrots. beets, onions. potatoes. etc. which can stand o, lttle frost and then beans. corn and tomato, cabbage and icauliflower plants. melons. cucum- ,bers etc, which are tender. I The Lawn . I Thin lawns badly mixed with weeds. almost invariably have poor soil. Sometimes only e. liberal apppllcation of commercial fertilizer or well rotted manure is necessary Ito restore rich greenness. Well fed .grass will usually crowd out most weeds though it will appreciate some help from the gardener who does not mind spen ing a few hours with a sharp, long or short ihandled weeder. Such weeding lshoifd be done when soil is fairlv lmoist otherwise whole chunks of’ ‘grass will come out with each ‘weed. l Where grass is very thin it will also b ea visable to scratch lightly with rake and sow some good pack- aged lawn grass seed. At the same time ho‘es may be filled up gradu- ally with good soil and seeded. Recommended Cereals For P. E. I. lEXDBfIIllBHlfl] P811715 NEWS) Oats. the most valuable cereal crop grown in Prince Edward Island de- f mands first consideration in making . Victoijv _ waricticg and under normn‘ condi- trons are still quite satisfactory. Iii recent veais, however. rust diseases, particularly leaf rust, have been ncreasmgly serious. Fortunately, plant breeders have been able to meet the threat 0t rust imurv and varieties resistant to rust arc now available. Of these new V varieties. Erban is of greatest interest to Prince Edward Island farmers. Be- sides having resstance to leaf rust. Erban has high resistance to both loose and covered smut. It matures earlier than Banner. has excellent straw and carries a lower percentage pf hull than either Banner O1‘ Vic- ory. Vanguard, a varietv developed by the pant breeders of the Cereal Di- vision, Dominion Experimental {Farms Service. g1. the Rust Labora- 'fory in Winnipeg. lshigliv resstiint to stem rust but susceptible to loaf rust It resembles Banner closelvin 'many respects but matures earlier ‘and has a. lower percentage of hull. Under normal conditions. Vanguard does not cutyleld Banner or Victory in P. E. I. and its usefulness WIII probably be limited to the relatively Jew areas where stem rust is ser- us. Coronation is recommended be- [cause of its ability to withstand the ‘rust- attack aud produce a reason- labIy good crop of satisfactory qual- lity. Tests conducted for the past few years‘ indicate that under nor- [mal conditions. Coronation yields rquite favorably as compared ivith ;the older standard sorts. In tests |ivhere severe stem rust has occurr- .ed. it invariably far outyieided sus- ceptible IIMICLBS. A fault of Corona- .tlon is its inability to thresh clean- y. Barley acreage in Prince Edward Island has been increasing steadily iduTIIlil the past few years. A ful- ther increase is justified in that barley makes a satisfactory nurse crop for grases, produces as much feed value per gcre as oats. under favorable condit ons. and is more useful as a hog ration In the matter n1 varieilcs, Char- lottetown No. 80 continues to be the most popular. 1t is a high yielding, two-rowed variety. has goo length of straw and threshog much more clc:n v than most of its competitors. For those who prefer a six-rowed type. O. A. C N0. 21 is quite satis- factory. A number of smootii-aivncd, six-rowed varieties have been devel- oped but as yet seed of these is dif- ficult to obtain. Effect of Minor 1 d Elements on Crops (Experimental Farms News) During recent years. startling re- sults have been obtained by ap- plying to the soil. for certain crops. Ismail amounts of elements requir- cd by the plant only in quantities. It has lonfi been known that plants need sma amounts of a large variety of elements. but 1t these elements existed in the soil in uantities sufficient for plant requ rements. What has caused a depletion of these elements in cer- tain areas. Bo that some of thcsc elements now have to be added? asks Thomas C. chiasson. Dominion Experimental Station. Fredericton. NB. Two reasons suggest them- selves as the answer. and both ale closely related. The first is con- tinued use of fertilizer without manure. A 800d portion of those elements which would bc returned to the land by manure is thus iakcn out of the soil. Secondly. the careful refinement of fertilizer has removed these elements from 1t. Formerly these fcrtilizcr con- tained. as impurities. enough cf those elements to hclp maintain tire necessary amount in the. soil. Przbablv the best example nf the role oluy-td by small quantities o an element is the role ot b0l'f‘.1‘._ m contrclllnz brown heart of swarm i Brown heart of swrdcs was rather troublesome dlscnsc; thor was no reliable way of dcicftivi it. from the outsldn. but when 1h r0014 were out open, the presence Anaemia Enemy of Suckling Pigs“ the vrinter and early [spring anaemia. is responsible for heavy losses among young pigs. some of the young pigs die sud- denly while still fat. but generally they carry the symptoms of the disease —_ pale colour of the gums, snout, and ears" and a rough curly hair. Diarrhoea is common and. virithin a day or two the young pigs show a decided unthrlftineas and lose weight rapidly. There il a heavy deposit of fat at the jowl, and it will be observed that anaemic pigs do not run and play as they should but prefer to lie in the straw most of the time. They become exhausted quickly when they exert themselves and show a labored jerky breathing which is usually called "thumps . Anaemia. is most critical in continuously housed pigs from one to four weeks old and 1t often affects the fattest and sleekest in the litter. As soon as the pigs begin to feed at the trough. danger of anaemia is con- siderably lessened. Suckling pigs farrowed during the winter and early spring are the mos-t likely to develop anaemia, particularly thme which are con- fined to pens with wood or con- crete floors and are not fed minerals apart from the mother's milk. Pigs born in late spring or early summer are less likely to be affected, because they have the benefit of the sun and free access to suitable soil and vegetation. Anaemia in suckling pigs is traceable to deficiency of iron in the mother pig's milk. Feeding iron to the nursing mother will not help because it will not increase the iron in the milk. The iron must be fed direct to the little pigs. The most convenient way of admini- tering it is in the form of finely powdered "reduced iron" which can be purchased at. any drug store. Dosing the pigs on the sev- enth and fourteenth days after birth is suffciieut. the close con- Siiifit-Z or the amount of iron capable of being picked up on a ten-cent piece. The dose, admin. isistered on a home-made wooden spoon. IS_dI‘OM)Ed on the back of lthe tongue. The body of the pig .shouid be marked for identfication and put back in the pen. It ls a lgotxl practice to place sods in the- pen with tlhe sow and pigs. In rooting the dirt. the pigs eat suf- ficient quantities to make good any Wiwflflse of iron. To insure the Lcaspooniul of iron to one quart of water. Treated sccls are good for ‘$01103 pigs at any time. 1 Any Dominion Experimental .I=‘arrn will be glad to give advice on the treatment of Anaemia among pigs of brown. watery gxeas inside made the roots unfit for human cou- slimptltlil. In districts selling table stock, this W115 a very crucial prob- lcm- Happily, after a. good deal °f ."°5°‘"C*‘- a» ivmedy ivas found svlnch was at once cheap. simple and Bfleciiie- It was found that boron applied a! the rate of about :15 pounds to the acre in the row, 01' 30 pcuiils to the acre broadcast. would effectively control brown heart in swedes. Experiments conducted at the Fredericton Experimental Station have shown that boron residues twill not injure subsequent crops such as oats. wheat, barley, po- tutoes and clover. Even when much higher rates than these re- commended for swedes were used, no injurious effects were noted on the crops mentioned. Other oases Qt minor element de- ficiency with other plants have been noted. cg. magnesium de- ficiency in potatoes, manganese de- ficiency 0i cats in certain sec- tions, copper deficiency in a large number of plants in other sections, etc. Where these de- ficicncies do occur, small applica- tions of the elements in question give good results. As knowledge about the role of these elements in plant life increases. it seems quite probable that the clue to many of the failures oi crops to respond to nrdinary fertilizers will be found lin the lack of these minor ele- ments in the soil. Feeding Dairy Calves (Experimental Farms News) The raising of strong. healthy dairy calves depends. first of all, on the condition of the cow during the gestation period. She should be maintained in a good physical condition and receive a su table ration for the develo ment of a strong and healthy ca f. states O. ,D. T. Cameron, Dominion Experi- mental Farms, Nappiin, N. S. Whole milk being the naiturail food for young animals. the calf should receive the fl:st milk or col- iustrum. and whole milk should be ‘continued uiilil it is five to six wvecks of age. Wcan when not over ‘man ithrcc days of age and start paiii Qfccding. Give about four pounds daily divided into three equal quan- itltics. Gradually increase this ‘was considered, in the past. thacabout 3 m 12 pounds dam. M, met ed of the first month. the amount {depending on the size, breed and condition of the calf. During the 1mm and sixth weeks gradually change 1o skim-milk until the calf '15 receiving all skim-milk. | Thereafter feed about one pound ‘of skim milk for each 10 ounds ilive weight. or g maximum o about 112 pounds daily for a large calf of ithe small breeds and about 10 for the larger breeds. Continue feed- ling skim milk li available until [about six months of age. Milk should always be fed at near body temperature. i.e. 95 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. | -Care should always be taken in chnuclzir feeds or methods of feed- ,in_c. Mako a'1 chauzcs gradually as sudfzu changes mnv cause a set flnrk. rerun-inc. wccks to overcome. Avmihcr important noint is to keen f n11 toad utensils clean. particularly m‘ik mils. Further lnfomatlan on the feed- a 111g of darv calves Ls contains"! in c n bullziln publish-ed by the Marl- : rm" Fwd Board which may be ob- r- liaincd ‘ov request from the nearest .Agricu11ura1 Office. IAIBBFIIID. I CONSERVATION I l Will COLUMN OI PRACTICAL OPINIONS 0F Till. VITAL ISSUES AFl-‘BCTING THE USES AND ABUSES O1 NATURAL RISOUBDIS BY ML LUDIDW JENKINS T0 A FUR. SCARF The trap jaws clariked and held him fast: Nonglmaclgrllred his fright. none MM r es. His struggles ceased: he lay l! 185i With wide, uncomprehendlng c3195 And watched the sky grow dark above And watched the tuned tum W l. l AndnqiIaked in anguish while he etrov e To gnaw the prisoned leg away. Theri day came rosy from the East, But still those steel jaws kept their hold. And bélO one watched the, prisoned as Butcliifar and Hunger, ‘Thirst and c . oppressed by pain his dread grew numb Fright no more stirred his flagging brr ath e . 1-Ie longed in vain to see him come, The cruel biped, bringin death. Then through the gloom t at night came ONE Who set the timid spirit free: “I know thine anguish, little son- So once men trapped and tortured me " -F. l". Van de Water. A NEW CROW TRAP The Biological Survev has recent- ly announced. in an ilustrated re- lease, the perfection of a trap for catching wintering crows in quan- tity. For fifty ears the Survey has been studying he crow. and on sev- eral occasions has issued reports that, while advocating the removal oi individual crows that have prov- en to be unduly destructive. have given the bird credit for being a friend rather than a foe of the ag- u...“ w! Foundation certified Foundation Seed Potatoes Are Getting Scarce URGED TO PLACE THEIR OR- DERS NOW T0 AVOID DISAP- PfiINTMI-INT. (Eifilerimental Farms News) It is e. well known fact that un- dcr certain conditions a few dis- eased potatoes lu a barrel may spoil the lot. The same thing may BPDLY in a field of potatoes in- tended for seed purposes; that is to say, that under certain well known conditions the disease pres- ent in a few plants may be spread far and wide thzoughout tire field during the growing season. Some of these diseases do not gauge {Jqy par- tlcular wastage from rots or such- like breakdowns, but they do cause serious degeneration and the result- ing crop may be quite unsuitable for seed purposes, even though the tub- ers may appear perfectly normal to the casual observer. It been demonstrated time and time again that seed tato growers whose fields just areiy passed field inspections. or were reaching that marginal stage. have made the mistake of continuing with the same seed for another year, only to have the field reject- ed. and frequently after much roguing was done. Such marginal seed is suitable for the production of table potatoes but should never be relied upon for the production 0f certified seed. Every year some fields are record- ed as free or practically free from diseases, and it is obvious that seed of such high qualitv should serve as a source of foundation seed for commercial certified seed produc- ers, to replace alllseed showing signs of degeneration. A special foundation standard was put into effect in 1939 and special recogni- tion was given to seed which quai- itled. by the issuance of an official tag that designates it as Certified Foundation Seed. This seed is pro- duced in tuber-unit plots well iso- lated from all other potatoes. and on farms on which no table pota- toes are planted. and the tag is supplied oriy providing it was not found necessary to rogue more than one unit in one hundred for dis- eases. duced in 1939 was limited in quan- 1 tity. as was to be expected, and. with the object of reserving this high quality material for the use of Canadian seed potato growers, the Agricultural Supplies Board Green Mountain. Irish Cobbler and President varieties at a vcry mod- ieratc cost. slightly in excess of cer- itified seed prices. It was rmlimd ithat seed potato growers had first .10 dispose of their own seed before |laying in supplies of foundation seed, but unless the foundation seed was held, it would have been [exported early last fall. seed has been placed on sale this spring at ,ccst dby I130 Aqlicultilrrarl‘ Sulpplges [Boar . an mlic o - as a rea y ibeen sold, but there is still a fair tnuadntity to be distlgsed ‘of. {and '.=.ec growers are urg to p acc h-eir lordersuixmngedialelxi to..navrkc)igd 0:12‘:- 'ar>oon en -. No more w ava - Iable to anyone after the lot is sold in? mane will be left in the hands '0 e growers. ' Anni immediately to District In- ‘sncitorysbs. Pippin. ExparirGl-ntir-{l Sta cn. are eown: o . . Rtccullech. Experimental Station. Kentviiier to C. l-I. Godwin. Cus- "ms Buildinc. Freda-felon. or to ithe Plant. Prrvecfinn Division. Ho» Melon Twmrimmi 3f Airrlculiure Othzw". for anv further information desired. and nlace vour order now to avoid disnnpriinfmcnt. GET BETTER TEA IOVDON - (CPI - The Entr- ""t will "ct a better brand of tea bortlv. "the whole crcn of Indian rod Ceailcn tea. has been bmiebt by the flovcmment and there will be no cheaper China. and Java grades in it; bleildl. SEED POTATO GROWERS ARE. The crop of foundation seed pro- i . .2 purchased n11 available stocks of m‘ m“ ‘rowers “my maintain t-h iriculturist, and insisted 111st intiis- killing is not mil-rained. This attitude of mercy, however and the evidence that supported it have been lost on the majority of hunters and the spokesmen, and crow killing campaigns that znvolve d I d“ ) _ l ‘ \\'Z\.Sl(?l‘lI, an in Cfiflliilfllt‘ n 1. .s. have been widely ICCOIIIIIIEIIGCG anti carried on ad nauseam. especially durin the past few years. Wi most of the Stale game agencies. many sportsmcrfs Assoc- iations, several ammunltion coin- panies, and thousands of iridv. uals actively reduclnc its ru '- with guns, traps, poisons flfldvClVilft< mite, mainly on its reputation as a destroyer of game. it would set-m that the crow was already suffic- iently harassed, arid that siurill game species sh. .1101 be nn the Lil- crease. It has been (‘\‘l(1f:1l' _’oi' some years that the crmv. e , _c- in the East. has been greatly duced in numbers, but we in vaiin lIOé any increase in its sup- e vc ms. pofflow comes the Survey with this attack on a new front, Aft-or de- tailing the coed poinis 0f its imp, the Survey somewhat iroiilciiilv a1- iudes to the mmiv good ciuulaties of the crow, especiailv in its spring activities, and advocates caution in trapping. This seems to us like pointing out a songbird to a raven- ous cat and lhcn asking pussy ‘o be gentle in her methods. We are sorry to note the Su" ‘s advocacy of a plan that is bound to bring undeserved encouragement to all agencies that are strivin: co exterminate this interesting bird.. Not- that we fear actual extermin- ation. for we believe that the crow will exist lmlo after the huiiirrs have put aivav their guns for ivmt of legitimate game to pursue; but adding even slichtlir to prsrozit crow-killing methods looks like i criminal»: Good Seed Potatoes are Still Available Seed potatoes which are n01 good enough to qualify as Cffflllffi seed. might be very dear, even as a. gift. When 8. potato grower figu s labour coats for plowing, c" ing, spraying. and iuiz-u his outlay for frrlill materias. depreciation on ma ery, marketing costs. and items. then it becomes VQYY ev that success or failure of the i . 1e season's operations may depend largely upon the quality of the scod he is planting, the iveriiiivr con- ditions durmc the grmvziig peiind, and the marketing situation follow- ing harvest. The wmilzer hazards he is aware of. He mint. of course, t-ake the weather as it comes. but he can arrange his cult cl tices for either wot or d ' .’ or k011i. The daemon about seed, however, must with himself, and it is a most im- portant decision to make, for it may mean not only the (iifference be.- tween a good yield and a poor encc in the world as to the disposi- tion of the crop. duo to qurili": 1k yield. but may make all tin» (11:10.- marketability. All good seed potato dealers now recommend only the planting of certified seed for the logical reas- on t-hat they are coiivizicotl that certified seed is improved sccri and more grmvers are asking ' u" ll. T46 dealers like to have 5, (on. tail" and dependable supplv of utll grit.- healthy vigorous seed poznrncs E u‘ ' their trade and they ki certififed seed has boo grown and rogues‘. for ‘ cler supervision. and and passed upon by or. third party of sound ii is pust as anxious as are that the seed p . fully satisfied. Furih mo: . field reports of the 111 available, and can b ivhich is better. .. than having in groivcfs om". infii, quality of their <\\vn sou-i lwsr. and safest vvav nf fill for ihom is '0 secure I01ll1<‘.’(*!1 50ml wnhh szilc. Another llllflfiTlfillf point is .1.11at the dealer kizmvs lhu’ 1'22 iabo potatoes pic d from cc"- tificd seed air u z in be more readily saleable at l1i\I'\'\" and that will aid his table .. k Dllil- ness very materially. Of course. it. ls necessary that e h seed n’ the 1)i11‘[)< so quality of their own has been prnrlucr-d [by growers spccizf in tho tub- icr-unit methods l‘f‘f‘fillliilf‘lli'.“f'. ivy ‘the inspectors of the Plan: Pmtr- lion Division. Dominion Dcpnrtmcnt ‘of Agriculture. To identify it. this seed has a new special ‘o m: iwith Nd printinar. and \\"11('11 has ‘been issued for tho first limo 111*; ‘season, clearly marked "I“t.\11l1'1il‘l(\1’1 i On‘_v a limited quarititvoi founda- ‘tion seed was produced in 101m sud this was "1‘O\\‘I'l in the . i1‘ vinces. The Acrlruliu . . ..vnlir-s [Board fullv rcalizitic the vault‘ of this liich-qunlitv sood to (‘vi Cann- dlnn seed intiusliiy. l)i')il'.“.‘l izri all available supplies of Grrcu Moun- tain. Irish Cobbler and PTFSYIEIIIZ inundation scrd carlv last autumn at a cost sllchtlv above ihrit of certified scod. It is now bciui: offer- ed to the Maritime sccci growers in small '01s at cost. ‘This offers a splendid opportunity for seed rrroivars 10 discard morain- al seed and not into thr- best. available- avivivhefc at mi extremely low rest. Tiler- should write immo- diatolv to the local district ln-"rvcct- or or diver-l to the Af!1“(‘l11‘1lI‘C-\l srmuifss Board, Ottawa. mid rrs"rvr- eunrllcs before it is 1'"; iriio. Now 1s rho time to throw out the culls and rflnnt ro-ncfliivv Worth ivliile. It wi‘1 avoid wasted cffcri and iri- I'1"("’F§’1I'\' lms, and shouwl maize ~~“<f1od customers to" future blui- ness. l Mlnardbfllrllg “pain: