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Fiﬁ: a wsoﬁsbsv. Arku'esjiz. Mr. Pearson's Visd

Whatever reasons of political Itrategy inspired the Hon. Lester Pearson to launch his election cam- paign as Liberal Party leader in Charlottetown tonight. we like to think that they are all flattering to our self-esteem. We like Mr. Pearson personally. and he showed us on the occasion of his last visit that he returns the sentiment. He has. we hope. a high regard for our intelligence. notwithstanding the way we voted in the last two federal elections; and he is hoping. no doubt. to convince us of the wisdom of changing our course. and veer- ing back into the Liberal fold.

We may expect that he will stress personally the pledges he gave through his party candidates here. with respect to the building of the causeway and the construct- ion of a new icebreakcr for the Bor- den-Tormentine service. The cause- way had already been pledged by the party in power. through Prime Minister Diefenbaker: but Mr. Pearson scored first so far as an additional iccbreakcr is concerned. and that is something for which he knows we stand greatly in need.

Yesterday we quoted a leading Liberal newspaper. the Winnipeg Free Press. as condemning pre-elec- tion promises of this kind. "Brazen bidding for votes." it called them: but we endeavored to act our Win- nipeg contemporary right in this respect. for we regard them as as- eurances fully in accord with na- tional interests and particularlv the interests of these Atlantic Provin- ces, in offsetting disadvantugcs un- der which we have labored far too long.

Mr. Pearson will no doubt have other good news for us tonight. in- dicative of his party's interest and concern in our welfare. We shall wel- come it. Th a fact remains. how- ever. that our memories of the treatment we received under the former Liberal regime. of which he was I member. are not pleasant ones. There were surpluses in the federal treasury in those days. and staggering deficits provincially.

One of the first things the Dief- enbakcr Government did was cor- rect this imbalance. to some extent.

grants: and it has followed through with other measures to our advant- age. These are by no means all that we could wish. but they do indicate I new trend in federal responsibility for which we are thankful.

We have no doubt that Mr. Pearson. if elected to power. will mdeavor to pursue this trend. But It is not one in which he can claim toheapioneerund whenitcmnea In Will. our elector! must midcr

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equal Milan it done op. the way for groups of urban citizens to demand relief from arbitrary domination by rural majorities. The case in which the supreme court made its decision was brought by a group of urban voters in Ten- nessee who sued for revision of the Itate’s legislative district boundar- ies. which had remained unchanged since 1901 despite a state constitu- tional requirement that they be re- vised every ten years. As a result of the present imbalance a vote in one rural Tennessee county is worth as much in the state House of Rep- resentatives Is the votes of 200 citizens in the city of Memphis. Worse than this. a study in Cali- fornia shaws it is theoretically poa- ai'ble for 12 per cent of the voters to elect I working majority in the state legislature. In Vermont. where then has been no redistribution since it joined the union 167 years ago. a hamlet of 86 people (Victory, Vt.) has the same legislative representa- tion as a city of 35.000 (Burlington). Actually. it would appear. there is not a single American state or Canadian province w h i c h given equal representation to city and

.rural voters, although it would be

difficult to find such extreme ex- amples in this country as the ones above cited.

Nuclear Parrying

In a note which the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament commit- tee sent to the British Government. hope was expressed that Prime Minister Macmillan would continue to do all he could to persuade Presi- dent Kennedy not to resume atmos- pheric bomb testing. Mr. Macmillan meets the President in Washington on Saturday. presumably for final discussion on the issue. which comes to a head in the next few days.

The British Prime Minister. however. is already on record as having concurred with President Kennedy as to the need for resum- ing these tests, unless there Is I change of Russian attitude in the bargaining that is going on at Gen- eva on test bans and disarmament.

Nuclear tests represent the lat-

est move in the cold war game of threats and counter-threats. and it Is dreadful to contemplate what the results may be. President Kennedy and his advisers are presumed to be ready for any eleventh hour Mos- cow overture nn an inspected test ban. but they will not renounce test- ing unless an effective treaty is signed. . This raises the question, has the President prepared beforehand his reaction to a last minute Soviet offer of a treaty falling just short of Washington's draft? Would he- poatpono tests while negotiating over the slight discrepancies. and perhaps risk finding that the Krem- lin was only stalling? Or would he go ahead with the tests while negotiating, and open himself to the charge that he wrecked the bar- gain when only I few details re. maincd to be worked out?

The whole issue is hedged with appalling uncertainties. which u- oounta for the concern expressed by Canada'- External Affairs Minister Green at the prospect of resuming nude-r min under any condition. Almost certainly. If the U.S. teats go thrwgh. there will he more Soviet tents to follow: and what then? Our whole future may do- pmd upon the answer. yet no hu- man being can claim to have it.

EDITORIAL NOTES

Gmtdhutontothe Public Forum are minded thot all letters pub- lished are subject to editing and

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()TTANVAiCKKLARS OTTAWA REPORT by Patrick Nicholson

Snobbish In Our National Sovereignty

Canada does not bestow hon-’ ours and decorations upon citi-‘ ens who have given distin- guished or gallant service to the aisle and their fellows. Canada does not do this because Can- Ida. alone among the significant nations of the world. has not yet created this particular mark of national sovereignty.

And. as we have nothing to reward foreigners who perform services for Canada. we have imposed the aelfdenying ban- widely disregarded - that Cana- dians may not accept any de- coration from I foreign country which they benefit.

A peak of Canadian Itupldity and rudeness in this matteri was recently attained when the head of another state paid an official visit to Canada. Includ~ ed in his baggage was a small case containing several of hill country's decorations, which he wished to award to our Gover- i nor General and to other Cana- diam.asamarkofrespectm Canada and to their office. and also to reward certain of them for services which they had per- formed for his country. He was very offended. I was told. when some lesser bureaucrat In our diplomatic service told. him most undiplomatically not to unpack that little cue. Ind to take all his hIinbleI away out of Canada with him.

DISTINCTION NEEDED Canadians generally agree

that we don't want Inherited tit» .

lea here; they are In anachron- l

ism in this age. But many Can- adians would no doubt be de- lighted to accept some official recognition of their mun out- standing lervlcel to this coun- try, whether it he I lifetime title or distinction. or a mchl.

In a spirit of considerable hy- pocriay. the former Prime Min- ister Mackenzie King effec- tively squashed the system of British honours and decorations being awarded to Canadians-af- ter he had accepted one him- Ielf. And he subsequently Ic- cepted another. He had I point in suggesting that for Canadians In accept British honours was I perpetuation of our colonial. status. But he created a meal and an anomaly by failing to in- stitute CanodlIn honour: and . awards to take their plIce.

Despite this ban. many CanI- ; dIInI today proudly Iccept and I wear honours awarded by other countriea. A Iubltantial number V of Catholics have accepted de- corations Ind honorary titles from the head of the Vatican; Slate. Many French-Canadiana.‘ and some others. have accepted and wear the Legion of Honour I awarded by the President of France. A number are proud to t, accept honours in the Maltese order of St. John.

Every Privy Councillor ac- . cents and um the lifetime title of “HonourIHe.” Many Cane-i diam hIVe accepted the honor- ary title of "Chief" from In In- dian tribe. Others proudly use the title of "Doctor." based not

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upon their scholastic achieve- menu but upon an honorary do gree. UJ.A. DEMOCRATIC

Nobody would accuse the us. of being undemocratic. Yet that country has many decorations and medIla which it awards perhaps overlavishly to it (ill- tlngulabed citiuna. Former m sident. Eisenhower has accepted and wear: I British decoration carrying the title of "Sir" — which title he doc! not use. The actor Douglas Fairbanks Jr. was IwardedAthe lame decor- ation for his war services; he wears the order but does not use the title. Yet Candi“ Io!-

3diers. who cannot be rewarded

for their gallantry or fine ser- vice by Canada. may accept British medals — but not the one which was awarded to Ike and Douglas Fairbanks.

Our own gallant Governor General. General George Va- nier. wear: I veritable fruit salad of awards for his courage -—but not one of them is Cana- dian.

It is certainly I national men.

The solution. surely welcom- ed by moat CInadiIna. would be the creation of Canadian hon- oun and decorations, which our own Governor General could award to our gallant soldiers and our distinguished Ind do- dicIted citizens.

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capacity to withstand Itrcu. Apparently. the years extract their toll on the weaker cell units of important organs.

How long we live depend upon genetic factors (heredity) and environment tinfectiona. Icel- deu. and stress). We come in- to the world. according to Sclye. with so much adaptive energy and our years of life depend upon the rate at which it in used

up.

(Dr. Van Dellen will answer questions on medical topics If stamped. self-addressed IIIVO- lope accompanies request.)

ORIGIN OF HOLES

R. J. writeI: What ea in"

moles? REPLY

These lesions have their In- ception long before birth when the skin is being developed. Some of the cells go astray. leaving pigmented areas. Some males are not noticeable at birth but come to the urine at a later date. Send stamped. oclf - Iddresaed melope for leIflet on moles.

loNl CANCER IN YOUNG l. R. writes: Does hone can- cer Ift'lict older people as well as the young? REPLY

Moat victims of bone tumors Inbetween 10nd” years of age. These lesions are not com- mon after age 50.

Mr. RIeﬁier’s Faux Pas

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reaches | Stanley Falls near Stanleyville. .

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miles. the Congo's flown ser- are. 11m lull stretch is the Congo of romance.

After Conrad ulledup this. brooding. mysterious mch. he wrote in his famous tale. "Heart

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and the big trees were kings.“ Conrad later recalled in a Na- tional Geographic Iﬂicle th I t he "smoked a pipe of pence I1 mianight in the very heart of the 1 African Continent and felt very ‘ lonely there."

The tree: still grow so clmly' Ilong the bank: that the foliage mats Itself Into I dank wIlI. Vines and brightly ﬂowered cre- e-perl wmd through the g r e e n barriers. Standing out Ire tre- . mendouI boobeb trees with bul- l

The dignity Ind yodlclII fair- ness of the Adolf Etchmann

proceedings. Alloneyﬂenenl Gideon Hau- Iner climaxcd I passionate l denimcialloo of the defendant by i Ilium that. if bi- coiivic- tion is affirmed. he should not in the ordinary ‘ ‘ to one or ' more of the traditional punish- ments of Old Testament Illnes— m. m. m Ind m. I Walden can understand. ;

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and captains don't know the river have he- come lost among the wooded ll-

lands. CANOE! AND DIESEL! Graceful log canoes. w o o ‘- burnlng stern-wheelers. and mo- dern diced mu ply th 0 Congo and In tributaries. The river system la the major tune- portatlon artery In the Repulle

and provides more than 3.000

. miles of navigable waters. As it

bend- southward. the C on g o

‘ again crosses the Equator; it is

the only major river that twice crosses the line.

1110 Congo rarely floods ho cause rIiny seasons occur In dif- ferent months in the N o r t hem and Southern Hemispherea. Con- aequeutly. when the river's both then: tributaries are high. ill southern branches are low.

At Leopoldvllle. the C o n l I spreads into the Stanley pool.

‘ some 20 miles wide Ind 14 long.

before plunging into 200 seething miles of cataracts and rapids.

The rapids end It MItadi. the head of navigation for ocean going veaselr. Sweeping past the port. the Congo ends its 2.700 - mile Journey It the Atlantic. where it pours lﬂomtlcubie feet of water per second Into the eel. Only the Amazon dis- charge: more. The Iurglng brown stream stain: the been so miles from shore.

Justice Or Vengeance

Globe III Mall. Toronto

when I septum d death In pronounced it should be carried out in u bind-no Ind inma- tIneouI I fashion Is possible. For a prosecutor to demand that a condemned man be kill- edhydowtortnreiaareturl to blrbarism. It cannot be just- lfled no matter how appalling the victim's crimes may have The beat feIturI of the Etch- mann trial. and the thing moot likely to have a genuinely do fer-rut effect an other race fan- atics. was the feeling through- out that Adolf Elena-nu. one. so powerful and so feared. wu