Canadian Oats Check World Decline

like the world area. in wheat and barley, the world accrue under oats haasteadily declined since 1929. In the British Empire, however. the trend has been in the opp-,site direction. the area under oats now standing higher than at any time during the period 1928-35. This is Chlefly «due. states the Imperial Economic Committee's report on Grain Crops, to the continuous in- crease in Canada, since 1931,

Q the 111,890,003 acrm sown to oats in the British Empire in 1934. Canada had 13,730,000 acres. The area. sown in fzreign countries was 117,270,000 acres, making a world total of 136,160,000 acres. and show- ing a decline in the world area sown to cats of 10,080,000 acres, compared with 1928. The progres- sive acreage in Canada. is shown by the following ’figures:——12.840.00) acres in 1031; 13,150,000 acres in 1932; 13,530,000 acres in 1933; 13.- '!30.000 acres in 1934: l«i.098,200 acres in 1035. and 14,150.L00 (pro- vislonal or-Lirnalel in 1936.

World production in cats has fallen below the level of 1928-30. The United states, as first a:'.‘.on|; the world producers of cats, has been replaced by Russia. In Empire trade Canada retains her place as principal producers and exporter of cats. Indeed. in Empire trade. the Canadian exports of oats and the ‘United Kingdom imports are the principal features of that trade. Ncirrnally, the United Kingdom is the largest world importer of oats, but she lost that place in 1934 to Switzerland and Italy for the time being. As already stated, Canada continues to be the chief Empire supply of cats, almost the only supply. it might be said. because the Irish Free state. once an im- portant factor. now sends only very small quantities.

Spraying Celery

(Experimental Farms Note)

While leaf and stalk fittghts may be responsible for greater losses than any other factor in the cul- ture of celery. these diseases can be controlled with comparatively lit- tle effort and a minimum of ex- pense if prescribed recommenda- tions are followed. If the disease is to be controlled. steps should be taken before the disease has ap- peared in the field.

For the control of blighu the procedure followed is just as im- portant as the material used, be- cause even the best and most ef- fective fungicide can be ineffective if ixnproperly applied. Regardless of the spray or dust to be used. applications of fungicide should be made, as sufficiently frequent in- tervals throughout the growing sca-

famb Feeding Project Success

The Dominion lamb Proiect under which western range lambs we brought to Eastern Can- ada for winter feeding has just °°ml>leted its third and most suc- cessful year. with good return: to both ruxchers and feeders. The scheme is made possible tluousih the triple co-operation of the Do- minion Department of Atrioulture

sheep ranchers of western Canada and of the,1e.nners in E ‘ Cmada. with particular mention at the southern Saskatchewan Wool Growers’ Amociaticn ma the farm. on of Ontario. .

Approximately 30,000 rang; lamb. were fed on Ontario [sum lug Wlflfel‘. the bulk of the lambs being purchased outright by feeders, but all receiving assistance under amm- the Feeder Purchase Policy or Lamb Feeding Project. The ten- dcncy at the moment, states A. A. MaoMilla.n, of the Field services. Live Stock Branch. Dominion De- partment of Agriculture, seems to be diversification in live stock feed- ing. Many farmers. who fed cattle Only are now feeding both steers and lambs, the farmers being of the opinion that, if cattle markets are not so good, the prices of lambs may be better. on the other hand, ltplamb prices are average, cattle Prices may be good.

Lamb feeding has a. number of advantages which appeal to farm. HS. Firstly. lambs go into the feed- lot late in October or early in November. and are all marketed be- fore the rush of the spring won: on the farm starts again. Also. the re- turns begin to come in hand early in the winter, as the lambs are mar- keted from time to time in groups as they finish. still another ad- vantage is that with three or four marketings during the winter the risk of having to sell all lambs on a low market is obviated and as 9. rule a better average price is ob. tained.

which initiated the system, of tile 1

ii

Disease Resistance In Plants

(Dmuiinental limit Note)

Diutu resistance in plants of- fer! to Canadian farmers great Dosslbilities towards reducing the loss and inconvenience due to de- strnctive plant diseases; nor is this interesting subject. of recent origin, for one authority in 1884 states that improvement in the quality of

‘ ‘ with respect to disease re- sistance might be accomplished by a. pmoess of plant breeding.

By disease resistance is meant the ability of plants to resist at- tacks of disease producing organ- isnui such as fungi and bacteria. This quality may be complete, par- ttal or absent. Complete resistance implies true immunity as illustrat- ed in the case of Irish Cobbler and Green Mountain potatoes which are immune to the disease known as wart or canker. Partial resistance is illustrated by the ability of cer- tain varieties of potatoes to pro- duce leaves and stems resistance to blight while the tubers may be ex- tremely susceptible to this tfsease. Still more striking is the case of the Katahdln potato variety known to be immune to mild mosaic yet it may contract other forms of mo- saic as well as leaf roll and spindle tuber.

Alpparent immunity. or an escape from disease, may be confused with what is termed true immunity, for plants may avoid infection because of factors related to climate or seas- onal conditions unfavourable to the parasite. For instance, in certain sections of Eastern Canada, parti- cularlny in Prince Edward Island. wheat frequently escapes the rav- ages of rust simply because the crop is harvested before the occur- rence of conditions necessary for rust development.

Farmers and gardeners will learn with great satisfaction that definite progress has been made in the

In 1935. for the purposes of the rancher—fe<=der agreenzent under the Pfoiect. and by arrangement with the ranchers a valuation of 33375 per cm. for lambs officially Weighed at Moose Jaw was agreed Ubon. Lambs purchased outright direct from ranchers cl at most $4.25

production of a number of economic crop piants resistant to important disease. One cannot refer to this matter without mentioning the re- cent advances towards securing wheat varieties resistant to rust, an accomplishment credited to the personnel of the Rust Research

to 450 per cm. Freight charges on « double-dock cars run approximate-;

ll’ 1 1-4 cents per pound. or slightly .

over. depending on the weight oi’; the lambs and the number per, head in each carload. Under the randher-feeder agnx,-ment, the!

rancher. in addition to the valua.-l

tion of 33.75 per cwt. for official: weights at Moose Jaw, receives 40‘ per cent of the spread. the spread 7 1791118 arrived at after deducting, from the net selling price the value l of the lambs on the basis of Moose 5 Jaw weights at 93.75 per owt. the, freight. and the value of the gain.‘ The fender in tum receives the

Value of the gain plus co per cent of l

son, to keep the foliage covered the protective film, which necessi- tates spraying or dusting every week or ten days. from the time growth commences until the plants are harvested If applications are made less frequently, the unfolding tissue is not sufficiently protected» with the result that it may become diseased and once infection ha! taken place the damage is done. The fungicide should be applied with adequate pressure to entirely cover the foliax,e and force the chemical well down into the hearts of the plants. Spraying 15 8 W0" ft-ctive, not a. curative practice-

Experiments have been conduct- ed at the Dominion Laboratory of Plant Pathology, St. Catharines. Ontario. during the past five years. in an effort to determine the most efficient fungicides for cantrolllns celery bligliis. In addition to the large number of materials that were employed, their concentration and the optimum interval between applications were also tested. It was found that the best control was obtained by spraying with Burgudy mixture. 4-5-40. which is prepared in the some way as Bordeaux mixture. but uslnlz Sfidlllm Ct“'b°“' ale (sh! sodzn ifistend of lime. sat- isfactory rcsulls were also obtain- ed by the use of Bordeaux spray. 4-4-40. or copper-lime dust. 20-80. but with these. the amount of disease was invariably slightly grrater

—J K Richardson. Domlnlon Laboratory nf Plant Pathology, St. Cni.hnrii'1c<. Ont

BINDER TWINE

You've tried all the fest.

now try the best, Tip To]?

Binder Twine. Order early. ' ‘G. R. KEEFE Charlottetown;

'

Lamb Feeding Project Just com- pleted made an average of five a lb. net to ranchers, and one feeder who made the best return received $4.75 per lamb as his share under the rancher-feeder agreement,

Balsam Woolly

oratory at new buildings which were offici- llly Opened on June 24th. predatory Maritime Provinces to prey on the

causing damage to the balsam fir

the Spread. In order to safeguard

ranchers and feeders against un-‘ usual loses, an insurance fund of, 10 cents per head is deducted—fivei cents being taken from the Ranch-

ers’ share and five cents from the

feeders‘.

Returns under the Dominion

Aphid in Canada

I“i’:cn the Dominion Parasite Lab- Belleville, ont., the

insects have been dispatched to the

Balsam woolly Aphld which 13 trees. The balsam fir is one of the most. important supplies of pulp. It is more than 40 years since the first Balsam woolly aphid was in- troduced into North America, and ten years ago it became destruc- tive to fir trees in Canada, throughout Nova. Sootia. as well as in southem New Brunswick. The pest seems to be working westward. ’In addition to the parasites, as a means of control, oil sprays, applied in the early wring before develop- ment commences, have been shown to be effective and will be particu- larly useful afterasevene winter has reduced the infestation to the bases of the trees which are covered with smw. According to R. E. Bnlch of the Dominion xntomologiool Lab- cratory at F1-ederlcton, ,Now Bruns- wick. thcre are two types of injury likely to attract attention. one is the heavy attack on the stem. which more or lens results in cov- ering the him: with a. white wool- like secretion from the insect. Trees thus affected die and turn a bright rusty-red which can be seen clearly in the distance. At first the tree! affected are in tmlll grolmli later. these groups enlarge and may if!-

Laboratory in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Further advances have been made in securing turnip varieties resist- ant to club root. as demonstrated by recent tests revealing that cer- tain strains of the Wilhelmsfburger variety may be grown with safety in land contaminated with the club mot organlsm.—R. R. Hurst, I.-aloofatnry of Plant Pathology, Charlottetown, P E.I.

volve most of the island.

The other type of injury results from the feeding of the insects on the twigs. This causes the buds and nodes to swell and the branches to have s. gnarcled appearance. Often the crowns of the trees are most noticeably affected and many trees have dead tops, or flat tops, and taper rapidly to the stems. only the true fir trees are attacked. What is known as “8oui." of the trees is the result of the injury caused during the feeding of the insects. some substance injected into the bark causu abnormal growth. Infested buds often fail to grow and become surrounded by knob-like sweilings. The new shoots are short, twisted. and drooping, and the twigs usually are swollen and distorted. particularly at the nodes. This "gout" causes the slow death of tires.

Hawthorn trees prefer to grow in open uncultivated soil. Before the arrival of the white nun in Am- erica when the entire st. Lawrence Vllley was covered with dense forests, hawthorne trees coud es- tablish themselves with dif liy, and only in small groups along the water courses. To-day afwr three centuries of clearing. large haw- thome stands are entdblished near the old settlements, such as Quebec. Montreal. Toronto. Rochester, on the old forts of the Hudson my company.

air A. D. Hall. in an addrm to the Royal Society of Am on “Can Agriculture Prcvide Substantial Relief for Unemployment." said that the continued decrease in small holdings in face of deliberate efforts to increase them was suffi- cient evidenoe that they no longer represented a tom of occupation that would attract and rétain men."

.___._._.._.__..._.._.._ "-"""""' "' ' 5.. ‘ Sumner Growing lotions for Pups with or Mfiolt delydrllod beet

Illcll: angle In. I lesion in Adult I-‘oxen. at your nearest dealer.

dez-fully this year. and near the than that in the garden. This plant is one of the few herb; still used by the physician, as it was two hundred years ago, for its sedative properties. Witherlhec an old bot- anist, tells how it was used in his day, to reduce the energy of the heart. The thin pan of the IBIWOS was dried and reduced to a beauti- ful green powder, the dose of which was from one to four grains in the course of the day. "Digitalis: how- ever, should never be used except under doctor's orders, since in large doses it is a powerful narcotic poison.

TSETSE Fl.-‘Y OONQUIBIDY

For several generations the

‘tsetse fly of southern Africa has

provided material for i=zuve.lior's tales. This fly is closely allied to the common hem fly, but 1. . up rier of microparasites (called 1;;-y- panosomes) which being introduc- ed into the blood of domestic ani- mals by the “b1le" of the fly, prove fatal in the majority of cases. The cattle disease produced by the try- panosomes is called “Na.gan.a" by the natives; and in some parts is so dire that attempt; to keep dom- estic animals have been abandoned. Nagana also affects certain wild animals but with less fatal results, according to Williston, who is an authority on the Dipiera. ‘Mien it became necessary to take any, I» horse across the tsetse belt, it could only be done by completely enclos- ing the animal in a. suit properly designed as protection against the lll

At last, however, the Minister of Agriculture in Cape Town reports that “the war against. nagana is coming to a. suocemful conclusion." Mr. R. 11. Harris. research officer in charge of the tsetse fly investi- gation in the Umfolozi Came Re- serve, after a series of experiments, made the curious discovery that the fly is guided by one sense alone— sight-—in its search for food. (Any- one who has nomad the actions of our files will agree with the present writer that they are guided more by soent than by sight!) Mr. Harris then devised a. trap—-we are not told of what it oonsism—whlch has proved wonderfully effective. In September 1931, a section with 134 traps caught‘ 292.024 flies and in Janu_ary 1934, (mid.summer,) the catch in the same locality had dwindled to 336 files, At. another

section with 51 traps the September

1931 ‘‘bag'' was 216,960 files; 109 traps in the same section in 1934 yielded only 255 files. So striking have been the results that the

South African Government have ad-

ded another 14,000 pounds to the 6000 pounds already allocated for the extermination of the naganei disease.

NOTES FROM THE GARDEN The Horn Poppy (Glaucium fin.-

vum Ci-anti) has an odd look just now. The foot-tong seed capsules, about the thickness of a lead pen- cil at the base. are curved and pointing in all directions. plant has got a foothold on the American continent and grown wild as far north as New England but is not common.

This

This week I have been lifting

the tulips. and and that the bony- tis dismse is present on some of the bulbs. These I stripped of their brown coats. which were covered with the fungus, and exposed them to the sun for part of After two days exposure I dust the bulbs with sulphur and plant them in a different part of the garden, relegating all the smaller bulbs to a. "nursery row "

the day.

The foxgloves are thriving won- a patch

“creek" is even better

A neighbor has the Digitalis pur-

purea. variety monstrosa, which has the spike crowned by 1 lane saucer-shaped flower, tigered and marbled in a stflklng fashion.

The English Iris (1. anglica xlph-

loidesl is. I find, more suitable to our conditions than the Spanish Iris. 1 have the "Princess Juliana" variety. with 3 large deep blue flaw- er with a. white centre.

ODDS AND ENDS

Five cents a. box: Last Friday (July 3rd.) one could buy strawber- ries for five cents a box in tho City. they tell me. rim is u out- throat price. and the traders might as well have "gone the second mile" and given the berries away. The strwbe grower is entitled to A liwlihorordy from his product, and all statistics show that from 7 ct-s. to 10 cts. is the value of the box: the former price in an abund- ant year, and the latin when the fruit is scarce. Very few people who put berries on the mafiet. have any ides of the coat of their

production. I imagine: "unused" mylell by

come against this crop. First, there is the interest on the land occupied for two years. The maybctheownerofthelmd that doesn't alter the fact that in- terest must b. accounted for. Then the ldbof: preparing the soil,- whlch may need fertiliser in some cases—plantin.g, and weeding (cul- tivatingzl and at the end, picking. The boxes must not be overlooked: some of the expenses for boxes that I have read of, meant a consider- able percentage deducted from the revenue of the crop. Then there is the labor. worry and expense of marketixu: and finally. om [etc 5 ct.s.a.box|AndI'vel'iaIrdof4 ctsi

1 had forgotten the m or the plants. which is nriousiy given as :28 in $40 per ton.

Unusual Insect: On July 8th I noticed an insect walking across the concrete floor of the verandah; it looked rather like a. grasshopper I thought. but not the kind with which I was familiar. I captured it and put‘ it in G "letlll ollflbt." Then Ilookedup Dr. I-nrryPiIn's "Orthopien of Nova sootla" and found that I had 3 Oamel Cricket. Ceuthophilus terreetris, Soudder. The insect had either been in o fig-htoranaooidmt.!orhd:fd one antenna wu inning, and may- be this explain: its easy capture. The Camel cricket has the hind- -legs strongly developed for ' ‘ . but the body is unstinli. with the but amhed, and the head lame and “bent down in on us man- ner between the front MI!" (Piers)

At the time Dr. Piers his book (1917) there had only been three specimens of C. ten-est:-is tak- en in Nova scotla. A male and 1. ‘female were captnned at

Aug. 1913, and a. male at tho some place July 1915. "There we no specimens in the Alrriculturnl Col- lege collection," says Dr. Piers. The insect is nocturnal in habit, and as it has no wings it cannot “chirp.” all of which mane it a. very elus- ivecreatum. not easily rec

ll0wnottoprIln0:'1’heothItdIU Inwsometreogthathadbm planted out this 9&1-inc as shade trees or ornaments The one who pla..l‘lwdthe1'nh&dn1£d¢I.(00d10b of it. (aided by the rainy weath- er at the time) for all were living. But in the matter of pruning he went all astray. for he took off all thejlarger branches and left but main atom (which win In gone“! about five feet hm» one u e "whip-shank" for the greater part of its length. such close prunim is almost a physical "shoot“ to the tree, which cannot begin to form a vigorous root-system will the few leaves remaining: and it will probably take four a the years to come but to normal.

The proper count, when pruning a transplanted tree, is to immed- iately shorten all branches about one-third. leaving the tree some- what pyramidal and shapely. DI succeeding years remove the two lowest braricneg annually. taking care to prune close to the trunk. and to leave no arms. this method a strong stout . tap- ering from the base in. will in duced. The wound: prod by pninlng should at once at flintod (with a good oil palm) to proud the heal-twood from moisture. fun- gus and insects.

Muollnge: Here is a melee tor a rail good home-made mudhn. whic may be used farmaay horm- holdpurposes. Thhehllfampd flour and mix with A little cold water to a ‘‘cream.'' Dissolve a teaspoonlul of powdered than in I pint of water, bring to a. boil. and add the “ciVoam." Now "cook" twenty minutes, stirring the while. while stirring add ten drops of oil of clone. or if that is not available, the same amount of cubolio acid. strain and transfer to jar or other vessel for use.