The Paper That covers Prince Edward Island '

ornln-

r (porn. Pren Special.)

lliONTREAL, April 28.—Intimat- on was given today by the United tatcs railways that they ln-tend () proceed with therrrezulatious rovidlng that on and after May , all freight shlPlnents to any olnt in Kannada must be prepaid t the pointtof shlllluent clear hrough to the twill! 0i’ destinat- n 1n tfrmzula, in United States urrency, irrespective 0f the mil- g9 on llnltcd Sllllcfl "i195, 0r the - llage ou Canadian lines. To em- hsslze this point Iwticc was giv- n by the Delaware and lludson

Like, the Dew I --'-—_

lrarlottetown Guardian, Three Oenti. . Guardian. Founded 1891. Evflllng qnvdhn. m”

EITEII5 IIIEIII HIT | lll IINITEIIETITIZE IIIIIIIIIYS

and other UnltedlStsteq muwa . - Y5 $3,111‘: ‘IT? wuuid "o! Ollly demand f“; _- Glmflllllnt lull- would .re- do}. rlll‘! tlanslrlpnrent at tho bor. wnh 12.0 that Canadian importers b l t not be able to get their goods lydlfeillwllll; their goods for tno "IiHLfi States haul in United States “lllvllv? to the border and then nay the hnul in Canada in (fanati- la" "m"?! (‘anndiau currency has been worth fronl 88 to 88 1-2 cents on the dollar this week in New Xork funds,so that the consequent llllllflrt on mporters is likely to b,- hcavy. lCoal importers are spm-ln]. l.\' hard hit '

III III ITS SETTLEMENT IIIJT

TIIIIIHIIIIIY IIIIIENIIEIT

(Dllm- Plus Special.)

0TT-‘\\\3\-- /\lll‘ll 38.—Some ‘Jllrifilll thc principal of thc dcbt 'l‘hcI

eudnrcnts to the ‘Soldiers Segue. nrent Act which will Jlghteu the burdcu of the ex-servico man, who has rlcqtrirctl lrmd undcr provisions of the statue rind desires to securg stock and equipment, were upprov. ed in tho [Commons today. They ‘,lnakc easier the terms oi repay- “ merit of loans granted to the sold- ier settler. for the buying of stock and equipment by extending the period for repayment fronl four to rill .\‘l*-ll‘n. The settler upon llllilll- provcd laltd will tnukc no payment rllhcr of interest of principal of stock or equlvpnletit lorlns for two years. For one year thereafter he will pay interest only for thron- vears he will tuukc paylucltts suf-

tul Miners _ Strike. Pro test

' (Dom. Press Special.) .'

lnlllNEY, N. S., April ZlL-(loal nilncrson district of 241 embracing .\ova hcotla and New Brunswick will hc ldlc on May lst as a .pro- test against thc rcfrtsal of tho judl rlary of Manitoba to grant hall to thc lllnnlpeg strike leaders no“ Sflllllll ball scntcuccs. A volt,- has ‘Ir-cu takcn in thc thirds of tlreloczrls and rlrldllcaltitrnr; now point to u cornplcte tic up of thc col- nr the districts on Silturday

§O4§£4Q4§§6

cortnavsu) srrcutsl

oo-o-o-

‘WzvANkfEDlfA MAN OR BOY TO uronr .Al ..\‘. m"? Yorkuul pp y to A O i 8500-4-27-31. my _________ ‘LoisT yrcronv soul) BAR ll" . _l‘lndcr' plcaso rcluru lc (‘ullriillln Uillcc, 8521i Ii-‘LZS-lll

‘waureo -M_AID r6» servan-

ficicut to nrcct lntcrost and wiln. 3mm‘? l)" IlllDlTlVtkl lands will "nil" "ll lllllullcut of principal or" iulcrcst for lwo years thcrcallter" llc. will make annual puyrncrlts s ‘ frcrcnt to discharge both principal "and rntcrcst in thc remaining four Yfllrs of thc six year period. Au- olhcr aruendulcnt will enable thc soldier settlement board, when it iulurovcd turd, to make n suitnblo for occupation by soldier" sottlcr, to odd thc cost of thc improve-

{ctms to thc scllirlg ])l‘i(‘.0 of the

illiti and make theflvholt: pa-yarblc trty-fivt‘ ycarr-t. ilclmtofolw- he price of thc land had been spread ovcr twcrtly-fivo ycars thc trost of improvcntcnts has had to bc promptly incl.

‘You, openly" ‘

Tile repetition of the r_v musical revue, "Oh, flindy," otl ‘Tucsdgay night and lust dveizlru: like thc first night's 1icrfortnzrnct~ proved ltlghly succcssfuL, -ull tho partlcipatlts front thciyoutigtrst chilrl to thc ijillvfit "Hl‘il\\'ll’\lll" taking thcir parts lll =1 Iutlmter that could hardly bc surpassed for extrcllcntvc. A big fca- turc of 'i‘ucsd'uy night's pcrfornl- ailcc ‘was tho topical song by Robinson (3rusoc—~tltc gcnlal “Van" ~—\vhlch was a happy satirical wca- lltlu illlllctl at thc heads of his [tn- lary conlrcrcg who wt-rc- prcscnt lu a body and as cach hlt struck thc mark brought cxplosioti.‘ of laughter. The songs by thc Rotar- ians throughout thc cvcnlng addctl much tn thc f'\'f‘lllllg's cnjoyuncnl. Tllc clcvcr part playcd by Miss iSll~ hcl Acorn brought for" that young lady duc rccogtrlliort in thc fortu of n bcarltiftri bouquet, Mrs. 'i‘ralnot"

mcr~ Oh,

who look thc lradlng fcnrirllnc rnlc' first I

was slrullzrrly Ilonnrcrl thc cvcllIlll-Z. 'l‘hc lUTlLZilli-Z oi‘ lllc soul: “'l‘hcrc Arc hllliics Which ldukc You Happy” by 1dr. Arthur ilrucc. rcfcrcncc to which was Inadvert- cntly onritttltl in thc rcport of thc first pr-rfomraurvc‘ was an addctl at- traction which was tnuch apprec- IaW-d upon cacll occasion. Wr. Ivan llcrinlirrs work throughout this show was ccrlairtly of ])l‘l.‘llli(‘i‘ qual- Lly and thc last pcrfortnatrccr: have won him u clcur tit lc to tin-Wank of u grand maslcr rn llrc art of cntcrtaltt lug. Practically cvcry nnnlbcr of tin- hlg progranunc rccclvctl- a

“I m"'*"'"“"lrk~ Allllly Mrs. Lloyd I warm cucorr- and not inc lt-usl cn-

Wcllltnr. 1st Prluco st.

___ , saint-zest. _' **~,~Ms.->,_____ , VZSNJEEITv/‘arrnassrss and Grey. “waahltrpiruilitilltl ltosc

s40s-4-24-tr

W“? re “:£f‘f;lrE1E>.SEcorvo HAND TVPE ab"? H l1 good condition. Apply Lute t-urrrdlun olflcc. 84T0-4-2ti—lf.

‘FQR SALE-TREGRATOR As fixgdnlllfllflw. also few tons of

~ rs. Matrd Brown, York. 8620-4-21-4-21

._____..-

‘Busmrss

cHANcEt-Qlrnr-zs

Tr - , . urn.» (lll rump. If intercsturl in

oll iflllslllx w,“

1h - l t for may showing 853i: Oxll field. Mup is froe. Lcaso pan)", "gal \Vl\lllt_'tl.(}ultlowny (Join- To)“; 3 Main St, Fort worth,

12502-4-27-51.

O A MAID r-"on cemen- do phl-lnwtlrk. Must bo able to Apply‘ “Qlllllllll- Good wngns. wmr sfllMrn. Bruce Stewart, 14 root. m“

‘F Bflgbolfrgli- ONE ANTIQUE ward“ M- lllflhurznnv veneered up- could b °ll0 hundred years old ‘or M" e.’ seen n-t the residence ma,“ "lln Allen. s4 llilshoro

‘ “P l" Friday. April 30m.

s5o5-4-21-4t.

ed by 58 PARTNER l8 WANT- a reliable gentleman oi n

gxzilggotls and fast growing busi b "Ccrn in ouc of lhc vcry

"l" districts f 1 M u the lrovlncre. w“? be fill 800d moral character lnvestfli 6W hundred dollars to we n IV lively care Guardian

e. 84651-2441

AL- show

tcrlalning fcziturt- “'21s lllc music of thc orchcstru and of Airs. Kclth llogcrs. thc talcntcrl pianist. 'l‘hls in dcluonstratcd lllc fact that (‘ rlotlctown lllls a wculth of good t:..-alrlcrll talcllt.

__.___..

MY r05 orodorzsln-c, T0 KEEP ts/xsncomo- HAND r<..¢.: sat:

Inn.‘ WEATHER TEMPERATURE TIDE, MOON ETil

TORONTO. April 29.— Showcry.

The title will be high this morn fng st 8.08 and tomorrow at 9.0a; it will hi‘ high tonight at 8.31 and tomorrow ut 9.25

Sun sets this evening st 7.06 and tomorrow nl. '-'.07; it rises tomor- row morning at 4.47 and Saturday hi» Q-Er-

_ ......na1Q14lJ~4Hnu-

CHARILOTTETOWN, CANADA, THURSDAY, APRIL 29, 1920

Address of llonlA. ll. Fur Selling Associalio

llll-l oi‘ an Act to Incorporate tho Silver" Fox Fur Selling Associa. tion of P. E. l. Mt". r\rsenrlult spoke as follows:

in moving the second reading oi‘ this I1lll, Mr. Speaker, I think it right to say a fe\v_worrls in ex- planation as well as to show the Ilfl(!0EiSiI._\', asl think, of a body such as is contculplutctl by this .\ct if we wish to scc thc Fox In- dustry" tlcvfielor» and prosper".

lt ls not necessary for me to go into the Illstory oi‘ Fox Ranchlrig in this Province nortrrlcc it from the small beginning oi‘ ovcl" a quar- ‘I01’ oi‘ a century ago until it assum- ed speculative proportion in thc i912, l3, l-i and 1'5. in many

j ycrlrs

Ircsptlclfi the history of thc indus- “were made ttnvards bringing about‘ H" . .,-

Ilry during this latter" trcriotl has brought. some discredit on Prince ‘Erlward island and still the price ‘inflation that. then prcrailcrl was only a repetition of what has so

(rllen tukcn place in the history (ifisoclaltion and in thc‘ organization‘: “mum, H, t

company promotions whcn the dc- mand for a ccrtzlllt article has greatly" twxcccderl the surlply.

The wonder" is that when the crush crime In 1015, the fox busi- ness did not go to pieces. ll speaks well for thc people of this island that lnstcrul oi‘ throwing up their hands and letting go, they took a firmer bold and with grim ticlor- minution went zllread to retrieve not only their own but the for- tunes of those who had trustlngly ‘invested money, which in speculate with. Although at would scc their highly capltzllizetl company ever again zlssuutc a (liv- idcml [laying basis, it is now with pleasurc that we scc these corri- panics gradually lncroirsing their assets to the point that, rrt pres- cnt, a great. many of them, have reached that stage where‘ the rts~ strts bear a rcusonablc relation to the capital invested.

It was not, however", until Nov- ember or" Ilccentbcr" oi‘ last year that this was brought Ironic. to our ranchers. Arrevenl thcn took placo that oncc nrorc. rcvivctl the inlcrcsl in thc silvcr" fox industry’. A group oi‘ prominent Illonlrcrll mcn cou- ccivod the project of crelrlirlg an organization, lo blurkct (lanadiun ‘furs through Canadian channols, with (lanrullzrn capital. llcr"r-tofo:"t\ Canadian furs, acknowledged lo bc thc bcsl in tho world, had bccn marketed in Eurnpc and attcr that market, owing to tho great wur. had boon [ll'il(‘lil‘.llli_l' closcd, thc St. Louis untl New York lrrr" Arlctlon Salcs ltocarluo lbc mctllurtr for thc marketing oi‘ thc bulk oi‘ thc (Jan- adian furs.

To l\l|", now Scnalot" Wcbstor, associated with Lord Shuuncsscy, Sit" Itohcrt lloll, hi1". .\shcr" Plcrcc, Mr. (Zoltarl, and oth- crs, belongs the crcdlt. of emitting u Curmdian organization which Ibids fair lo rival thc great Atrclltnt Sales of London, St. Louis Ncw York. .

’l‘hr~se urcn rightly conslrlcrvrl thut Canada is the. largcst prorluc.- cr of the World's bcst furs. Why thou should this fur be sent to thc l‘nltcrl Slates, sold thcrc, bought lll by Amcrlcrtn speculators and thcn repurchascd in large quanti- tlcs by (Yanarlltrn luunufacturcrs‘? \\lh_v not. (ronscrvc to Canada this national lnrluslry“? 'l‘hc Canadian i<‘rlr" 'l‘rutlc was consulted with the rcsull that. in thc space oi‘ a fcw wrecks the (Yrrrtadlrln Atlcllon Salcs Ltd., was tirganlzcrl and a capital oi‘ $2,50(l,00tl was strhscribcll.

Prince. Edward Island wus not overlooked. Au organization oi‘ tltls kind having for its object the sale of Canadian Fur through a Canad- lnn source would not havc been complete had ll not. lnclurlcrl thc silver fox fur. Accordingly, ut some inconvenience, for it was midwvlrt-

Lorne . (T.

tcr, Scmllor lVcbr-ttor" and Mr. lllcrcc cnnlo to Prince Edward ls- lnnd. and rrl u ruccllnl! hcld In

Summersirle. placed‘ thc proposi- tion before a representative rueet- lng of island Fox Ranchers. where it received rm enthusiastic endor- sstlon

stunt tux Flu 8Elll_ll_ll_i88ll0lATlllN

Act to incorporate the P. Island Silver

On motion for thc second l'0{lli-,

many instances they could lll afford to thc tlmc, fcw had any hopes that they

andl

Arsenault iu introducing i 0x n. -

Tho success which has crowned the efforts of the Canadian Fur Auction Stiles Ltd., at their first Sales in .\iarch last ,ls now ‘a mat- Itcl" oi‘ history. 'l‘liose sales were perhaps the best and most whole- some advertisement which the Prince Edward Island Silver Fox ‘lndurstry has ever received.

Tile organization of the Canad-

ETIIIKE INTEIITEIIES WITH

PIIINIIE

(Special to The Guardian.)

LONDON, April 2.3__Armnge. mcuts for thc tutti" of New Zealand by thc Prltlcu of Wales were disar- rangcrl by thc sudden declaration of a strike oi the railway workers, sags a central news despattrh from

PRIIIIEEDINIIS

PllllVlNll|A_

llousc met a: ll sharp‘.

ian Fur Auction‘ Sales has had an- other" effect or it has materially us-I sislcd in bringing about results ofI no less importance.

There had been from the veryi

inception of the business, zcsentl-l Intent that close co-operution was. necessary among the ranchers lfI, Ithe best results wore to be broughti, about. Several sincere endeavoursl 1913 until activities‘ (.1

r

co-opcration. in the ycalrs ‘illl-l, trspecially‘, great

took place along this linc rcsul lngin the formation of the Prince IEdward island Fox Brcetlers As-

oi‘ tho Fur Sales Board, and al-l

though these bodies did not receive,

the support necessary to thelrt, succcss, anyone who wishcs to,

be absolutely fair must admit that‘ they accomplished much good, and without. going lnlo the various‘ reasons that causctl them to prac- tically cease their activities, I feel safe in saying that front their in-I ception they were imncllcappcti by“, the want oi‘ necessary funds. ‘ - Efforts "again Iwere made during the {first winter to

these bodies, but for reasons which] it is not ncccssary to relate, up lo. thc prcscnt, nothing of a tangiblcI nature. has bccn accompllshorl. '

Now, in my opinion, tho contin- ued strcccss of thc Silver Fox 1n- duslry" ln this Province demands three things. I

l. Cooperation with a view oil controlling the output of Fox Fur. I

2. The proper grading oi‘ such furl with a view oi‘ marketing usl‘ Prince Edward island Fox only; the bcttct" quality of such fur. I

3. Atlvertising the-Silver Fox Fur; through the bcst class of Fashion‘ Journals and nulgazincs, to trrcatci. a greater" tlcsmand lor fox furs, err-I pccially‘ thc Prince Edward lslandl article. i will now take these in‘ tltetall. . ‘ ‘~ 1. Co-operation with a view of controlling the output of silver fox fur.

Pulling takes place in Novcnrhcr and iicccmbtxr, and within a fcw; wot-ks practically thc wbolc output? has been placed in tho market. The producer‘ having no [vropcr- storage: tor" such furs is naturally dcsirous oi‘ assuming no risk and sclls at thc. first opportunity. lt is truc that latlcrly thcrc have bcon many buyers with consequent conlpclltlon. Wc must. rcnlcrnbct‘. hoyvover, that. purchasers of such furs are governed by two ‘ousld- crutlons. I

(a) Thcy have to consider" thc markct. and the prlco which in lurn .:u"o regulated by tlcmuntl and sup- Trlr- l

(b) 'l‘hcvprlce offcrotl by individ- ual buyers is limited by thc. pricc at which other" competing irurcllns- crs are obtaining thc same article. |ln other words, whcrc tliorc are u ‘great nlauy sclltvrs, each acting in- 'dcpondcnl oi‘ thc (IIIIOFS, and cach [fixing his nwn price on ills product. ,lho rcsult is that. prices are kcilli ldown rather" than raised by such!

competition. I

Again, u. huycr" in nrdcr lo obtain

a few skins which hc rcnlly wants, lrcqtrcntly has to purchase a largc ,number oi‘ pelts which he docs not rnootl. He. has to take into consider Iatlon the resale ot‘ thesc skins in lflxlng the purchase price. individ- funl sclllng of such an article as u silver fox skin therefore tends to |rcduco tho price bolnw rcnl vuluc. in other words who competition is ratltcr" bclweon tho producers llrun bctwccn tho bu_vors.

I huvc ltcnrtl u New York buycr put. thc tuultcr" rallrcr wcll. llc said that he did not cure vcrgv much what he paid for such u fur so long |us his competitor was not getting

Continued on Page Three

lnstll new life int,

Silver‘ a

lion. A. E. Arscnault in the albscntrc of Mr. ll. D. McLean ask- cd thc llonourahlo the Connoiss- loner of Public Works the follow- ing q cslions. ’

lmllas the Government taken any action to ascertain what quun lity of mussel mud is still avail- ublc in St. Peters Bay‘!

ZAWhat is thc Government's information as to the quantity a- l liable.’

ll tho intention of thc (lo- r nt to continue dredging operations in this flay

llas my effort been madl- to lo~ catc a iurthcr" supply of nlussel mud for fertilizer" purposes in any mhcr place and where?

5~~lf it is thc Governments in‘ supply this fcrlilizcr this your. When do lhcy expect to connncnfrc operations?

Answer.

1~-Ycs.

2 'l‘hc quantity digging with Government is not large.

Il-Nti decision thc nrartcr.

4» ~_\"tlt yet, but the. Government has under ‘onsidcrntlon the survey of lnud are ‘.

available for drcdgcs

yet reached on

li~Nrlt yet (lucltlcti. 1~»\ir. McNclll asked thc (‘om- missio -. of Public Works whellr

er he is aware ‘that a number of Road “asters ‘who acted as such (luring the" past Ivear" or u portion thcrcof lravc not been paid the amount duc them. ,

Ll~~~ls it thc intcntlorl of thc De- partment to pay such ltorui .\las~ tors and when‘!

Answer.

ll lbo Road Masters holding office under the into administra- tion have been paid with thc cx- ccptlolt of u few whose returns rc not completed.

2+-Thc balance due Road bias ters for the year. ending March ill now being paid.

Mr. Arsenault asked the (‘our tuissloncr of Public Works to lay

on thc 'l‘ablo of the House, a statement showing:

l-~\‘l"hat matcrlzlls were ‘pur- chasctl outside of this Province

sinco Scptombrwr" 8th last for tlu. usc of any Departnrcnt of lhc go- vernment. and the pricc of saunc.

2~lfrciri whom were such ma - tcrlals purchased

Il-etal Was any llcffiilll ill‘ P9P sons twomnlissitmcq l0 make such purchases?

(bl-— if ycs, who ‘were such per» son or persons‘!

Answcr.

l~2 carloads of flour from Wol- vcrton Milling ('o., a quantity of material from thc‘ War Purchas- ing (‘orulniltcrn Ottawa; 25 "our rcls wy ndotto from hlcArthur ll"- vin (‘b., ‘Foronlo.

iZ-lfloiu" lnrrchascd through S. C, Mtnrc, t‘lrtll‘lrlttctown", illlllt‘i'- ial front (Ilc War Purchasing (lum- rnlttcc ordcrctl rlirccl. Wynn dollc ordcrcd froln (‘onlpanfs rc- prcscntzrlivc.

ll - N1).

Mr. \. E. .\lcl.c.rn prcstrntetl a petition from Willlaul Mayne and others asking for lntrorptirirlion of thc ('t)-()[)t'l‘ilIiV(' Partners‘ 1.111.. of Finn-raid. Petition received and bill rcad a first time.

0n motion of lion. J. ll. Ilcll thc llotlsc wont into cotunlllttu: for fulilllcr" trunsltlcralltm of thc act to armcntl and (tollsolidulc thc. so vcral acts relating to the Public Schools, Afr. .\lcr\rthur in thc chair.

Hon. J. H. Bell cxpluincd that. thc bill now bcforc thc. llousc in cluded a consolidation of previous slalutcs. llc Iurtl consullcd lhc Supcrinlcrrrlcnt of Education and thc Principal of Princc. of \\'alcs Collegc, and thc utmost care had been cxcrclseq in its frreprlrrttion.

in thc (liscussion of (‘latrse l. in which provision ls made for thc appointnlcnl by thc Liculctlrlnl (lnvcr"nnr-in<(Youncil of a tfhicf Supcrittltlndrvnt of Education at a salary to bc ilxcd by thc Llcul- enanl Govcrnorvln-(‘ouncll and travelling expenses, also an assis- tant 8w.

Hon. A. E. Araenautt said that tho

salary of the Chlcf Superintendent

had already hccn fixed by statutc What. was the ldca in making this now provlnsion?

Hon. J. H. Bell stntcd that it was probrrblc. under prcscnl cnntll- lions that tho snlury of the Sup crlntcntlcnl should bavc lo ho in- crcnscd.

Hon. Ml". Arsenault said If that was thc lrlca, thc govcrnnrcut should name the raalury now and should take some responsibility‘.

Cillilm: allowed to stand over

Hon. A. E. Arsenault suggested that clause g constituting th-r

Board of Education should M so

mended as to ill/time other. m

t constitution of thc Board thc most

IE INIIEE VISIT

Auckland, today. Tire plans were for thc Prince to start ills rounds 0t Ncyv Zcnland during the day bui rt was discovered says that llcnuutcll. that the engine of the V" n oi thc Goveruor-Genraral thc ‘lcarl of Liverpool, had been tatnp- crcd with,

v THE . LEGISLATURE

(ralioruilists than thc Principal of Princc of Vales (‘ollcge and the (‘hit-f Supt-rintt-ntlcrlt. of Educat ion. ‘fllcse two, not menlbcr." of the Exccutivo nuw constituted tho lloard oi’ Education. and ll would IN‘ in the interests of the provlncc that mon of educational stiruding outside of thcsc should lac givclt a placc on the Iloard. Mr. Higgs thought the present

workablc. Tho clause was a- grccll to.

(‘lausc ll, sub-section b., pro- Vllllllll that no (llslllct shall con

lulu less than 30 rcsidcrlt chllrlrcn lrctwcr-n :7 and lti ycars, brought out consldcrablc discussion in which runny diffcrrzricc“ of opinion

wcrc exprcssetl. Mess s. Brodie. llctval". llulltcl‘ I and hltélilflfllii thought 30 too high an average. .\ir. Lt-Pagc considered Z50 all right. Mr. Dewar movcd an a- luentltncnl that the average be rcduccrl to 20, scconded by Nil". Built-r".

Hon. A. E. Arsenault thought it Wtllliti bc a lnlstakr- to reduce thc avcragtl bcltiw that specified itl thc bill. 'l‘lterc had already been a rclluctitul frolu lltl to 30.

“~'___ B‘,

l...

(Special to The Guardian.)

LONDON, April 28.—A definite filtfi) was takcrt today lu the negoti- ations for n loan to Phiua by group." of financiers of Great Britain, the l'nitcti States. Fnrncrl and Japan, when France fnrmoll-y notified Great Britain that shc would Join this country and the Pulled States in declining to acqtlicscc in the special treatment Japan asked for hcrst-lf. Japan wants certain rail- road concessions which thc other three countries arc unwilling to grant. Win-n thc proposition was first taken up by financiers in Paris almost a ycal" ago it was tellt- utlvcly’ uglectl that thc loan should be sccurcd by thc. lcndcrs taking over China's railroads. Later Japan