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UR. J, #. AYERS

Earopean Arbitration,

BY LADY COOK, nee TENNESSEE CLAFLIN,

Just_as “‘any rope is good enough to hang a dog wich, ” sd in the past any cause has been good enough for war. Chronic international hatreds and jealousies made the nations ripe to fight for imaginary injuries or advantages as readily as for real ones. Thus a spirit of con. tempt and animosity towards foreigners was encouraged by rulers so that they might the more easily excite the people to war phrensy whenever they cesired it. The patriotism and genius of poets were enlisted on the same side. A century ago the mercenary pen of Dibdin fired the Navy to incredible heroism. He flattered every prejudice and foible of our simple-minded tars. Not a forecastle but rang with his songs:

‘While English hearts, We'll tip ’em ail round a touch: While with ardour each starts that nothing can quench, We'll bang the Spaniards, belabour the Dutch And block up laugh at the French.

bosoms boast English

Now the French while in harbour so snug and so sly, "Bout their courage they make a fine rout; If they'd have the whole world not believe it a lie, Then, damme, why don’t they come out?”

Of Nelson he wrote:

‘So you see the stow’d, — "Twas no use with a hist’ry to charge ‘em; He'd occasion for only the old-fashion mode, Taken, burnt, and destroyed, as_ per marjum.

despatches was easily

**Thus ,with one of his preciOus limbs shot away,

Bold Nelson know’d well how to pick ’em;

So as for the French, ‘tis as much ag to say,—

We can tie up one hand 4nd they Jick ‘em,”’

Then of England, that wonderful country sing,

Where we’ve thousands of joy, if we need em.”

Mild laws that protect us, a Protestant king,

Lovely women, grog, biscuit, and freedom,”

When Dibdin died in 1814, Beranger was twenty-four, and had already made himself a name, An earnest and true poct, he was con- tent to suffer for his opinions, and was equally free from venality and servility. But from purer motives he did for the French Army much the same that Dibdin had done for the English Navy. This French Anacreon, who sang so sweetly of love, also tuned his lyre to war, and, with those witty sarcasms which the French so appreciate, animated the hatred of his country against its old aristocracy, and against foreigners. The opera of ‘‘Charles VI.” by Halevy, brought out in 1843, contains a song byCasimir and Germain Delavigne: ‘*La France a l’horreur du servage, Et si grand qui soit le danger, Plus grand encore est son cour- age, Quand il faut chasser l’etranger, &c.” The chorous is intensely and amusingly Gallic: “Guerre aux tyrans! jamais, jamais ea France, (bis Jamais l’Anglais ne regnera. (bis) Non, non,non, jamais, non, Jamais, en France, Jamais l Anglais ne regnera, Non!”

Thus from age to age, from Homer to Tenny- son, one of the two grand themes of poets, great and small, have been men and deeds of War. The sweet-voiced, calm-eyed muse of Pease has been seldom heard amid the fanfare of trumpets and the roll of drums. Peace has been despised. Men of peace have been class- ed with women and cowards. We, to-day, the greatest of all manufacturing and commercial peoples that have existed, do all we can to make war attractive. We bedizen our mean- est soldiers with gaudy apparel, cover the breasts of chiefs with stars and orders, al- though we pay them all badly from the be-

ginning Zand neglect them after years of faithful service. The soldiers _ of

peace, however, the, ‘sank and file” of industry, are far more negleced; the heroes of science are feebly reccgiised and scantily re- warded by our rulers, All, however, will ac- knowledge that the ultimate happiness of man- kind must depend upon the universay rule of peace. The abolition of war is daily becoming more and more a vital necessity to civilization. Trade shrinks and withers at the mere whisp- er of war. The industrial armies of Europe cannot be ground down much longer to main- tain the costly organizations of destruction.

One man out of every five is withdrawn from the producers, and becomes a non-producer at the cost of the other four. If the twelve mill- ions of men in Europe, ‘‘the most robust, the most energetic, and the best trained, ” who are taken from the fields and the workshops to learn how to kill and destroy skilfully, could be restored to the ranks of labour, fand permitt- ed to become husbands and fathers, perhaps we should not have starving women in London making shirts for sevenpence a dozen, nor so many fallen sisters pacing its weary streets.

It is no easy matter, however, to abolish customs which are coeval with the whole exist- ence of mankind, and which were doubtlessly derived from their beast-like ancestors, From the times when men fought with fangs and claws to the present, war has been more or le 8 their normal condition’ But the more they become men the farther they recede frou: the processes of brutes. The recent restrictions on war, and the humanity introduced into it, are auguries of a time when it will be ranked with cannibalism and other outrages upon our race.

And the question which concerns us now is by what method may it most rapidly and effec- tively be made impracticable? Disarmament has been proposed by many critics. This ap- pears to offer insuperable difficulties. Which are the powers that should disarm, and to what extent, and who will take the _ initiative?

What guarantees can there be that any agree- ment on the matter would be respected by all parties? Religion could once enforce “‘The Truce of God,” and the sword for a time rusted in its sheath. But the power of the Popes and the iorces of superstition have been broken. To what new powers can we appear? There are Oily three: the growing necessity of unre. stricted interchange of national productions, the increasing sentiment of the brotherhood of men, and the widening sense of justice. Bro- therhood and Justice! should be the new watchwords of the peoples, and then wars and other oppressions wiil more speedily decrease.

If all countries were in the same state of civilization, or if civilizations did not contain large proportions of the uncivilized, complete disarmament might, theoretically, take place. But in much of the world nothing short of the of military chastisement can repress the turbul- lent and predatory instincts that are always ready to burst forth. In London alone we

have fifty thousand regular thieves, besides

fa CT

other savages, and but for our soldiers it mizht be sacked at amy moment. So long as force threatens, any community, force must Le pro- vided. wherewith to meet it. The worst war is preferable to Anarchy. To suppose that war can cease et! over the world is an idle dream” The imperfect devolopment of social order in the greater part of it, makes universal peace an impossibility.

Nevetheless the greatest powers could easil y determine, should they desire it, to resort to a European Court of Arbitration, instead of sett- ling their disputes by ruinous wars, For it is those who have most to lose who should be the keenest in favour of peace. And if they were vnce earnestly and loyally to agree to arbitra- tion,the lesser powers would be constrained to follow them, and by degrees disarmament would take place naturally and spontaneously. If France, Germany, Austria, Russia, the United States and Engldad, would but take common action on this poiat, it would suffice for the whole world, An International Court of Arbitration established amoug and for them- selves wonld eventually become a Court of Justice for the rest. International laws already exist and would be added to and improved, and become identified with international nior- ality. At present the whole field is one of ua- certainty and conjecture. Buta new and large class of international lawyers would arise, men of wide research and equitable views, to digest formulate, and plead the rules of the science which is destined to give peace te the nations.

As in ordinary courts of law, the ablest aod most profound pleaders should succeed the judges of the International Tribunal, and de- cide by the passionless laws of equity, alike free from diplomatic chicanery and political heat,

The lofty standard of justice taught by inter- national lawyers from Grotius down to this day, has been largely ineffective because causes have always been decided by statesmen instead of by professional judges. Professor Sheldon Amos said of the Arbitration at Geneva under the Treaty of Washington, that it ‘thas been a good deal marred Ly the national party feel- ing by which some of the arbitrators were ag- itated, and from which a permanently consti- tuted Court of Justice might (if it could be found at all) be expected to be moderately ex- empt.” Other causes, tov, have contributed to this and similar results.

The canons of right and wrong differ in diff- erent countries owing to opposite usages. But equity is superior to usage, and the proposed Court, which would be a Supreme Court of Justice for the world, would be essentially a Court of equity. At present there is no canon of right and wrong to determine when it is justified to go to war, or whether any given war is just or unjust,although the most wanton belligerent always feels compelled to offer a pretence of justification for breaking peace.

But a European Court of Arbitration would make the laws as well as the judgments

Many causes of war are dying out among states of equal civilization. Religious tolera- tion free trade, co’o 1ial independence, a wider diffusion of knowledge, freer communication, and the decreasing influence of royalties and aristocracies, are rendering absolute the most notable causes of wars in past times. And when the suffrage’ is extended to Women as to men, their vote for peace will be so unanimous and so powerful that no constitutional govern- ment will be able to exist unless its policy be for arbitration as a preventive against war.

English Hospitality to Americans.

Complaints used to be heard in times past that Englshmen—some few of them—-who had been well received in America had treated their American hosts coldly in England. There may have been such cases. The best society is not perfect, nor always entirely free from black sheep. But my conjucture would be that in most cas¢s there had been a misunder- standing or misapprehension, and that this misapprehension was on the part of the American, One of these complaints was made to me, the maker an American of such a_posi- tion that it seemed most unlikely he should in- cur a slight. “‘When A. was in Anmierica he staid with me on the Hudson. I gave him din- ners in New York, and letters to friends who did everything for him. I called on him here by his request. Hehas not oftered me so much as a cup of tea nor sent me an invitation of any kind. I suggested that it was already the end of the London season, that I knew that A, was leaving town and his town house closed, and I asked my irate friend whether he had not been asked to visit A. in Scotland.

**Asked? No, not asked. He just said, casually, he hoped I would let him knew when I was coming to Scotland. You den’t call that an invitation?”

Nevertheless, that is precisely what it was meant to be, and was. It is the English way. The Englishman, I explained as delicately as I knew how, never says a thing he does not mean, never emphasizes, often says less than he means, is never elaborate, not often ceremon- ous. ‘*He said to you exactly what he would have said to an intimate friend. He does not make allowance for your unacquaintance with English customs. He wants you tocome, and if you do not, he will not understand why. country-house life in Scotland is on easier thanin England. You donot shoot,and there- fore you are not asked to make one of a shooting-party for a fixed date. You are treated not as a gun, butas a friend. Propose yourself whenever it is convenient. and you will be welcomed.” I hadused an unlucky phrase ‘Propose myself? Do,you think I am going to ask A to receiv meas a guest?” Again I had to explain. The phrase, though not perhaps very elezant, is conventional. It isthe equivalent of the one which my highspirited countryman, whom it was impossible not to like the better for his high spirit, had resented. It is perhaps rather more common, or is used to supplement the other. Ifyou say you are going to Scot- land, the rejoinder is ** Will yeu propose your- self to us?” For the convenience of both part- ies a fixed date is avoided, and for the con- venience of beth a date is named by the arriv- ing guest a little later, and not Jong before his visit. If it prove inconvenient, the answer is, ** We are full on that date. Can you come a week later?” Inthis way visits are dove- tailed into each other; the host keeps his house full, and the guest arranges his route, or, as the phrase is, his round of visits, to suit him- self, All this is perfectly understood in Eng- land and Scotland. The American on his first trip abroad did not understand it. He did not seem to like it even after it had been ex- plained to him. He made his visit, neverthe- less, proposed himself,got a cordial letter ‘‘de- lighted to see you,” went, staid ten days, and wrote me that nothing could be more charming than his reception, and that A. and all his family had treated him as an old friend.

This English reserve of manner and speech may or may not be the best thing in the

world, but it is English and you must take ‘the English as you find them. No missionary

THR DAILY KXAMINEk, CHARLOTTETOWN, MAY 22, 1854

effort to make them over into the similitude of Americans or others will be of the least avail. They are genuine, simple, convinced, and en- lirely sincere, Weare quite entitled to thinks that the American way is best, and that an in- vitation ought to be expressed with enthusiasm, that ceremonies ough! to be ob- served, or that a host’s manner ought to de de- monstrative and pressing. But you will not convert the English to that view, and the plain alternative before you is to take them as they are or leave them alone.

—From ‘* English Country-ITouse Life, ’ by George W. Smalley, in Harper’s Magazine for May.

Most advertisers have a decided pre- ference or “home” circulation. Fiye- sixths of the circulation of of the Portland (Me.) Evening Express is de- livered directly into the homes of its subscribers by carrier. The carrier sys- tem of the Express is complete in Port- land and all towns within ten miles. The advantage of a “ home ” circula- tion is that the advertising medium is regularly read by the entire household and at atime when expenditures are planned. Such a circulation, delivered regularly, does not fluctuate as widely as “news-stand” and “street sale” circulation.

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