into a mature tree. In 30 to 40 years it is capable of bearing flowers and 
     
     producing seed, thus allowing the start of another germination. It is a long- 
     
     lived and slow-growing tree. some beech in the original woodlands of the Dunk 
     
     were likely in excess of 300 years old. 
     
    

    
     There is an alternative to beginning life as a nut. Like many woodland 
     
     plants, these trees can perpetuate their kind in an asexual manner. saplings 
     
     will rise readily from root suckers or from the stumps of young beech. 
     
    
   
   
    
     THE FALL _ 
     
    

    
     It is impossible to stand in one spot for almost a century and not accumulate 
     
     some enemies. The beech is no exception. Initially it is young and vigorous. 
     
     Growth slows down as it approaches maturity, and the tree begins to produce seeds 
     
     and suckers. Death is a gradual affair. This continual aging is sometimes 
     
     intercepted by elements which hasten the demise, and a beech becomes more 
     
     susceptible to these as it grows older. Its thin bark and shallow roots make it 
     
     highly vulnerable to injury by fire. Because beech is well adapted for cold 
     
     weather, frost and ice cause little damage to the trunk or branches. However, 
     
     when openings in the bark occur, it becomes susceptible to fungi which rot the 
     
     sap and trunk. Beech wounds of any kind heal slowly. 
     
    

    
     The most severe enemy of the beech tree on the Dunk is the team of an insect 
     
     and a fungus. They have been responsible for extensive mortality in most of 
     
     eastern North America. The beech scale (Cryptococcus tggi) is a sucking insect 
     
     which attacks the thin bark but seldom causes death directly. Hiwever, its 
     
     activities provide openings and allow the entrance of a fungus (Nectria coccinea) 
     
     which prevents healing and causes a deformity known as beech canker. These holes 
     
     interrupt the flow of nutrients, water, and sap along the stem and leave the 
     
     tree vulnerable to attack by many kinds of insects. The pock-marking result is 
     
     equivalent to having many large patches of your skin removed. - 
     
    

    
     Aging proceeds by natural events or accidental agents, until the beech 
     
     loses some anchoring ability and trunk support. Bracket fungi begin to grow on 
     
     the tree. Sticking out like beacons, they provide a natural awning to shelter 
     
     insects during inclement weather. At this stage, the heart of the trunk is 
     
     rotted by fungi, and the bark seems not to have the strength to cover the entire 
     
     area of the tree’s expansive girth. It separates in furrows, and the decomposition 
     
     process accelerates. Ants make trails in the wood leaving sawdust in their wake. 
     
     A woodpecker probes even deeper. 
     
    

    
     One day during a high wind, the Rose Valley beech falls. The sounds of 
     
     creaking, straining, and splitting linger in the air. Surrounding maples help 
     
     break the fall, as the aged tree comes down slowly and with dignity. 
     
    

    
     Once on the ground, the old beech is rapidly disassembled by a wide variety 
     
     of worms, insects, plants, and decomposing bacteria. In death as in life, the 
     
     tree supports a vibrant community. Nutrients trapped in the beech for almost a 
     
     century are released into the woodland again and will be absorbed by living 
     
     neighbours of the deceased. The decaying log is an ideal place for the germin- 
     
     ation of seeds of woodland flowers, shrubs, or trees. Plants of all levels 
     
     compete vigorously for the space in the canopy. The opening is soon filled. 
     
    

    
     The Rose Valley woodland is now a richer place because the old beech has 
     
     lived there. 
     
    
   
   
    
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