.nothing. Then

SEPTEMBER 28. 1940

- N EWSY

B! AG

THE RORMAN INVASION 1066 (2)

Godwin did not long enjoy his restored dignitics. for the follow. lng year (1053) he died. leaving his sarldom-all the land south of the l‘hamcs—to his son Harold. Some historians hint that Godwin was poisoned. but the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says simply that "on the day after Easter sat he with the King at table: when he suddenly sunk beneath against the root-rail. deprived of speech and of all his strength. He was brought into the King's chamber; and they supposed that it would pass over; but it was not so. He continued thus speech- less and helpless till the Thursday; when he resigned his life, on the seventeenth before the calends of May." '1‘1".ls seems to have been a paralytic stroke, and it deprived England or a wise oounsellor at a critical time.

In i055 and 1056 Harold - now the most powerful man in Eng- land next to the King-was fully occupied in operations against the welsh who. supported by an army from Ireland, had penetrated Eng- lish territory and done much dam- age. In the end the Welsh King "Griffin" (which I suppose to be Griffith) swore to be a firm and faithful Viceroy to King Edward. Griffin did not keep his word how-

" ever. and war broke out again: at

last he was slain by his own men (10%) and his head was brought to Earl Harold who in turn sent it to the King. Two more disturb- ed years followed: the Welsh were again raiding, and the Yorkshire- men and Northumbrians were in revolt: and after twenty-two year's rulg Kin Edward died. "This ear .1” (logs) was Earl Harold al- lowed to be King: but he enfor- ed little tranquillity therein the while that he wielded the king- dom. And now appeared a poi-tent in the sky that struck terror into the breasts of the superstitious Enz- lish. "lfhen was over all England such a token seen as no man ever saw before. some men said it was the comet-star. which others call the long-hair's! star. 1t appeared first on ttha evecalled Litaniama; o and so shone all the week.‘ q no‘; know that it was Halloys comet whichinspired the terror. but to the simple-minded folk it spoke oi’ doom. So deeply dlfl 11-! appearance affect even the Nor- mans that Queen Matilda wove a icture of the comet into the his-

orio Bayesux tapcatry- "1511 mirant stcllam" is the wmmenl above it.

Troubles came upon the new

King at once. His brother Tostig (pron. tosty) had been driven from his earldom by hi! 0WD subjects. and had taken refuge in Hinder!- King Harold was watchful the south coast (for it had been cre- dibly reported that Earl William would attempt an invasion), when he received tidinss that Harold Hardrada. KinG of Norway u 115d entered the Tyne "unawares (as the Chronicle says) with three hun- dred ships; and that he had been oined by Tostig with some ships Ient by the King of the Scots. The Tyne had little to plunder in those days. and the allies made for the Ouse and drew near to York. Harold, who had been in- formed of the invasion. “went northward by day and night" but "ere he could come hither .. Earl! Marker and Edwin fought with the enemy; they made a great slaughter too; but there was s good number of the English peo- ple slain, and drowned, and put to flight; and the Northmen (Nor- wegians) had possession of the field of battle. And this fight was on the eve of St. Matthew the apostle. which was Wednesday." After their victory l-Iarold Hard- rada and Tostig went into the city of Yolk, took provisions and hos- tages, and promised friendship to all who would go south with them to help them conquer the land. While they were waiting for these reinforcements, at Si-amfflrd Bridge, a few miles from York, King Harold "came unaware: against them beyond the

NOTES -

3100M

d" QQi/Bfhlricnt control and no fife might be“ cut unless it bore we éiiifgrk 0f the captain of the Sig! l- (I am writing of fifty or y years ago). Furthermore, ‘my 5179618111’ lB-rBe or straight tree was not to be cut, but was pey- niitted to stand to produce 5L“)- erior seed. to re-seed the tract. Here I am afraid such a tree would pa the first to go; its vgfy p"- aeétion would condemn it to the In the beautiful Derwent Val. ley. in which I lived for a time, the

clwllwell Woods on lease. 'I'hese were originally "Crown lands", but had been given to the Nation by Queen Victoria, so that the May- quis paid rent to the Treasury in- stead of to the King's Privy-purse. The lessee kept a number of wood- men whose business it was to clear 01f hurtful undergrowth and “rubbery. as well as to cut the trees for it props; and s hood forester to superintend them and order the cutting at the right sea- son and place. As it happened my grandfather's brother - whom 1 have mentioned before — was over .the head forester and did all the buying and selling of the timber ifor the Marquis: a. nice outdoor occupation that I rather envied. |The selling took place at New. .castle. on Market days, and the

‘rest of the week "Uncle James" and the forester spent in looking over the trees and making experi- ments in treating them for best results: in consequence. the woods always looked trim and prosper- lous and the young plantations ‘healthy. The thing was on a |business footing and the Marquis imade money out of it. even ithough he had to keep a body of men to carry it out.

Mlriy towns in Germany (in those days) had municipal forests or woodlots of considerable size. the income from which obviated the necessity for laying taxes on the townsfolk;

One great mistake the farmer makes. ls to let his cattle into the ‘woodlot. They find shelter of course. and a little picking round the edge, but he loses the manure. My first employer on the Island always "penned" his cattle for the night during the summer and autumn, putting a layer of straw, etc., in the pen every day. This was better than turning them into the woods, for he had all the manure.

Said s young man to ms the other day, "Why is it that so-and- so (naming the farmer) always has hardwood for sale’! This is not a. hardwood district.” “Oh. yes it is". I replied, "if it got the chance. When the spruse is cut down. or a. field is neglected, you will see both birch and spruce seedlings spring. Then the cattle are turn- ed in and the birches and hard- woods sre destroyed leaving the Sllruce t0 grow up. Mr. so-and-so protects his hardwood seedlings, that's whyl"

THI KNITTING BREATH

From s correspondent. who has taken the surest way to remain incognito, I have received this in- teresting letter. “Dear Agricola: —I am always greatly interested in your column. w felt I must writs and tell you what I think a knitting Sheath would be used for. t "My grandmother was a great :knitter, and knit and sold many ipairs of socks to shipyard men at 125 cents per pair, which kept her in pin-money as it is called today. but which 1 suppsct went to buy |groceries rather than finger wavesi

"When knitting she had pinned

to her waist a rather elaborate af- '

fair done in blask silk. like a pin- cushion, and which she called a knitting shield. It was used o rest the lower point of the needle, ‘as in knitting she always let go of the needle to put the yarn over ‘the to for a new stitch. Today .most nitters hold the needle in [their hands and throw the .stitch lover with their fore finger. "Wearing no whalebone garment

brgqge; underneath. a steady knitter would I

m find her side ctting tend . 1 " _ are ' er so ARE BIG flnu‘ OUT 3100mm!‘ ween certain breeds develop

iexcz-‘Jcnt beef animals. However. if

h l d t ther :23 lcozlynfieff°long°§fi me day suppose invented the knitting fighting very severely. There was ‘Shlfildhave Ne“ some women kn“

slain Harold the Fair-liairki, King of Norway, and rum TOStiB. and s multitude of people with thefn both of Normans and English. (Normans in this case means Nor- wegians, Danes and adventurers from Flanders. Earl Williams Nor- mans are always termed “French- men" by the Chronicles). "And the Normans that were left fled from the English. who slew them hotly behind; until some came to their strips, some were drowned. some burned to death. that is evi- dently by setting the shiP5 0" fire), and thus variously destroyed; so that there was little left: and the English gained possession of the field." Another section of the Norwegian army was still ori $1113 other side of tile River Derweni. across the bridge, and there was a Norwegian champion guarding the narrow wooden footbridge so that the English "could uot puss over the bridge, nor complete the vic- tory. An Englishman aimed at him with a Javelin. but it avail- csme another under the bridge. who pierced him

terribly inwards under the coat of .

mail" Tradition has it that the attacker came down the river in l. tub, and stabbed his enemy by a thrust between the planking.’ And Harold. Kin of the English then came over tge bridge. follow- ed by his army; and there they made s great slaughter. both Oi the Norwegians and the Flemlngs. These two general battles were fought within five nights." How Harold dealt with his captives must be told in another Note.

THE WOODLOT

ft loolu as if the woodlot were somiu; into its own, so 1 may as well take a hand. 1 have often been astonished at the different treatment accorded to the wood- lct here. as compared with Nor- Wily. or even with Britain. In Nor- Way the forests seemed to be un-

|like that today. never taking the needle from their belt till the whole row was knit, then fix the new needle in the same place.

"I hope you can get some one to demonstrate for you.

"Many thanks for so many in- terestlng articles, and please ex- arse me for not signing my name,

rs. — —"

i Now I understand: it was a matter o! technique that. in the main, led to the invention of the knitting sheath and shield. and a change in technique has driven them out of use again. That is an entertaining letter and shows that the anonymous writer has a good memory, much power o; ohserva. ltlpn, and a humorous outlook on i e.

I

i A QUARTET 0F NEW PLANTS 1 Local botanists have kept at it. but as time goes on it becomes harder to find anything new. This year four plants have been put on record.

From Mr. Harold Messervy. City Surveyor. has been received a specimen of Potenillls sulphare- Lamarcir. the Rough-fruited Cin- que-foil. As its name implies the flowers are light yellow; they are numerous and about 2 cm. broad. This plant. says Dr. Britten "nus been confused with P. reels l... which is also cultivated and escapes from gardens. The latter (i.e.. P. reels) has smaller. dark yellow pe- tals". It will be remembered that Mr. sterling Campbell. of New

Glasgow. found P. recto there a year or two ago. Disnthus deltioldcs I... the Maid-

en Pink. was found growl wild near where was an old gar en B9 years ago. in a district of King's County. This plant was put on record by Prof. R. R. Hurst. of the Laboratory of Plant Pathology. "who also procured some of the seed for the writer. It should make a good rockcry plant; the

Marquis of Bute held the extensive ,

'l‘§lli_(THARLU'i’|'l;£'l‘(l\VN (‘UAR|)|»\N

' leekly Livestock Market Review

SUMMARY

A considerable amount of uneven- es was apparent in the cattle mar- ket during the past week. Demand for shipment to the United States

fell off sharply and prices, while holding steady cn some grades, dropped 25c or more on others.

Killing classes appeared to bc the poorest sellers. Despite the fact that calves entering the United States are now paying the full rate of dill-y 0i’ 2 l-Zc per pound, the mar- ket was not affected in any way and prices ruled steady to strong. Lamb nrices held generally unchanged from last week but the hog market was definitely lower, the (Riding amounting to 25c to 50c or more.

Eastern Cattle Markets

Most grades of killing cattle drop- ped 25c at TORONTO and some 1200 head were left unsold. Stock- ers, however, ruled steady. Handy- Wllllt butcher steers and heifers were specially hard to dispose of bo- tween $6.50 and $7.75. with some tops at $8. Wmghzy steers sold up to a practical top of $8.55 and one choice load made $8.75. Good stock- ers moved readily at s": to $7.50 Opening prices at MONTREAL were 25c t0 50c lower and following Monday it was difficult to obtain bids. Steers were the heaviest los- ers. with good kinds going at $7.75 to $8.50 and one load at $9. The bulk of the frond cows sold around l$5.50 and a few up to $5.75. MARI- TIME reccpits of the better grades ‘of cattle continued below require- ments and prices held steady with 51:12:; f0 choice steers at $7.50 to

Wcstcm Cniilc Markets

The WINNIPED market was somewhat uneven. some grades of cattle holding about steady and others losing about 25c or more tinder the influence of avive" ad- vices frcm outside pninis. Tue t fer grades of cows declined 25v to 50c. selling at $4 50 to $4.75. Killing steers were barclv stcariy mostly from $7 down with a feiv small lots reaching $7.50 or better. Willi rc- stricted competition from the south the higher priced feeder steers sold easier. An occasional lend sold nt $7 or better but sales were largely between $6 and $6.75. CALGARY closed 25c io 50c lower on butchers with good steers making up t0 $7.50. Stocker trade was steady. Tracie at EDMONTON slowed up in the fore part of the l\"‘Ck but all clams closed about steady. Other markets were steady to a little weaker with PRINCE ALBERT playing $5.50 to $6.75 for good steers and MOOSE JAW selling the best of the offer- ing at $6 to $6.50. REGINA was steady and SASKATOON also held steady on gcod slot-rs and heifers but was lower on all others. Steers and heifers ranged up to $7.25 with an odd sale at $7.50. VANCOUVER was active and steady with good butcher steers at $7.50 to $8.

United States Market

United States markets tvere slow and lower. Three cars of Canadian cattle offered at Buffalo on Monday apparently received bids considered too low and were re-shlppr-d to an

Eastern market. A few stockcrs

were shipped from Toronto to “n. caster during the week. Recent quo- tations at St. Paul on common u; good Canadian cows were from $5.25 to $6 and on common to good bulls $525 to $6.25.

Exports to the United Stains for the week consisted of 3.041 beef 6311-18. 509'dairy and 855 calves. To- tals to date this year are 85,412 beef, 10,842 dairy and 62,564 calves, compared with 140,319 beef, 9.602 dairy and 71,401 calves in the same period last year. Exports from July 1st to September 19th undes- the third quarterly quota were 28,076 beef cattle. compared with 51,962 lllgélgd in the corresponding period of

Calf Quota Nearly Filed

A release by the United, 304mg Treasury Department shows 1m. ports of calves from all countries from January 1st to August 31st. inclusive, totalling 92,603 head. Cus- toms collectors were instructed to comment-e collecting the full tgflff rate oi 2 l-2 per pound on calves entering the United States on and after September 12th. Any 1m- poits onzeriug tlie United States prior to the filling of the quota of 100.000 head will, of course, be subject to rebate of 1o per pound. Cali’ Market Steady To Strong

Calves held steady to strong isl- zill msrkcis and Toronto paid $11 to $11.50 for choice veals and had occasional soles as high as $12 Vcals were steady at Montreal up to $10.50 and an odd top of $11 Wiuiiiimg sold good to choice veais at $8 to $9.50 and Calgary was stronger with the best of the of feriiig at $7.50 to $8.50. Edmonton topped wt $8, Prince Albert at $750 M0058 JHW $5. Rfiglna $8. Saskatoon $8.25 and Vancouver $7.50.

Ifrg Prices Lower

ling prices followed a downward Ircnci and Plnsfll lower at all mar- kcis. ‘The closing price at Toronto “'21s $12 for the basic grade dress- ed or $9 for bzicons off trucks. Mon- troal closed at $12 dressed and 139-35 i, 1% W. Winnipeg had a clos- ing price of $8.10 f. 8t w.. Calgary $8 off trucks. Edmonton $7.75 and $8, Prince Albert $7.90. Moose Jaw and R/eginzi $8.15 and Saskatoon $7.90. Slaughter hogs at Vancou. ver made $8.95 to $9.20.

Lambs Steady to Strong

Gocd ewes and wethers sold steady at Toronto at $9 to $9.50 and Montreal paid $8.50 and had a few loads up to $8.75. Winnipeg carried fair strength with good lambs at_$7.75 to $8. Tops at ca]- gory mzicc $7.25 to $7.50, Edmon- ton 57.25, Prince Albert $7, Moose JIlW and Regina $7.50 and Saska- ioon $7.25. The high at Vancouver was $8 and in the Maritimes $8.50. Moose Jaw Feeder Show

ft is reported that a large m- try of feeder lambs nuigte breeding ewes and ewe lambs will be on hand for sale at the Moose Jaw Feeders Show on Thursday. October 10th. providing an excellent opportunity for breeders and feeders to obtain good fcuiidriiion and feeding stock.

varied from white to purple. l A specimen of the Broom (Cytisus scoparius (L) Link, was

sent in by Mr. F‘. S. Blanchard, Architect, City. 1t was growing in a field. 1 understand. somewhere iii King's County. and was tlie type form.

There are several sub- species of this plant.

The writer found a species of rush which he had not met with before, and diagnosed it to be _Juncus artleulutus l... the Jointed lRusli. Wishing to have expert op- [inion (for there are at least ~10 ispecies of Rushes in North Am- erica) the writer sent a specimen to the Dominion Botanist. "who, confirmed his judgment, but stored i that Prof. Herbert Groh, of Ot- tawa, had found the plant here ill 1934. The writer therefore 11.251 .pieasure»in crediting Prof. Groli with the discovery.

That is a qucry being asked in

‘many quarters today. 1 recollect |tllat. many years ago, a slogan calling for "A bigger and better Charlottetown". went tile rounds. lNobody could object to a "boiler Charlottetown," but the wriici" lirici ‘certain objections to u bigger mic, which, however. he wisely did not put forward at that time. Many things have occurred since tlicii to confirm his opinion that big towns are "out of date.“ The new methods of warfare are showing what wholesale destruction can be wrought when the urea attacked is so large that it cannot be missed by a haphazard projectile. So for poison gas has not been tiscd. but“ there is no certainty tliatlt vvm not be; and wlieu it is, the big town will suffer most.

A big town doubtless has many conveniences; light, power. water. transport. and innumerable others. These are all vulnerable points. open both to enemy iuiack and dislocation by the action of rin- ployees. H. G. Wells years ago. m one of his prophetic stories. told of a civil war in London which was decided by ihe civic employers cutting off the water siliiilly "lid so forth. Thnt was just fiction it will be said; but let the reader go back a few years and recall ihe elevator men's strike in New York. and the inconvenience and suffering it caused.

Big towns too, are the home of big organizations. and these uu- fortunately have a tendency to exploit the common man.

We now know that when a de- pression gets under way tlic big town is hardest hit. and must find money to relieve its distressed mul- titudes. And there is the ever- present danger of subversive cle- ments coming to the top.

Hybrid Corn Not Suitable For Seed

According to the regulations of the Dominion Sseds Act. I937. the following siatrmcnt or its equival- ent must appear on the tag at- tached to cncli bag of hybrid seed corn of field varietv offered for sale in Canada:

“Caution. Do not save seed from this corn. The superiority of this corn rests om the fact that it is a hybrid between inbred strains. Hfvhridiiy is an unstable oondiilon and holds for one izieneraticm only. Aftm‘ the first hybrid generation. the stock ‘breaks up‘ and gives a dcrrensrci yield."

Wlint liofds good with respect to brooding in tho live stock industry applies with equal force to horticul- iurc. Live stock breeders are aware that tlie offspring from s. cross b:- into thrsc crcssbreezls are used as a parent stock. the new crop of calves is mediocre. or in other words. plain scrub. It is the same with hybrid corn. The first genera- tion is excellent. but later genera-