SEPTEMBER 3. 1951

5 i

tpoo-3 The Origin of our large Fruits

Most of our large fruits came to us from other countries. Even those that are known to have or- iginated in North America have species of European and Asiatic grigin. Primitive man. who had learned that selecting seed from the most promising plants im- proved his vegetables. found this method did not work with fruit trees. Trees planted from seed re- quire several years before there is any fruit or seeds to produce the next generation. Fruit trees do not come from seed. and most of the offspring of our best varieties are very inferior to their parents

This facttwas discovered in pre- historic times. and those trving to rmprove their fruit found that a branch or cutting from a superior tree oi certain species. when planted. would sprout roots and ,-,.-ow into a tree that would pro- duce the same fruit as the one from which it was taken. They also discovered that cuttings of all trees could be grafted onto other nees of the same species and that the grafts produced the same fruit as the trees from which they were taken. In more recent times. buds have been grafted for this purpose. One variety of fruit has been propagated by grafts for nearly a thousand years. Today. a'most all of oilr rommerrial tree friilts are propagated in this man-

ByJ.A.C

f'Pi'.

The oldest civilizations. believed to have flourished thousands of years before the Christian era. have left. Pvldrnccs that they cul- tivated and used fruits. One of these was centred about the cast- :-rn Mediterranean and the Cas- pian Seas; and there is evidence ihat apples. pears. cherries and plums. are some of the fruits that originated in this area. Another area that stretches from eastern India through Burma and China. is probably the oricinal home of peaches. apricots and many trop- cal fruits.

Early Canadian Varieties

When this countrv was settled. the pioneers brought with them the improved fruit trees of that era from Europe. They brought forth both seeds and plants ThP art of grafting was well known at that time. and though grafted stocks were brought. here. most of the early plantings were from seeds. The Indians secured these European fruits, and carried them to plant about their villages. In this way. seedling fruit trees moved westward in advance of the aarllest. white settlers.

These. seedllna trees produced fruit differing in size. shape. col- our and quality: some trees ma- tured early and others later in the reason. Some of the fruit in these seedling orchards was excellent. and some the pigs refused to cat. the superior trees were propazat- -.d and iziven local names. In clear- ing forest land. John MBCIHIIDSH. rt Dundas County in Ontario, came across an apple that bears nis name. and is not only an out- Iianding popular variety through- iut Canada today. but hybrids. or- iginated by Dr. W. T. Macoun. by rrossing Maclntosh with other ap- plas. have produced superior vari- eties that have a wide seasonal -Ange. from the early Melba to the later Lobo.

The Breeding of Fruit Trees

Intense interest in the breeding of fruits began in North America 1 little over one hundred years

- NEWSY

ONO

NOTES . it

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M6043

then made selections. Burbank was one that had success in im- Droviniz a number of fruits. A great deal of this work has been done by our Experimental Sta- tions. The process is slow, as many thousands of seedlings are grown and discarded for every one that proves to be superior to its parents. With apples. many of the beat sorts have proved to be of little value in securing further im- provement. Recent fundamental genetic discoveries about apple breeding. however. give promise nl greet development in this work in the future.

The Origin of Apples

There are many evidences that there were apples long before re- corded history began. Remains found in the habltations of t.he lake dwellers of Central Europe in the Stone Age show that they had storage for apples. There are many species of apples, but Malus pu- mila, the apple in general cultiva- tion today. originally came from southwestern Asia. Its cultivation started with the beginning of ag- riculture ln Europe. and mention is made of varieties of apples grown in Greece 400 years before Christ. Apples are grown in al- most. cvery land with :1 temperate climate. They are grown in sub-

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Mink Farming

At the Edmonton Fur Auction erweatner ar f Sales Ltd. last week muskrat as r other boosirwes ms Wm receive 60 per cent sold and declined W10 an am. p?Pumnt'y' per cent. Heavy types reached n WP Of 33-65. ordinary and light W9lEh'-.13rl:e and extra large 32.10 gill 5340. mcdlum and small 31.40 to; .50.

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COO-O-0660-OO9OQO

The supplies of mink appear al- most inexhaustible. We were under the impression that the market had been pretty well cleared but we JLISL notice that yesterday the New I Yorfk Auction Company offered 38,750 ranch mink for the account .0! Great Lakes Mink Association, .Unitcd Mink Breeders and other

shippers.

A mcfmnll behind closed doors TTIIC bit: three organizations. the' Mutation Mink Breeders, the Great. Ballots Mink Association and the

tilted Mink Breeders Association. minted in their advertising at- m”5 1” Hi"P0l”S Bazaar. Holiday, Town and Country. Vogue; etc. and dcci-led the lack of co-opera- ilon given them by the manufac-

The latest in mink is the Ruby- Eye Pastel. a new. luminous, light brown pastel which the rancher claims has everyone talking. The

PROPANE GAS

For Hot Water Heating. Cooking and Cabin Heating. Non-Poisonous - Clean -

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tunnn side or the cur industry. ,o..Icmi.3ix 5Yfi.l'i:il.”.”iZi'”..'..; "mil. thfllflngl the ifhrwl day meeting . handsome mink in the pas-tel coloixl cosispggupfiigid itvnhhgafliiulgfziulrlfef-lain ; fzlurfyudzernent may be wrong and '.Thousands of acres of wastelands. in pan pmcs was discussed. Fmfktirtg-L .:!i'::rfo8:faf::Ila:2;T:niA'hCn it is ruined by recent heavy floods in furs seemed to be returning to thel - - -

fashion field as every year sees newt The same Magazine ntnm; than

;Kimsas, will be reclaimed thanksl

- Economical - Fast. E D This Gas is:- i.i-.c..u. Mmn A-r womr-3.. tn the "brain child" of law studentIleft by the floods. The big plow Sold by

Don Carttar of Lanvrcnce, Kan. It's ”reconditions" flooded land at the 3 huge plow that bites 40 inches rate of three-fourths of an acre into the earth and mixes the pro- an hour. The inventor is seen ductlve subsoil with sand and silt. above with his plow.

smtirv, smiw & PEAllilEii LTD.

(mt hm9de"5 lit ml” meeting. it W38 , they have heard that many ranch-l said. New and more bcauitifulws have been suffering from the” . . Imcs are rssnonsihle for the in-irireail disrase. distemper. and that Cmsefl ”" 5 1”"”9d "mif- Cl"."'"'5P ""9 hntikesmiiii said. .scvore winds killed manv minkl Essmnnn-V '1” problem is '9 ' ' ' iiri Wisconsin, bu-i that the toial.r"Dd"ce the mmmr-V '7q”mm('nt W”

R0381 S-'-illllhire FOX 5h0W,r1 in 3 production will be aiboiit the same m."-it have mgem" with "mugh r"ipt' stole and tour-tier cape made as 135; war with (ewe, nnmrn1.ClV”1'r"l l1'WI5 "V keel) M1065 Wilh- iivws at the '72nrl annual Canadianlnnrk ,n,nk pl-nnncnd but, a lnrgm-.111 hounds-

killed Workers shifts can be in-

tropicnl climates where they have a moderate winter rest. period. By crossing the common varict-l less with Mains haccain, a Siberiani species. Siberian crabs were tie-l velopcd that have proved popular. in Canada. They ran withstanrl' low tt-inprrnturos. and were thci foundation for apple nl'0Wlll'! the western prairies. Dr William! Saunders. the iirst Director of thc' Dominion Experimental Farms. was' greatly interested in these. and we. once spent a day with him malt-t ing selections from a izreai many, seedling crabs that he had grnvi-., ml: at Ottawa. to send to the Stations on the prairies. The .'i.n-l

i

its hardiness and the multitude of products made from its fruit In a normal year. Canada and the. United States are said to produce a bushel of apples for every ninn.t woman and child in their coun-j tries. ;

l Origin of Other Large Fruits l

Pears are believed to have oriz-1 inated in or near the same area as the apple. They were used fort food in the Stone Age. mans carried them into other parts of the old world. They were brought to the new world by the; early immigrants. A disease known: as "are blight” attackorl pears in 1780. and practically wiped them

out. Later. the Kicficr pear. a cross between the European pear and the Sand pear of China,

which iirst fruiled in ill73. proved to be resistant to this disease. Since then. many hybrid resistant strains have been developed. and are being rzrowri in all nlir fruit districts.

The peach. Prunus perslcn. Was so named on account of an errorl in regard to the place of its or- igln, They were called "Persian apples". because for two centuries they were believed to have orig- inated in Persia. It is now knnwii. from Chinese literature. that they were grown in China 200 years be- fore Christ. Botanists are now con- vinred that peat-hes originated in China. Early Greek and Roman writers mention peaches. and the Spaniards brought. them to Amer-

-ao. Many private individuals be- lea. They are not hardy and art- gn crossing varieties. They st-ew grown in Canada only in favour- : progeny until it fruited. and able locations. -ACROSS 5. Touching 26. Employ 1. dicule 6. Piece of 21. Anarchist 6.l7'ellow furniture 29. Hates I1. Teacher's 'l. Exclamation 31. South sayings 5. Subtle American I2. Mohamme- emanation republic dsn nymph 9. Best-ech Ii3.0pen I3. Plan 10. Mathemnf.l- Iruif. N5. Death cal term I pies ' goddess 14. Strong 34. Knocks of sea wind I5. Prepare" R8. Tiny 19. Bogs for Yesterday's Annu- 17. Fuel . 20. Stupt-fies publication I8. A!i'ln-native 2i. Insane 36. Game played -T9.Sourre of vote ' '22.Avving from sugar 19. Thaw: 23. Soak horseback 40. Blunders 21. For. to flax 88. Dancing 43. Cravnt theses 25.Ancient girl ti-:gypr.) 45.Cry of pain 24. Journey :8.Wide-awake 29.Coarse ' seaweed 30. Fruit. of a. palm 31. Awaited settlement n82.Marka for retention . (Print! atfrwilled faoric 37.La.n . measure 38.Man's name 41. Fuss 42. Cattle thief 44.Aguide 46.Stop watch 47. Packs away 48.Chaira DOWN lthbbage salad 2. Minute opening. 8 Monster it Narrow-inlet (pol)

AXYD IrLONO

trophies. the length and form Each day the code letters are

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Yeueranytn Cryptoquote: HE coups roo NEARVTHAT .'tD.3lLD.l1!lID.-oVl:RBURY-

N'”"””' Eh:”-”"l'l”- Tf”i0"t0- n'lnill'l1ll)t'r of mutations. , lletween 1946 and lfinfl that part' was its fil'5l. time exhibited and- o - - of the labour force engaged in

'uir.s one of the highlights of

pie is our leading fruit. becaiise of. ,

the lilahuloiis Furs of Canada Fashion Shows .'-ipptaaring three times daily in the balcony restaurant and twice daily in the Coliseum Thc.'it.l'c for two works of the show. An ostiniiileri 8.5Il0 people will

0”I5Ci' the forty fur pit-ccs cxhi'bltcd.I

The Flllli ('LlOil includes mink. siihlc, iiroadliill. ermine. persian lamb. beaver. slicared raccoon. liiirlson. Alaska seal and otter

Kale AlII(('il. roninwntalor of the two shows, points out thrit Can- aIl.'i'.-' fur iiirllinlry is as old as the

d.scoi-cry of (inn:-id'i in l534 b.V .la:'-tiuts C.ii'tlor. Flltlngiy he was 1"o Canada's first trapprr. she

says. I The Sapphire Fox. which hluo czrey shade with a silvrr glint. was Pl'(V'Ill(.'PfI by the. farmers and in- ll'ilfIiIrNl at the Fair to honor Prin- cess I7:lI7.fl-IlRII'l on the occasion of

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her first visit to (”:inad-a. Henry llrlorcan Ltd of Montreal was ciiosrn by the Government

of Print-e Edward Island to manufac-

Tm. R0,.tturc the two fashion pieces. The,

seven skins used to make them

were selected and matched by ihcl

l')cpart.mcnt of Acriciiltiire and Adrcrtisiii: Commlticc along with technical aIl'VlSCTS. Min-k in color varirty aml stylinli is another high point of the pIll'.'lfIP. It ranges in shades from pastel and silvcrblu through Aleutian, wild. hall-blood and ranch mink. . . Hiidsonls Ray Company's auc- tion in lvloiiti-cal last week rc-ports . .. . Ranch and wild mink sold well. Standard ranch mink was 56 per cent sold. seconds 91 Der cent wild mink 74 per cent. The Company noicd slightly easier prices and described wild mink as a poor end of scason collection. American dcalcrs were the Win" cipal biiyers. Muskrat skins were 44 per cent. sold at somewhat easier prices. Top prices were 53.00 in 310. Prices for ranch mink rnilscd as follows . Extra dark and dark males. MR75 to S2350?

brown mains 518.75. mixed 514.25 to 520; females dark. 511.20 to S12: extra dark mixed males and fem- ales S21.

Muiati n mink reached a top of ms for . ilvcrhlu: Silverblu males were s21.50 to s25.50 and females 314 to 517. Pastel males brought sit) to S251. females, S13 to s16.50. mixed 3'27 to 330.50. Mixed Koh- iniir's were 312. to M250: miscell- aneous white males brought up to 525. Marten and fisher were mostly withdrawn. Pearl platinum foxes were nearly 80 per cent sold. They ranrlod in price from 31660 to 5.10.50. Pl?iIIl'lll'Il'lS were 25 per cent- solii at 518 to 326..

.

On September loth the Oslo. Norway. fox auction will offer H.000 Silver Fox. 6.090 Blue Fox and smaller parcels of platinum Fox at a four day sale. The com- pany describes the quality of the offering as fairly good. The above sale should pretty well clean up the unsold portion of the, 1960 fox crop in Norway. it will be inter- esiimz to see tlic nrlsen they bring-

.

Canadian Fur Auction Sales Co. (Quebec) T.td.. Montreal. will offer at auction A large collection of furs starting on TliPS(I3.V. Sept- llth. On Friday. Sept. 14th. 9.000 Silver Fox inoludiniz P1-'lIvlnUm- Pearl Platinum. White Marked and Silvors will go on sale.

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Slightly easier prices seem to be the general rule for furs at all re- cent auctions throughout the Unit- ed Mates and Canada and retail sales are reported as havina 5I0Ws ed up considerably the vast Cftllfllfi nf months. It may be that it is off season lime and that. when the coo -

n PDIILTIIY WANTED

L B A A X II. F E I. L 0 W 'tOne letter simply stands for another. In this. example A is used for the three Lil. X for the two 0's. etc. single letters, apos-

atlon of the words are all hints." different

Yhfnon pir"oTo"rri.v'

INUNW.

Buying daily

Live or Dressed

Poultry EASTERN PACKING

females srli. to 515: dark and dark.

With the rapid disappearance of the horse in Western Canada and on own Island due to mechaniza- tion. wh:it's the answer. that is to .s:iy. what type of protein can we lusr to take its place? All of us have been using a certain amount of lf.sh but is it not the whole answrr .and now ranchers in the U. S.. y0ntario and even western Canada are turning their attention to in-hale mgnt.

This moat has been used in Nor- .w.'iy with great success and ranch- .ors in Nrivfoundland such as Vic lfflnustcn. well known here. win- tered iii? females this past season and whale meat composed the en- tire meat pact of their ration. These ufcnialcs whelpcd W5 healthy kits. Other Newfoundland breeders

pearly i have good production. Whale ITlEaLlthe restoration or me inn” nu-. rlfvtllopid ' and I packing on a large scale in now go- i (-enfage would be neither neces.

ling on in Newfoundland and it should be available to fur farm- lers here this fall at reasonable prices.

Business conditions

(C B. of Commerce) 1 TORONTO. sent. 7 --Canad:i's exports for July were 5379 million. incarly sll million more than im- ports for the same month. says ithc current issue of The Canadian ;Bank of Commerce monthly Com- Imcrcial Letter. This was the iirsi. ;iiionthly surplus on trading ac- jrount this year. It reduced the ci-inulative deficit. for 1951 to 5332 nmilllon. Exports i.n both the Unit- ed States and the United Kingdom increased during the month. For the second successive month im- Iports from the United States de- Sclinod slightly.

Harvesting is now well under Iway. The. first official estimate forecast a record wheat. crop of 582 million bushels of wheat. and bumper outturns of feed grains. Rain has delayed harvest. work and the lateness of the season in Western Canada makes late-sown crops vulnerable to .frost. davnaize. Ample feed supplies are virtually msured-a good omen, having re- gard to current rather precarious live stock and dairy products sup- plies.

Balancing The Labour Budget

4

No very far-reaching change in either the use or the source of labour is likely this year unless foreign relations alter quickly for the worse. Beyond 1951 the out- look is more obscure. Assumlnrl that. the projected defence pro- gram must. be carried out in full. fa fairly large addition to the ef- fective labour force must. be con- trived. or a lowering of present living standards accepted.

The most critical shortapre at present is that in skilled labour. 'And it is one that seems likely to remain with us for some time Un- less there is some "dilution" of labour or a far-reaching attempt by individual industries to raise. the status of their loss skilled workers. the skilled laboilr sittin- tlon seems likely to grow more acute as the volume of defence work grows. On the present ef- forts of skilled workers the subsc- quentemployment of semi and uri-

BIIRNERS with economy

clutch now

available

skilled labour depends. Withoutl

.rr.aniifacturing increased by 18 per .ccnt.. This was attained only at the expense. of other segments of the economy. notably azriculturc. .Throuclioiit this period shortages of skilled and semi-skilled trades- men have persisted. some doubt, nthcrofore. arises concerning the inhility of our economy to man the .l?l(Tf.'Ft5F(I capacity contemplated in the next year and a half, while lalso providin: the additional la- lI)flilI' iit-edcri in other sectors.

' The greatest untapped source of I'lbf)llr at the present. time is wo- men not currently seeking em- ployment. students and retired kpersous. In June i951. 24 per cent iof adult. females were members of 1the labour force. compared with .3325 per cent in mid-i944. While

Isary nor socially desirable in the fnbsence of extreme urgency. this group forms the largest potential pool of labour. It is likely also that many persons who have just iieached retiring age could be in- diiced to remain at work. The nat- ural increase in the labour force is nrrw about 50,000 a year. part of which will likely be absorbed into the armed services.

About 5 per cent of the current labour force is probably made up of immigrants who have come to Canada between 1046 and 1950. Immicrritlon this year may set a post-war record of about l50.t)00. about 90.000 of whom may be add- ed to the labour force.

The allocation of scarce materi- als to defence prorliictlon has re- sulted in some shift from civilian to militriry goods. But. this to- gether with tightened credit con- trols does not necessarily release manpower of the desired types in the most. st.ratc".ic localities.

COItIIIeII (Iriiicgai 0t Efforts To Hail inllgion

ST. CATHARINES. Ont. Sept. 7 - (CF) - M.J. Coldwell. C.C.l". leader. suggested tonight that con- trols both internally and interna- tionally must be instituted if Can- ada and the democracies are to lick inflation.

He criticized international action to allocate materials as unsuccess- ful and termed results of a Can- oda-United States agreement to pool economic resources for de- fence as "disappointing."

If inflation is to be defeated. greater international co-operation among the democracies must be

obtained.

"If we are to maintain public support for essciitial preparations for defence. the intolerable burd-

NOTTINGHAM. Emgland - If) I-Under the will of Lady Hind, .82-year-old widow who died last :May. about ;200.000of her ETO(l.0D0 'esi.1te will go to charity Relatives 'said she had lived as a reclusel '.-ince her husband died five years 'ago.

I

Distributors of Mcclary Propane Gas Range Stoves

I70 Gt. Geo. BI. Phone m

Urge immediate Action To llurb inflation Prices

OTTAWA. sent. 7 ..tCP - Gov-it ernment action to hold down the cost of living will he demanded by

FARMERS ATTENTION

Opposition parties in the Com- mons when Parliament meets next BLUESTONE month.

Blight is developing rapidly. Protect your potato crop with Bordeaux. the most highly recommended blight spray. We have a quantity of INSTANT BLUESTONE on hand.

SIMMONS St MacFARLANE LTD. Phone 2233

- This was emphasized yesterday in statements by George Drew, Progressive Conservative leader. M. J. Coldwell. C.C.F. leader. and So- lon Low. Social Credit leader.

They were commenting on Prime Minister St. Lziurcnifs broadcast on the cost of living. Speaking af- ter the Bureau oi Statistics had announced that the cost-of-living index in Jilly had risen 1.3 points to a new high fo 188.9, Mr. St. Laurent said Canada is not going to have direct price controls now.