JANUARY 9, 1950

Seed Cleaning Needs Gare

Seed cleaning. an uurt. in weed control, is not solely ‘or t.|ie eradication of iveed seeds llie separation of weed seeds is mporttant too. Thorough grading IKSUTCS that only the best seeds will lie soivn.

The job of efficient seed cleaning e..ts with the operator, and often "HlClCflUy of a plant is three quar-

ers operator and onmqum-tpr iuicdiine. This ls because of the iiidgment required l-y the nus-am,- iii selecting the machines and iquipment, and in their propor- inc-ration. This judgment 1.;

inquired through experience and in‘ a knowledge of the seed char. ricteristies. Due to difference in reed sizes. and wced seed coilient In partieull samples, a gpgfiflc 'il'OlEdUl'l' cannot. be laid down but. i wncral recommendation

(‘an he wide. sais J. W. White, Field llusbaildryi Dlvlsioir Qpmmi m».

'_if‘l‘lll\€_‘l‘iltll Purni. Ottawa.

‘i‘lie most; coiiiliuiii machine used ‘u seed cleaning is tllc sieve and 'lil' blast type. There is a u-ido range oi this type, from the Viinlliar fanning mill to large nllltlulfl)’ machines ivitli such ini- iiortailt. features as variable air iiiilrol of both ilic sirtioii and mm- fmce m"! “Qlljzer, and vari- 'l>le pitch control oi tile screens, bfticient separation with this basic uiaehlnc depends upon the propgi" irlcciion of the sieves or screens, Poor or mediocre results

p v can gen- elullv be attributed to improper relection of screens. In two-

screen machine the purposg o; up, i;p sieve is to scalp oil’ everything larger than the seed required and io allow the desired seed and "ill-illfl‘ PHYUPICS to drop through. 'i‘he lower screen removes the smaller seeds and broken or rllrlfelléd kernels.

The trial method of choosing the screens is an excellent one of detciirnining sieve sizes, plow R fiiiiillllfi 0f the seed t.o be cleaned on the selected screen. then gently’ shake or tap it until the small seeds have bfien Separated from (he large ones. From the percent- age of seeds above and below the screen the operator will know if lie has the correct size or type of per. location. Three or four trials may be necessary to determine the correct. screens, The final proof is lii the machine operation.

Auxiliary machines are required for specific separations and grad- ‘iig prolilelns, Various principles ‘fCll as seed coal. characteristics. Hiiierific izriivitv. seed weight and ohmic. colcur. are uscd to effect more difficult separations, Those auxiliary machines are found in irusioi-n and cleaning plants, but good work can be accomplished by ‘h? judicious use oi a sieve. and nlr blast niiicliiiie if a wide range of screens is available,

Standards For Marketing Seed

Al a meeting August to revievv heed grades under 'i‘hc Seeds Alt. the Advisory Board recommended n number of changes which have since been approved by the Doni- riioli liiliilstei" of Agriculture. CIIlCf anion: the changes are the follou lug ;_

Special seed grade standards for Tiff‘. flax seed and sunilovier seed

held early in standards for

were added to llie Rcgillations under ‘fhc Seeds Act.

Standards for finer grasses and pasture mixture iverc adjusted. having regard iv ill'()llllflt.li)ll

secured from the Dominion De- ozirtriient of Agriculture Seed La- boratory on the report 0f analysis of samples silbmilted (lllflllg the last seed year. For iasture mix-, Lures the type of rccl (‘l;)\l’.‘l‘ used—‘ "double cut.“ or “single (rut-must be cOlTCCf-ly stated.

Velet-able and garden seed pro- duced from approved stiurres. and foimd upon inspection of the grew- l": Crop to he pure as to variety", Yllfly be inspected and sealed by an inspector as "Registered" or “'1Certified" seed. as the case may

e.

Grade standards for onion sets Iere raised to limit the percentage Bf soft. immature, decayed and ‘llrnuied bulbs.

'i‘he system oi izriidiilg seed to iihow relative value is favoured by llie Advisory Board, and is in keeping with the principle adopted for marketing other farm products.

t important

l lipiietizing New Fruit Products

. Research leads to the develop-l iiient- of appetiziilg new fruit products which are rich in flavor aiid of high ilutrltive value. More oi that clusivc fresh flavour that so frequently ivns lost (luring pro- cessing is ilniv being auccessiullyi retained in these products.

An excellent. example is the iieiv type of opalescent vitamin C forti- fied apple Juice iiow available to the public. TlllS attractive, tasty and highly nutritive canned aiple juice is the result of via-operative research and development be- twecil the Fruit and Vegetable Products Laborutoryz Dominion Experimental Station, Summer- lnnd, B. C., and B. C. Fruit Fro- ressors Llimited, The natural fresh flavour oi the apple is captured through using speclll processes such as hlllllfl; with vitamin C and lie-aeration to prevent oxida- tion dilvlng the preparation of the Jiliee. The juice is promptlv "flash" pasteurized into tile can to preserve it, and then quiritly cool- ed. as this greatly assists in keep- ing the full flavour. The product is opaleseent in appearance due to the presence of very minute o!‘ colloidal particles of fiuit tissue. irliiili add to the quality‘ of the juice. ,

Clarified ripple juice is being blended with a small amount of lime juice to make a vicry refresh- ing canned apple-lime drink. Rip- er. sweeter and less acid types of apples arc used in make this pro- duct. Research at tho Slimmer- lnnd Laboratory and elsewhere. says C. C‘. Straclian. shows that attractive apple juice blends may be made with grapefruit. black vurrant and raspberry. The future may see the development. of rich flavoured frozen ioncentrated ajl- pie and grape Juices for beverage purposes, similar to the frozcr. concentrated orange Juice which has recently become so popular in the United States.

Greatly improved fruit. piirees have been developed ivlilcli may be used not only as baby foods. bilt as bases for nectars. ice cream flavouring and frozen desserts. Novel fruit spreads, in which the rull flavour of the fresh frrit is retained, are ‘reported by U. S laboratories to have been made iron berries and various tart fruits. These spreads are prepared cold and preserved by freezing. with pectin being used to produce iellying.

While efforts are continually being made to retain in the pro- duct the natural fiill flavour of the fresh fruit. processes also have been developed to extract the vol- atile flavour substances from fresh fruits. This "essence" is concen- trated and may he added to vari- ous fruit products to give. them n more characteristic and satisiv- mg taste. The process has poten- lial commercial possibilities.

W15‘ CON TKOL

The winter tick, Derwacentor alblpictus (Pack). establishes it- o?" on range horses in Canada in llie fall. when large numbers of the young parasites transfer themselves from grass. each to spend its three stages through the winter on the coat. of its particular host. This tick is often not noticed until early spring. ivhen it reaches its adult state and is easily confused with the spring pnralvsls tick. llorses should be carefully examined per- iodically through the iiinter for the immature stapes of the winter tick. In all slaves it. is readily killed by a thorough dusting with a benzene liexachloride dust coiltainlng approximately" five-tenths of one per cent. iznnima isomer. report. (‘lIlOIIlOlOIZlSLS of the Dominion Department. of Agriciiltilre. This dust. is available at. most feed stores and may be applied ii-itli a dust gun or even a perforated tin.

POOR. APPLES

At. Brockvllie. 0llt.. October 3i. D. Justus Jones. Prescott, Ont. WES fined $.25 and costs for offering for siile apples whiclli were below the grade declared,

This action was taken under the provisions 0i the Farm Products Grades iiurl Sales Aef. by an Inspector of the Fruit and Vege- table Division. Dominion Depart-

_ merit of Agriculture. acting on behalf of the Ontario Department of Agrleulturi. '

\

LAUNCESTUN.‘ E n g l a n d —»- iCPl ~lFrtilt growers in the 'l‘a.inui' valley between Devensliire and Cornwall picked fresh raspberries recently biit the crop was loo small to market.

HIGHLAND KING-For Will-built chum.

Iyflll in hll clan at I London stock

hle duly an!» "gnu"; ll". aristocratic

Selecting For

f liatehaliility ~ l

Hatchability of total eggs set. ill approved liaii-lieries has averag- ed in the vicinity of seventy per ceiit in rrcent years. As a breed, Barred Plymouth Rocks are us- ually about average in respect io liatciialiilily ivhen compared viritli other lareeds. Nutrition. incuba- ticn and other methods of halid- ling and storing the eggs affect llie percentage of fertile eggs which will hatch. and all are largely under the control or the flotl: owner and hatchery mero- ior. The presence of lethal hered- itary factors in some birds may he another cause of the failure of some eggs to hatch.

It is apparent that per fertility plays an important part in the percentage of total eggs which will hatch. About ilinet-y per cent or more of all hatching eggs produced are expected t0 be fertile. hilt low fertility in some flocks is a serious economic proli- leru.

iii searching for the cause of low fertility; nutrition of the flock (luring growth as well us at mat/ur- ity should be examined to see if is satisfactory for the development of vigorous birds. Good range con- ditions and proper housing facili- ties iii the breeding pens are also conducive t-o high fertility.

At the Dominion Experimental Station. Fredericton, N. 13., says Lennard Grlesbach. fertility t:sts indicate that extremely early nia- turing males are likely to be small and therefore should be discarded.

cent

Only vigorous males which show goood ccntb development and other well developed male char-

acteristics when not more than six months of use. should be selected. These. tests also indicate fhat iii flocks where fertility has be'ome a problem. the introduction of new blood may be desirable. This action is more likely to be neces- sary ln small flocks than in large ones where there are great op- portunities for suitable selection.

il. K. Veterinarian Visits ilanada

A welcome and interesting visitor spent a week in Canada. early in DrCEfTlbCl‘. He was sir Daniel Cabot. for many years Chief veterinary Officer of the Animal l-lcalth Division of the United Kingdom Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries. Now officially retir- czi, he has been retained by the British Government. in an advisory capacity; for special internatloi-al uork connected with animal diseases.

Sir Daniel has a lifetime knowl-

edge of the. (liseases of animals and the administration of regulations pertaining to their control. llis past work with the British Govern- ment has its counterpart in the control measures which are under- taken by the Canadian Health of Animals Division under the direc- tion of Dr. T, Chtlds, Veterinary Director General. Sir Daniel's itinerary included a visit to the Ontario Agricultural College and the Veterinary College at Guelph. Two days were spent in Ottawa meeting veterinary officials and visiting the Central Experimental Farin and SLlEKlCQ laboratories. As Sir Daniel comes or Channel Island stock and speaks French fluently, opportunity was taken for him to meet fellow workers in Quebec Province. l-ie visited agricultural farms ai~d colleges at Ste. Anne de la Pociitierc. met with agricultural officials lii Quebec City and C0ll- eluded his tl'ip_in Montreal. where neighbouring colleges and schools were. visited. and Provincial and Dominion officials had RIICiDpOY- tuuitv of meeting the KHSHIVZiIISfICd visitor.

FEEDER (‘A1113 SELL FAST In jillll about five hours auction- eer Duncan A. Brown sold 2.690 head of cattle for $368,822 BK. the sixth Annual Sale of feeder find stock rattle at Little Current, liianilouliu. Our, September 29. The overall average price was $14.90 and the top price $21.50. The low price was $12.10 for a load of con-- NH“ COWS. Five head welnt. to Hairirlaburl Penn. one load to Buffalo and the remainder were shipped to woslem Ontario, Mridoc and Carleton flfflilfi. Manitoulin Island cattle have en enviable reputation for quality. freedom fron disease. and the ab- illly to make profitable gains in feed lois. A-t. the fourth general T. B, test. there were only three re- iu-tors-Jwo herds infected out. of 25.000 head tested. Gcadlng and weighing into uniform cam-lots was under the supervision of W. S. Macliiullen, Livestock Fieldmnn. Dominion Dc/ponrtmcnt of Agriculture and Fo. H. Graham. Assistant. Live- stock Commissioner. (hitarlo De- parllncnt of Agriculture. The Man- ager of the sale was J. ll. Wilkln of Gore Bay, Afaniimilin.

AGRICULTURAL FILM TAKES TOP PLACE

A recni Cleveland convention of the Biological Photographers‘ Ass- nclallon award-ed first. prize to the unique Canadian 16mm colour film ‘Vegetable insects". produced for tile Domnloii Department of Agri- culture. Currently being re-ediled for release ilrxl. spring in Cunn- dlnn theatres. this motion picture features fluoroscopic close-ups oi live garden pests in their nnfirll

environments. Entomologist; of tho Depart-

‘hillps:

THE GUARDIAN.

20 pounds at maturity. just right for a. Yuletide

Small turkey is seen at l ft

Recommend Flowering Bulhs

Experimental Farms News)

vividly coloured pictures, high pressure advertising and an almost endless list of names leave many individuals in a. dilemma. in making a choice of flowering bulb varieties. This is not at all surpris- ing when it is considered that iiith daffodils. for example, app- roximately 400 new varieties were registered in the two years i947 and 1M8. not to mention more than 5.000 ivhich liad registered status a (lecade earlier. The mere fact of registration. of course, does not rut the stamp of approval on a variety‘. Approval may come from several sources, Two sources are cited here. One such source is the ruling by ballot by specialist; in the field. While published re- sults of this ballot rating alre a valuable means for the novice in inakhig n. selection. unfortunately this system considers as yet, daffodils only, - nothing is avail- able for the other kinds such as liilirp. iris and hyacinth. Another JQUTCB where flowering bulb va- rieties are tested and approved is the Dominion Experimental Station. Saanlchton, B.C., says JH. Crossley. assistant in charge of bulb crops. Since i916 variety testing has been a major project and. hundreds of varieties have "gone through the mill." The following prepared list of recomm- ended varieties is based on the re- suits of these variety tests with flue consideration to the l>1'9\'l0\-l51l' mentioned system of rating by ballot in the case of daffodils. 'I‘lie list represents. a collection of llie various colours and classes which are meant. "to suit the BJJPTHEE taste and pocketbook, and which are meant primarily for garden decoration. and household purposes. Narcissus: (Trumpet Varieties yellow) King Alfred. Forerunner, Golden harvest Maanificerioe; (Bi- colour) Van Waverenb Giant; (White) Beersheba or Mrs. Elli. Krelage; (Large and small cupped varieties» Fortune. Carlton, Pollu- (lira. Porthilly Tunis John Evelyn. Carbineer, Mrs. RD. BBCKTWUW (pink daffodlli. Scarlet Elegance: (Double varieties» Irene Copland. Twink. Oheerfulness; (‘Irlandirus (Joaquin Trevilhlan: (Tazcttal van-lattes) Thalia, Silver Ohlmes; Envy Perfection, Scarlet Gem. (leranlum, Lunnocence; (Poeticus) Aetcea.

(Reds and Smrleisl Adv- ance, Crater, Fnrncoutbe Saunders. Wim. Pitt (good for indoors). Mill‘- shall Haig. Red Eznperor. 38-11180“ or Campfire or All Bright. (rill good indoors. late‘. Van de Eerden (early. meiidell; (Yellow shadesl Golden Harvest, Mrs. John scliepei-s (large . flowerl. Nipheios tvery attractive in budl. Wall- ati-eei; (Feed and yellow) Keizer- skroon; (Pink Shurlesi Princess Elizabeth. Phillip Snowden. Rose Copland. Pride of Zivancnburil; Albino or CBITBIB: (Miuives) 1n- svirpassable. Telescoplum. Indy Chamberlain. Aristocrat. Avanll; (Purple) Demeter. fouls XIV; (Parmtl Fantasy. Blue Pail-rot‘. (Lily flowered. Curiae-pink» Siren or Marcelline; (Doubles) Mllfllkli

(Phil-t) Peach Blossom.

Iris: (Dluei Wedgewood (earlYl; (Deep Blncl Imperator. Yellow Queen: White supeilm‘!

Hyvicihths: (White) IJInnooenee; (Light Blue» Queen of Bliissf (Dark Bluei Bismark; (Dark riiilil Gertrude: (Bright. rosel b8- Vic- iolre: (Yi-ilowi CiiY of liuarlem

or Yellow Hummer.

clans of Oahu-icy I-‘ilim of Ottawa and the Norton-at Film Board l" the vii-oduotiion sects". Already widely acclaimed in several countries, the fi‘m has 110W

life proud bearing and his Highland steer, won first

allow

ment. particularly Alan Dunstan. field crcp insect lnvestigaiorspent 1113f“) mnnthu a? native mama-u.

taken top place in ii general biologi- cal film competition in the United

8:151

Small turkeys for small families-that success to W. Otto Wiggins. veteran farmer cross-breeding. Mr. Wiggins has developed The average ivciglit would be right pounds-

feast when one or two children are involved. Donna Marchment and W. Otto Wicgins normal one at right.

‘illints 0n Bare

sales slogan has brought of Inglewood. By extensive

gobblrrs that iveigli six to

hold turkeys in picture above.

0f Laying Floek

Mortality among laying birds is one of the most. profit ffitllltlflf; factors of the egg producing phase of poultry keeping, for at the death oi’ a bird, the potential profit from future egg produticrl must be added to the imirezliate market value of the dead bird.

In the poultry breeding work .... the Dominion Experimental Station at Harrow, O.:t., the study of mortality within family groups has shown that although some lines demonstrate a better state of longevity than others, some males when bred lnore than one year, vary as regards daughter mortality. Some exceed the first year mortal- ity d-uririg the second year, while in other cases the oppcsite is met with. Where males show a consistently low family depletion during two or irnore years of testing, special effort is made to extend their progeny as having something extra in the way of vitality,

Mortality cannot always be attributed to inherent weakness. for it is possible for adverse environ- "ieutel conditions to have a bear- ing on vigour. Nutritional defi- ClkllClEi may reduce a flock where they give way to ordinary exposure. whereas the same birds on an adequate diet would stand up through similar circumstances.

The causes of poultry mortality are numerous and often puuling as to their source of introduction,

says W. F. Mountain, Bead Poultryman at the »Station. Diseases probably predominate

among the causes of death, particu- larly among laying pullets, and quite often they arise through some oversight, Housing young and old together. bringing in new birds without. a suitable period of isola- tion, or the admission of people or materials that have had prox- imity to other flocks frequently opens the door to trouble. Prompt removal of birds showing sighs of sickness is a worthwhile practice. In fact, a daily pause to inspect the flock in their activities is a good habit to cultivate.

Cleanliness of the eating aid drink ng utensils as well as the wholesomeness of the food and drink are necessary conditions for health, Green food, in the form of good quality hay to pick at. is recommended as a source of pro- toction against vices.

To draw a fine line between the distinct influences of breeding and environment on poultry mortality in difficult. fndeeb almost impossible, so the safest general course miust be chosen. This is to secure stock from a good source and then be prepared in use proper methods of management to allow full exrres- slon of its inherent vitality.

£55m. Burl-nit On October 31, T. Gevry, Bt. Pie,

_____________.__. . -------~ iion with cameraman and 1063"!‘ ~

of "Vegetable m- ,_

Bagot 00.. P.Q.. Ref!» 1V0. 30M. appeared before Judge victor Talbot at St. Hyacinthe. P.Q.. pleaded guilty to having sold creamery butter containing more than 1-3 per cent water and less than a0 percent milk fat together with an abnormally high curd content, contrary to subsection (a) section 6, of the Dairy Industry Act and was fined S10 with costs plus $10 fee for analysis.

CI-IARLOT TET OWN

Wheat Varieties \ Canada Grows l

Canadians may justly be proud of the wheat they grow. The reputation they have enjoyed for so many years has been built uron the high quality of'the wheat for flour making purposes. and for the uniformity of the different com- mercial grades of wheat from year to year. This high standard has been vizilantly maintained by licensing only varieties that have shown high quality not only in the field but in repeated milling and baking tests.

For over twenty years samples drawn frcm cargoes leaving Fort William, Ontario, Vancouver B.C., and as frequently as possible from Fort Churchill, have been Dflfflisfld to ascertain what varieties were actually being shipped out. of tho country. The annual survey has just been completed and the data are quite gratifying. The trend in the uppper grades such as Nos. l 2 and 3 Manitoba Northem has been for an increase in the a- mounts of Marquis and Thatcher varieties in shipments from Fort William, while in those from Van- couver, Thatdher has increased iery materially. The amount of Red Bobs in the Fort William samples has remained much the same as last season but there has been I decided decline in this vari- ety appearing tn the Vancouver shipments, amounting from four to six per cent in ilhe different grades.

During the past few years the total percentage or these new rust resistant varieties. Thatcher. Apex, Renown. and Regent, ship- ped from Fort William and Van- couver has had a. very marked ef- fect in driving out some inferior varieties, The poor quality wheats have now reached trace propor- tions. ft is expected that the in- troduction of the new Hellman and Saunders varieties will still further improve tho quality situ- ation . says J. G. C. Fraser, Cereal Division. Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. To date, neither of these two varieties has appeared in the annual survey, as nearly‘ every bushel has been used for seed owing to the great demand for such purposes. It is estimated that . there will be over thirteen million,‘ bushels of Redman and one nullioill bushels of Saunders produced in 1949, much of which will be used for seed purposes,