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true CHARLOTTETOWN cuaaotan

THE E0 UCA

PRESENTING NEWS AND VIEWS 0F INTEREST T0 TEACHERS AND ALL OTHERS SEEKING

-A SA TURDA

110ml. HORIZON

Y FEATURE-

IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATIO.‘

‘ECHOES FROM THE CANADIAN TEACHERS‘ FEDERATION

LNN U A L CONVENTION Al‘ OTTAWA. AUGUST, l9“ b! J. A. S. Wlllllllll

Last da we reported verbatim on the dress of the Right Hon- ourable Mr. St-Lstircnt to the C. T. F

‘Po-day. we shall give as nearly verbatim as possible an address to the convention by Dr. Willard R Givens who has been General Sec retro-y of the National Education Association of the United States for the past twelve years.

He stated that he was pleased to report that Canada. United States. and Mexico work tn close coopera- tion in connection with Education Week.

A very intensive quotation st this point was given. 'I‘his is by Roger Ascham (a tutor of Queen Elizabeth) in a textbook entitled THE SCHOOLMASTER. published in 1570 in July by John Drye-

"A Good Rider Better Rewarded than a Ciocd schoolmaster"

“And it is a plttie. that com- monlie more care is had. yes. and that anwnges verle wise men, to finds out rather a cunnynge man for their horse. than a cunnynge for their child- ren. They say nay in worde, but they do so in dede. For. to the one, they will gladiio give a stipend of 200 crounes by yeare, and loth to offen- the other 200 shilllnges. God. that eitteth in heaven laugheth their choice to tome. and rewatrdeth their liberaiitie as it should: for he suffereth them, to have. tame and well ordered horse. but wild and unfortunate children: and therefore in the ende they find more pleastrre in -their horse. than ocmlortc in their children."

Following up the quotation. Dr. Givens went on to say that the great problem facing Canada and the United States today is getting people to pay as much attention to their children as to their pigs, horses. liquor, and other similar things. and stated that we want back seriously during the war. In the U.S.A. before the twatr one teacher in two hundred was on per- mit; efter the war started. one teacher in te-n was on permit. Young people cannot be expected to come into the profession and give their lives to teaching the young ii’ they cannot live the kind of lives they want to live and pay their bills.

600.000 out of 900.000 teachers in the United States have been lost to the profeaion since Pearl Har- bour. The United Statu and Can.- ada can psy for anything they thin-k worth paying for; they have the funds. Dr. Givens stressed the point that they want action-motion lays it on the line so you can count it. Excellent statements are made saying that teachers must. be paid more money and that the only thing that really counts in life is the individual citizen, and the more money we put Ln the education of these people the finer citizens they will be. and the more money they will make for the United States and for the world. In other words spend your money educating people and you wilt get your returns.

Under the United States‘ flag today. i046, there is a. large num- ber of classroom. with a person in charge. where the salary and cost of books. heat. light. etc, are less than 8100 a year per 30 pupils.

Many negro schools should not even be called schools, because they are not worthy of the title.

The United States policy in educ- ation was given as follows:

(l) The individual human being is of surpassing worth-nothing compares -with the human being in democmcy.

(2) Human culture belongs to all men.

(3) Men can and themselves.

(4) The human, mind can be trusted and should be set free.

(5) The method of peace is sup- erior to that of war.

(B) Racial. political and cultural minds should be l ted and valued.

Continuing. Dr. Given: pointed out that more than one-half of thc two billion people in the world are illiterate. Only twenty five out- a! every hundred of the two billion can really be said to be educated. Three hundred. thousand had been barred from the armed forces .in the United States because they had no education and could not read the simplest orders.

Dtr. Givens concluded by point- 1118 out that n. Bill, 8-181. to be I!!!- troduccd in Congress in January Is based entirely on equalization of educational opportunity and takes into consideration the number of children to be educated.

The above words are worthy of our careful consideration, as our Canadian educational sItvuatIOn is very closely allied with that of the United States.

should i111!

GENERAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (Review)

l. Define Latitude and Longitude.

Latitude is the distance of a place from the equator. longitude is the distance of a place east or west of the first meridian.

2. What is the difference between a globe and a. map?

A map is a plan of a country or area depicted on a flat surface; a globe is s. sphere having s. plan of the earth or some part o! it de- picted on its surface.

3. Define axis. zone. meridian.

The axis of the earth is the imag- inary line passing through the centre of the earth about which it turns. A zone is a belt passing around the earth having a climate peculiar to itself and favourable to certain forms of life-animal am vegetable. A meridian is an imag- inary line. passing from pole to pole and cutting the equator at risht angles. and is used to measure distance east or west of the first meridian. which passes through Greenwich, England,

4. What is the meridian and what is the longitude of a place.

The meridian of a place ~15 the imaginary line. passing from pole 1o pole and cutting the equator at right angles. The longitude of a

place is its distance east or west of the first meridian.

5. What is meant by the climate of a place? The climate of a coun- try ls the characteristic condition of its weather from year to year. 0 What is a watershed?

A watershed is a ridge separating river basins.

A republic is s country whose chief is a president who is elected to office for e stated time. A met- ropolis is a large and important city. a centre of indust/ry or the seat of government.

'1. what is meant by s dogma of latitude?

A degree of latitude is one three- hundred and sixtieth of the distance around the earth measured through the poles.

8. Define tropic of Capricorn: Arctic Circle: Brest circle.

The tropic of mpricorn is the imaginary line passing around the earth twenty-three and one-half degrees south of the equator and parallel to it. The Arctic Circle is the imaginary line passing around the earth 23 1-2 degrees from the north pole and parallel to the equat- or. This line is indicated by the Circle of Illumination on June 2t

and December 21st. A great circle

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IOU]. MONII BUYS MOB. A1.‘ WELLNEES’ STORE

. d-DIAMOND COMBINATION

I Is one whoss piano passes through the centre cl the earth.

s. What is the difference between a map and a. picture?

A map is a. aha-rt oa- plan of a portlonaftheeerth drawn to a regular scale usually showrt-irq the boundaries of the countries and the relative position of its physical featurm. as well as its cities and IOWHS. and by means of parallels of latitude and meridian lines in- dioating its llbsolute position. A Picture shows things as they appear to the eye. A map indicates posit- Iim» 0m- mflfely as s plan or chart.

A bayou is one of the divisions 0i’ s river at its mouth.

The weather of a place is the condition of its atmosphere. at any particular time. as regarq he" m» cold. wind or cairn. sunshine o;- TBIH. dryness or moisture.

A village is a, community a! small time having less than 2.000 labs/bit» a s.

l0. Define natural and political divisions. esosrpments. glen, prime meridian. nation. country, pyqv. inoe state. county,

Natural divisions are such as are marked out by boundaries of na- iPX" mlki-"C. u for example con- tinents. islands. "Political divisions are those whose boundaries are laid down by man. as for instance coun- tries, counties. townships. The prime or first meridian is that pass- ing through Greenwich. England. It is numbered 0 degrees. A glen is a. small wooded valley. Art escarp- ment is a very steep slope, A nation is a number of communities under we government: and the land in which they tiwell is called a coun- try. A province ls one of the divis- ions of a country. A county is one plfwghe divisions d s state or prov-

Why u i‘ "w: a “neglected spa-t": l. BHJAPM it was little known. Until this poem of Gray's made it famous the church yard at Stoke Pogis was seldom visited save by the people of the village. Tell briefly what the author was thinking as he looked at the graves of these simple villagers.

He was thinking of the greatness they might have achieved If they had had equal opportunity with others who did so.

What is meant by “a heart progn- ant with celestial fire?" “hands that might have swayed tho rod of empire"?

A hes-rt. thrilled and allvs with Godrgivetn enthusiasm. Hands which were guided by an ability which was capable of ruling a great nation What is the force of “the ilvlnc lyre"? How might it have been "wsked to ecstsoy"?

The lyre was an ancient stringed instrument. The term is used here to typify all means of musical ex- pression. Music might have been produced which would have given

these deed hands had been given

education.

Explain the reference to Hamp- den. Cromwell. Milton.

l-Ismpden led the English people in their fight against unjust taxat- ion durilng the ruign fo Ohsrles I. Cromwell was one of the leaders of the Parliament in their struggle against the unjust government of Charles I. Later he became leader of the Parliamentary army. and when government by Council prov- ed s failure he accepted the reins of government as Lord Protector of England. His rule was a time of growth and prosperity for the English nation. Mllion, who wrote Paradise Lost. Paradise R-zgained. and other epic poems. was one of England's greatest poets.

Why was the villager who "with- stood ihe little tyrant of his fields" like H pden? He was like Hamp- den In that he had the courage to fight against injustice and tyranny. What is a tyrant? Why s "little tyrant of the fields? A tyrant is one who use! power unjusfiy. The man who used power unjustly in some question of field or farm is called the little tyrant becmse he was a tyrant in s-nnll. that is un- important things. What is the meaning of "mute"? of "tnglm- ions?" Mute; silent, not giving ex- pression to thought or emotion, In- glorious, unknown to farm. un- honoured.

Why docs the put call an un- known village labourer who has not expressed hi; thoughts rn last-

' ing words. a Milton? Because if

he hsd possessed Milton's oppor- tunities he might have produced s poem grsstsr even than Paradise Lost.

What were Oliver Cromwell’: most noted characteristics? His love of freedom sr.d justice; his stern sense of duty, his unswerv- ing love of his country. In ut-- ting down the Stuart rsboi on: in Ireland and suotiand he showed no mercy. and the t-rusl massacres st this time have stsmsd his repu- tation. How was it imt the village Cromwell is pictured by the poet as guiltless? I-Ie might. had he been given the power to achieve Cromwell! greatness. have sun passed him in wisdom and been able to maintain his power with- out bloodshed. .

flow don the writer picture these men? Why could they mo: a-

MITHODS OF

l0ed~WhIle mos‘. fruit! may In raised from seed. this methcd is seldom adopted except in isolated instances. The objections m (s) Oms fertilisation, any by bees, may‘ render the plant of the true um. from seed untrue to type: m4 (b) the length If time which mm slaps between sewing the ssed ass gathering fruit

Outlines-Osman should eon- slst of ssssad scam: pewthu or be provided with s "has!" of old

' "Infill. giving reasons.

LITERATURE "GRAY'S ELEGY"_

ll. Describe the climate of the extreme north of the continent of North America. It is very cold, 1h the extreme north of the continent snow and ice cover the ground a1] the year.

12. Describe its southern cliimats.

It l! tropical; that is. it has the Wlfm. moist climate of all tropical regions.

13. locate its areas of scant r i - ml- Billing reasons. an

A 1am area of the Western Missi- ssippi Basin, thePlatcau states, the Dtovince of Alberta and pm o; Saskatchewan. The Highlands at North America run north and South. Thus the prevailing westerly winds from the Pacific are deprived of much of their moisture by the lofty R-Ddty Mountain Highland; and the mountains lying to the 186. ward I71’ ""5 810st mountain wall have a scanty rainfall.

l4 Locate its areas of copious

The Pacific Slope for the reasons Ilvm in the answer to question l3. The Atlantic slope, especially in the northern part where the cold of the Labrador current. meeting with the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. cause dense fog, which is precipitated in rainfall.

l5. Where in North America. is the climate insular or temperate? Give reasons. On the coast; and Ihwsh less so. along the chain of the Great Lakes. The effect of ‘h? Presence of lame bodies of water ls m make the climate more temperate.

l8 Where is It. txmtlnentsl or ex- treme? Give reasons,

In the interior. The mountains. which run pamliel to the coast. protect the interior from the tern. PQPIIII influence of the oceans Our prevailing winds are Westerly.

chieve these ihilmb? 1.1% pictures them as great sw-teamen and sol- diers, benefactors to their co-un- try, loved and honoured by their follows They migh; never achltevt these things because it was their fortune to be born to a life of obscurity and toil.

What two reasons does the poet give in the second stanza of the extract as to wit? the" Vim“ people did not achieve the B!!!“ m“ of Hempclen. Cromwell or Milton? They were uneducated. They were pour. What figure of speech in: But knuwledde t0 91911‘ eyes her ample page wzth the spoils of time, did’ near unroll. Perscnification. knowledge l! pictured as a pflwn “"11"! be‘ I fore the eyes of her pup"! ~‘ “"11 on which is written all the wisdom of the ages. Why are U19 D1865 of knowledge “ample” Why l" they “flch with the sports o! time?“ Because ti)?!‘ COMBI" Such a great amount of knowledge -ali

beginning of the world. and still

the knowledge and skill of s. musical ma“ in m, ,c,.,,“_ 11,11 ma; may 1

y“ b; known," The spoil! of time, the things which knowledge has gained from time. ore the truths which have already been Iedrnird What ward do we use instead of "penury"? Why chill penury? Pov- erty. Chill becaus it is cold. un- friendly. libcplsln: repressed their noble rage. froze the genial current of the soul. Prevented them from giving force to their jus‘. and righteous indignation. Fri-vented their thoughts and efforts from following the line of their talent and interest as ice stops the flow of a current. To what two things are these gifted but unknown vil- lagers likened in stanza: Full many a gem-’I‘o n. pearl lying undiscov- ered in s dark ccasn cave; to a flower blooming and fading vnwen ln the depths of the forest What does the poet mean by their lot? Their fate, the circumstance of ‘heir being born to a life of poverty and ignorance. Their growing vir- tues. their chances of being great and offering a noble and acceptable service to their country. What crimes does the poet name which these people owing to their circum- stances. might never commit? To choke out truth with falsehood for the sake of gain: to harden their hearts to commit, wrongs and in- iustices without shame; to use their talents to gain for themsel- ves ease and fame. ‘

Why is the strife of the crowd igncbie? It is lgncble because t! is selfish. Everybody ts striving to gain for himself power or plessu c or possession.

Explain: Their sober wishes never learned to stray; They lived so quietly that they never wished for anything other than that which

llfs gave them. What is meant by the tenor o! their way: their settled course.

their unchanging msnnerof on- ward progrvls. Why noiseless? Un- hotlcod, making no stir In the world. Express the main lhousht of um. extract. The» mm migh: have been as greet as any of the world's most famous statesmen l-sldlefl. artists, or posts if they hsd been given an equal opportunity. Their circumstances prevented their s- chlcvlng great service to the world but it also prevented their soil- ing, their souls with great crimes against it.~ -

PROPAGATION

wood from the she'll branch. The but length is nine or teas inches, and cuttings should be taitsn In spring before the buds open or in autumn sftsr the fruus gathered.

Select a sunny Mot phil- fared as much as pssstbls m! in- sert‘ the cuttings to sum hsIf their length in s Iight compost of leaf mould or sand Ions ‘short upward tilts use. be nap at the

obje

the

be

are reflected shot." when red light. consisting only of the longest wave lengths visible to the eye, or blue light with very short waves- falls umn u white object, the object appears to be rad or blue because of the r0- the greatest possible pleasure if that hag been learned since the flection to the eys of those wave chlorophyll. Thus we learn

OUR FIRST ANNIVERSARY

On December 18th we celebrate our first year in business, a year that has been crownedwith success due to the splendid patronage afforded us by our many cus-

i'Li

mm sad ef the mm Md to ht- snttoa; mug with wise-senses

as roquired and give water. m exposed places. best re- sults will be obtained by striking the cuttings in boxes or psns un- der- bottom hect-

lisyerlng. An outer branch the subject to be propagated by thh means is bent down to thl ground In which a hollow has bash scooped to receive it. The branch is than pegged dovm to retain it i-n this position and covered with fins soil so that several arc buried. Before pegging down and esrthing up it may be advis- able to make a longitudinal slit in that psrt which is to he covered. The branch will send out while still attached to the parent plant and need only be from it when properly rooted, af- ter which it may be transplant- (‘ll to its permanent position Nat- ural layering sometimes takes place.

i. e..

glass and providing

notable example being

strawberry, which sends out run- ners in all directions. The runners develop roots at intervals and a new plant is formed at every such point. '

Grim"!- Thl‘! il the usual meth- nd of propagation Ir. the cases of those fruit trees grown from seed. take years reach the fruiting stage cuttings of the specimen to

propagated. lli e taken

spring when the sap is rising or in autumh before it has ceased to flow. The tree upon which graft is made is termed ‘he "stock" and it must belong to the same botanical family us The cutting and lhn stock may be prepared in various ways. In clef‘

SOIL TEMPERATURE

The temperature of 1. soil may greatly influence tho plants which grow in ‘rt. One of the principal effects of low soil tempenature is the reduction of the rate of water absorption by the root. whose roots are in s soil contain- ing abundant water may wilt when the temperature is very tow. There are a number of factors which effect the toil temperature. Amt-mg the most these are: (I) ‘the intensitv and duration of the light which falls upon the soil. (2) The air tempera-

THE FUNCTION OF CHLOROPHYLL

What we speak of as white light may be conceived of as consisting of waves of many different lengths, ranging from the relatively ion: waves of red light successively orange, yellow, and green light to the very short waves of blue and violet light. By means of a glln prism a beam of white light can be "sorted out" into its different wave lengths and arranged tn cr- der according to the lenifth these waves, the. result being what we call a. spectrum. or more 00m- monly a “rainbow? When a white ct is illuminated by ight, all the different wave lengths equally. but