ymuakv 29, 1-151

- THE GUARDIAN. Ci-lARLOT'l'ETOW'N

THE ED UCA TIONAL HORIZON

rassanriso NEWS AND views or INTEREST T0 raacusus AND ALI. OTHERS SEEKING IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION

YE MARINERS OF ENGLAND

The poem may be summarized as (allows: Your ancestors have left you 3, heritage of glory; you are .-tilled upon to emulate their deeds. These historic memories will 'ln- .silIl'P. you in your task. Britain looks with proud confidence to you nlrne as her defence. England will not be unmindful of you when your W1; is done.

Braved-the -battle and the breeze. The flag is used for-' the might of which it is emblematic.

A thousand years. Alfred the Great is popularly supposed to have founded the fleet toward the close iii the ninth century; as this poem was completed in 1800. the fleet nad Pxistcd for nearly a thousand years

To match another foe. In the year ..r the poem, the Armed Neutrality League had been formed. conshtlng of Norway. Sweden, Denmark. and Russia, with the Czar Paul at its head . The Battle of the Baltic and the assassination of the Czar put an end to its existence.

where Blake and Mighty Nelson tell. The line stood originally "wliere Blake. the boast of free- tinn. fell." Nelson was also already innile famous by his destruction of the French fleet in the Bay of ,u,mikir on August 1st. 1798. It was uni. till five years after the pub- IlL.'ll.l0ll of the poem that he fell in the Battle of Trafalgar. Blake rl'Plil.Pd Admiral in 1649. drove Prince Rupert's fleet from the Irish must and blockaded it in the mJuth at the Tagus. In 1652. he defeated the Dutch Admiral Ftuyter in the l-Inglish Channel; in 1655. he boni- liarzled Algiers and destroyed its tlcrt of pirates. and c0nQU93'9d- J.'tlllillCll. In 1657, he sank the Span-

ish Plate fleet in the harbour of Santa Cruz. Ind died at sea in this year of his greatest victory.

Bulwarks. Martello towers were being erected at this time, Is a de- fence tc the southern coast. The poet no doubt thought that one good ship of war was worth half a dozen towers.

Her march is o'er the mountain waves. Note the metaphor; like Hannibal and Napoleon. she marches across the mountains. but the mountains are waves. Notwith- standing the success of Marl- borough. and the more recent vic- tories over the French. arms in India and Canada. the poet dis- regards the army as a factor in the National power and turns with enthusiasm to the fleet Native oak. English soil furnishes the best material for its own defence. The language is still effective though the conditions are wholly changed. The lronclads have taken the place of ships of ”Native oak".

As they roar on the shore. The comparison between the war of the cannon and the war of the waves as they beat the shore is magnific- ent. Meteor - burn. Meteors were thought to portend disaster. The phrase is expressive of the dread and terror inspired by the liglitlng movements of England's fleet.

Danger's troubled night. The gloom cast over England by the threatening attitude of Napoleon.

The ston-n has ceased to blow. The corresponding lines in the pre- ceding stanzas are taken literally: here the "storm". represents war.

The poem stirs the blood like the sound of a trumpet.

HEALTH WEEK

The Canadian Teachers' Feder- ation is pleased to endorse and sup- port the annual National Health Week which will be held February -itli to 10th.

National Health Week has so caught the attention and interest of Canadians. that it is now the must. important annual health edu- .-:it.ion event in the nation. From a small beginning in 1944. When it iiiIS attempted on an experimental iliisls in a few Ontario centers. it has grown into a truly national event, it being doubtful if many Canadians missed hearing or read- ing about some phase of health during the 1950 observance.

Such events as National Health

Week help emphasize that "The First Wealth is Health! The Health League of Canada. which sponsors the "Week". suggests that teach- ers can help the 1951 observance as follows: by obtaining health edu- cation material-POSVB-V5. P3m0h19l5- etc, .. from their provincial health departments; by organizing on dis- trict. school or class levels health essay and poster contests;-by ar- ranging for the showing of special health films obtainable from NH- tion Film Society brancIhes;- through special talks by local health authoritis. at regular or special school assemblies. C. T. F. Newsletter. -

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PERSPEX .

'Perspex'. acrylin resin. is one of the most versatile Ind attractive of the new synthetic materials which the British chunicIl industry has yet produced. since I. C. I. chemists discovered it in 1932, this crystal- clear plastic has fou.n:i hundreds of uses as varied as the transparent parts of aircraft. electric light fit- tings. chemical plants. and corru- gated sheets for roof lighting. 'Per- sDex' is made from acetone. of which one method of manufacture is based on olasses. a by-product of sugar manufacture. The first step in making it is to produce a

1. who was the Canadian who invented the use of standard time zones? 2. Who leads the party seat- ed on the Speaker's right in the present House of Commons? 3. who was CInnda's first Prime Minister? 4. In what year did the statute of Westminster become effective? 5. when was our present system of decimal currency introduced? 6. Who was the first explorer to sail

1. A ship requires 40 tons of coal per day. How long will 2: tons last? 2. The perimeter of a square is 2a inches. What is. its area?

3. Eggs are 3: cents per dozen; how many do you get for 31.00? If the price goes up 1 cent per dozen. how many do you get for 81.00

4. If x per cent of a candle is

burned. what percentage of it is left? 5. if sugar is bought at a cents per lb. and sold at a profit of 25 per cent. What would one receive for 12 pounds?

6. The thickness of a sheet of paper is 1-3: of an inch. Hcvw many sheets will a pile of paper, y in. high. contain?

7. A block of stone is x feet long, y feet wide and 2 feet high. What is the area of its surface?

8. A field is ax yards long and y yards wide; find the area of a

Some suspect them of being frag- ments of broken-up comets which come hurtling into the atmosphere of the earth. There they come in contact with the gases and are set on fire by friction. That is true of some of the most regular and spec- tacular of the showers cd eteorlc stones which visit the earth year after year It the same time. We have to picture the comet: fairly compact assemblage of stories as having been broken up. and the stones Is having been strung out fa.rt.her and farther along the great ellipse on which the comet used to travel. The first conglomer- atloin of the stones may still keep fairly well together, but the others may stretch out for millions of miles. When the earth, on its path round the sun. crosses one of these old comet y paths. a shower of meteors always occurs. If the earth should chance to run into the thickest part of the swIrm. where once the nucleus was, there is a great shower. This is what happens with the most famous of the show- ers, the Lconids. as well as with those which are called the Blellds, because they are the dispersed fragments of Biela's comet. with these two the shower. or warm. does not happen every year. because the stones have not been strung out very far; though we may mention that the swarm of the neonl.-is takes three years to pass a given point.

Besides these regular sharpshoot- ers of the heavens there are thous- and: of others-free-lanoes which belong to no regular regiment. The number at metcors which a close watcher may see on I clear night varies from six or seven on some nights to ten times that number on others. But our eye can see I star- ry stone that shoots only if it en-

Arrange the pupils in rows. Place prefixes on the chalk board. one in front of each row of pupils. Allow the pupils I few minutes to think of words beginning with the pre- fixes they are to use. when the teacher call: "R.u.ni" the first player

in each row hurries to the bond

sulphur is I norunetallic element

stain or combined. It is brittle, lem- on-yellow crystalline solid.

.Italy is not rich in minerals. However. the country is one of the world's foremost producers of sui- phur; this useful minerall is found chiefly in the volcanic regions of Sicily. -

Sulphur beds in Texas and Louis- iana. althcufi discovered in 1865. wuo It first useless because they could not be mined. In 1903 Her- man Fresh invented a process by which be wu able to recover sui- pivur from dmtha up to 900 feet. by Iinkisu thee pipe: which were plac- ed one inside the other. Very hot water was forced dow-n- the outer- most pipe to melt the sulphur. snd compressed air was forced through the innermost. This caused the eul- phir to be forced up thromh the middle pipe Ind flow out into boxes where it solidified.

Sulphur depoeits are caused by certain bacteria which eat I coni- pound of sulphur and hydrogen known Is hydrogen sulphide. The wuto products of the bacteria Ire water and ulphur.

Volcanic sulphur is formed from the Ietion on each other of hydro- gen sulphide and sulphur dioxide. whlhpouruitofthgcrsteroftiie volcano. sulphur forms many mm. ponds. illrtloularly with metals.

Bubhur dioxide. a compound of sulphur Ind oxygen, is used for

Ilene-hing paper. wool, allk. straw,

that is found either in I. native

water white liquid called methyl metbucrylate. The next is to poly- merise this liquid. that is to cause its molecules to join in long chains. The result is polyrnethyl-met.ha- crylste which is sold under the proprietary name 'Perspex'. Although only half the weight of K135-3. tPerspex' is extremely tough. and its development was a timely achievement of the British chemic- al industry. In 1939 it was adopted for the transparent pI.rts of all British fighting aircraft. and to- day new uses are constantly being found for it. .

QUIZ (Canada)

the North-West Passage? 7. Watson Seller does what job for Canadians? 8. What is the length of the Can- ada-U. S. boundary? 9. What. and where. are the Torngata? 10. What is Canada's la t retail business? ll. What countries are Canadals nearest neighbours? 12. What is Canada's longest river? 13. What province has the largest coal de- posits? 14. What is Canada's writ- ten constitution?

ALGEBRA

fence. li feet high. round the field. 9. The railway fare for a journey of a mile is y dollars; What is the fare for b miles at the same rate? 10. A knife and a fork oost sex: the knife costs 2:: dollars more than the fork. what is the cost of each? 11. Find the simple interest on ex for 3 years '13 days at 5 per cent per annum.

11 A tank contains at cu. feet of water. If it is four feet long and 3 feet wide. what is the depth of the water?

13. A bucket holds 3: pounds of wa- ter. A clstem when empty weighs y pounds and holds b -buckets of water. What will be its weight when flu.i'1?

14. How many seconds will a train travelling x feet a second take to pass over a bridge a yards long. the length of the train being b

yards? METEORS AND METEORITES

ters the air a couple of hundred miles or so away.

If all that came in every day could be counted. the daily shower

would run into millions. some are so small that they could never be

seen at all; they are mere dust. that never reach the earth's sur- face. but are.burned to powder in the rush of their fiery rassage, may be the size of small bricks. The "shooting stars" that are burned up are called metcoas and when we sweep out the dust of a room we may -be sure that some of it was once part of a meteor.

Sometimes I greatcir mass comes almost unscathed to earth. in spite of having had a speed of eighty miles In hour when it first reach- ed the earth's envelope of gas. and having passed into ever increasing speed through the last hundred miles of its flight. There are fine collection: in London. New York and Washington. It is not correct to call them shooting stars or mete- ors as we often do; they are really meteorites. They may properly be called slderltes or siderolite. which

are masses of stone only. or lime- stone and silica; or aerolites. which are nearly pure iron Ind nickel.

The strangest thing about these stones from the skies is that many minerals known on earth have been found in smaller or.greater number in some of them.

one of the largest meteoric stones known. weighing about fifty tons. is at Bacubirlio. in Mexico. Another large one was brought from Green- land by Commander Peary. -the dis- coverer of the North Pole. It weigiis over thirty-six tons. The largest meteorites icnown fell in South Africa and Siberia. A very interest- ing one weighing fifteen and I half tons. was found near Willamette. Oregon. in 1902. T. B. 0. K.

PREFIXES

who must write another word. The words in any column must begin with the same prefix. The game continues until the teacher calls "Stop!" The words are then ex- amined in each column to see -whether or not any are unsuitable or incorrectly spelled. The row which

and writes a word. He hands the has the largest nu.mber of satisfact- chalk to the next player in his row my words wins.

SULPHUR .

and such fruits In cherries and raisins. Sulphur burning produces sulphur dioxide. which destroys bacteria. Therefore. sulphur is made into candles used to disinfect sick- rooms.

Rubber is '- rdened with sulphur or its compounds. B0”, A Ind charcoal Ire mixed with it to make gunpowder. spraying fluids, used to

, insects and fungus growths on trees and vines. contain sulphur. It is also used in making dyes and drugs.

The mI.nutIcture of sulphuric acid is based on sulphur. deposits of which are comparatively rare.

The process which might prove

capable of augmenting sulphur sup- plieI is I biological one. At the con- wr of the process are the micro- onuiiuns known In mlphIte-re- ducing bacteria which reduce sui- phItes to sulphides. In I number of lakes in Africa. this process goes on nalunlly. the final product be- ing I deposit of sulphur It the bot- tom of the lakes. scientists. of the Chemical Research Laboratory have been studying some Libyan lakes from this point of view.

one typical lake which was ex- amined recently. was covered to a depth of e inches with finely divid- ed sulphur. The ilk! was milky blue in colour. but with I broId bInd of red round its border. The red colour: was due to I carpet of gelltinmis material which lay on the bed of

the lake in shallow water. It was

underneath. A well-washed sample was examined and found to consist mainly of pink cells. This is pro- blbly a species of organism which lroduce sulphur from the sulphide in the presence of light and deposits lt inside the cell. The green colour waI produced by other organisms which rapidly oxidise sulphide to

cell and they are probably the chief

The French colonial territory of Indo-China is strategically import- ant, because it is the main highway into south east Asia. It consists of three states. Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam. There is no trouble in Oambodla' or Laos and they are making progress in self-govern- ment. In Viet Nam there is a strong Nationalist movement which is divided. one part is under the con- trol of the Communist. Ho Chi Min-h. and the other part is under Baa Dal.

The French were setting up self- governing institutions rapidly and transferring authority to the Indo- Chlnese. The objective was a com- pletely independent state associated with France in the same way that India and Pakistan were associated with the United Kingdom.

since France adopted its present policy llld Bao Dal returned to the

Legumes are plants that are equipped with bacteria clusters on the roots that enable them to ex- tract nitrogen from the soil air. Alfalfa. peas. beans. clover. and the vetches are Legumes

Value of growing legumes: (ll They have many leaves and are good for fodder: (2) their seeds are

agents responsible for the sulphur at the bottom of the lake. This for- mation of sulphur me since been reproduced in the laboratory by in- oculating an artificial lake water, based on In analysis of the original. with the red and green material and crude cultures of sulphate re- ducers. A good yleld of sulphur was

sulphur and deposit it outside the obtained. 0. ILL.

INDO-CHINA

country to take the leadership tltey had gained important military and political victories. Where Baa Dal had only 10 per cent of the Nation- list movement behind him It the beginning he now has 50 per cent and he had gradually pushed the communists out of the more popul- ous and productive parts of the country back toward the Chinese border.

Ho Chi Mlnh. wl.s on the point of being beaten and to save him China sent him more help. with this additional ai Ho chi Minh compelled the Fre h to withdraw from some of their advance poses. Their recent successes have been more serious politically than mili- tary: because anywhere in the ori- erit-, it is the side which appears to be winning that gains the most adherent:

LEGUMES

have long roots that feed deeply; (4) they take nitrogen from the air and are therefore easier on the soil than cereal or root crops.

Value of gmwing hay; (1) it is cheap food; (-2) it is out before most- weeds produce their seed; (3) it adds thu-mus: (4) it is sown with a grain or nurse crop.

rich i.n food material; (3) they

Manchuria. It is a little larger in area than the Province of Ontario, with a population of 40 million peo- ple. It is the richest mining and industraial area of China. its mines yield coal. iron ore. bauxite. cop- per. gold. lead. and zinc. The south- ern and eastern part of Manchurls. is dotted with dams. power plants. iron and steel mills. machine-tcol shops and textile mills.

Manchuria is also important to China as I food-producing region. Except for the industrial section in the east. it is a land of farms and forests. About eight-tenths of the pecvple of Manohuria till the soil. While Manchuria is part of China. Russia has I. great deal of control over the region. Thousands of soviet officials are in Manchuria.

Sydenham was appointed gov- ernor-general of Canada in 1839 to carry out some of the recommen- dations made by Lord Durham. In his famous report. His first task was to obtain the consent of the

'onies cf Urpvper and Lower Can-

MANCHURIA

directing everything from its gov- ernment to its railways and far- tories. Russia also has troops stat- ioned at Port Arthur which is an important naval base

The Sulho power daim on the Korean-Manchurian border is 328 feet long. It backs up a reservoir: 40 feet high and is nearly 280 miles long. The Suiho dam is locat- ed abc-ut 75 miles from the mouth of the Yalu River and is about two thirds that of the Hoover Darn on the Colorado River.

The Sulho Dam produces much of the electricity for Manch-uria, as well as for North Korea and is of great importance to both the Com- munist and the United Naticns forces. Another Dam in Manchurla is the Mampochln. The area of Manchurla ls 363.610 square miles.

HISTORY

difficulty as the Assembly had been abolished as I result of the rebel- lion. and the ruling Council with its English majority favoured union. In Upper Canada, however. the Tories were persuaded to consent only by the full exercise of sydenhainvs fine diplomatic skill and by the promise

ads to their union into one pro- vince. I.n Lower Canada he had no

much more than that of lower Canada. should be assumed by the unitcd provinces. Their consent. having been obtained. the Act of Union was passed in 1810.

The other half of sydenhams work was to set the machinery of government into operation. He fol- lowed Durh"an's i commendation by inaugurating I system of municipal government. but did not wholly adopt his proposal of rexsponslble government. He made a consider- able step in this direction when he chose his executive council from the elected assembly. thus making it responsible to the people. He did not. however. accept the idea of I cabinet responsible Is I. unit. and he himself prepared and directrd the legislative programme. Thus he acted as his own prime minister and his system of partial cabinet