gpvriaiigigtan 2o, Q1941 i. Soil Fertility I And Nutrition

(Clllllclllllﬁll. ll19ll_l_1!l?-i° ll-

tllllf)’ as the breeding ground of the race, and to suggest that i cannot afford to define the word "economic" as merely the

mph‘; of money. We must recognise that the object of an ec- onomic system is to grow men. _ _ Lcl us also recognise the fact that our political system to-day does no; l)|'U\‘I(IC a means whereby, in peacetime, our land can be kept in cultivation. I should not make that statement without authority, and I should like to read you my authority fpr it. The economic rolilcin for Great Britain and her Empire 15 urgent, vital and iloiiiinziiit. Tiliere exists at the present time_ no constitutional ina- chincry for dealing with it, on its merits, with competent examin- 3,59“, and without political bias and aniagonisms. Tlhe House of Commons, to which the anxious nation looks to providea solutipn, i5 unsuited, both by its character and by the conditions which ﬂnvc,“ {t5 life, to fulfil such a task. Nevertheless the task has to he done." 'I'hat is an extract from the IIomanes Lecture (IBIIVBYQII [iv our present Prime Minister in the Sheldouian Theatre at Ox- ' ' o. Nrdfflcilidve not moved since then. Our Houseof Commons is as iiicapzililc to-day of dealing with economic problems as it was then, {or the political power is not strong enough to meet andover- coine the monetary power. That can only be done by the military power. Fortunately, however, it looks as if we might be able to rely iii fiiiiire upon the military power to save us from decimation by the iiioiictary power, for is it not obvious that either conipletevic- iiirr or a llUgllllililTl peace will make the retention of strong militarv furl-c.- essential for many years to come? Under these conditions, our food stipplies will have to be treated as one of pur defence ser- vices, so that we may not again be put in the position in which we iicre placed at the beginning of this war by neglect to_develop the iiciilili-protlucing capacity of our soil for the protection of the Iipiiplﬁ. (‘ouiiiiiinariivo Auriioarrv l)n. E. C. \-\'ii.i.ivi"rs said: I was especially interested to hear the suggestion put forward this afternoon that we should have =1 (‘ii-Uﬂllllllflllg authority for dealing with agriculture, health and font]. lliilicrtti there has been far too much cleavage between lhc iu-iritiiis authorities interested in these matters. lhe Ministry of llcahh, for example, has often disregarded the inherent wealth of certain limited types of soil and has allowed areas of those sous m be taken from agriculture to provide room for urban buildings, {n-riirics, and so on, which might have been equally well erected

"rut: cuARi._Q_'if_T§_T_owN otiiiizni/xiv __

bred specifically for one quality they lose other qualities. For in- stance, in the case of Royal Sovereign strawberries, in breeding for a high quality one produces a lack of virility.

l do not come of farming stock, but started farming frotn .i "scientific" poiiit of view. The land has taught me to be humble. and I agree that the farmer does need education in a good many

a responsibility for the soil which he is cultivating, and that that soil is a national heritage. I think that the old-fashioned farmers realised this responsibility much more than a good many of the people who occupy the land to-day.

The people, too, need educating. We shall have to educate them to eat good vegetables, though I hope, too, that their own palates will help them there, for I am convinced that the choice of food is not entirely a question of price. I will give you two proofs ,.of that from my oivn experience. At a time when potatoes were ex- itremely cheap I sent some for sale in a London suburb. The re- tailer at first marked them at a half-penny a pound, and could not sell them. Then, after a fortnight, he altered the price to a penny a pound and sold them all. Again, when I was selling live cattle to butchers and was ivatching the carcases being weighed, children from poor families came in and asked for a shillingsworth of the best steak; it was not the cheap meat that they wanted. I agree, therefore with the author when he says that when people are educated to realise the importance of their own health and that the things that they eat may do them harm, they will not pay so much attention to the question of price. '

LECTURER REPLIES

The LECTURER, in replying to the discussion, said: I do not suggest that the use of artificial fertilisers should be entirely abandoned I think it is conceivable that there is a use for them, but I ivant to assert the general proposition that the abandonment to such a large extent of the use of organic materials, which re-create and maintain the htunus in the soil. and the use in attempted sub- stitution for them of artificial fertilisers have had a very detri- mental effect. We must not forget that that effect is a cumulative one, that it continues year after year under the conditions in which agriculture is carried on in this country, and that although it may not be noticeable in comparing successive years with each other, in the ciid it is very appreciable

On the urgency of this matter, I should liketo quote a remark made some time ago by l\Ir. jacks, who recently read a paper be- fore this Society. He said: “The unprecedented economic expan- sion during the nineteenth century has been followed by a world- wide biological deterioration of the land. Probably more soil ivas lost from the world between i914 and i934 than in all previous hu-

‘man history." Mr. Jacks is a man of undoubted authority and very

cautious in his statements.

With regard to the suggestion that chemical fertilisers are per- fectly safe, I should like to make one quotation from an authority who is known all over the world. Dr. Alexis Carrel. In his book,

,i‘__.,_._.h,.,.,. on i955 productive laud. That is only one aspect of the prolilﬂil, but it is a very serious one. _\"Ve need, therefore, to _have_a careful investigation made of the different ‘types of soil in this country, and, when we have obtained that information, which I think will be forthcoming very soon, we shall need a co-ordinating lliiiisirv which will have over-riding authority to plan the whole of our land. The best arable land should be reserved for growing food, the best pastures for fattening our homegrown meat, the piior land for recreational purpose and afforestation, and so forth. This is a cognate problem to that ivith which the author has dealt. ﬂllfl I look forward to the time ivhcn it will be’ adequately coiisider- cil ivitli the problems of soil fertility and nutrition. _

PROFESSOR \\".\t. C. I\III.LER (Royal Veterinary College) said: lain very interested in the paper, but there are some statements lll it which I wish to challenge. _

ln the first place, the author and several of the speakers in t!» (lisctission have fallen into the error of making gciieralisations in fit particular cascs. I should like to ask this specific question: \\ hat is the scientific basis for the stiggestion that animals Iﬂd upon land that is in this condition of deteriorating fertility, which iir hear about in Britain, have suffered from disease o; that the ‘pimple eating them or their products have so suffered ._ I would suggest tliat Iiritaiii possesses soil which as a. ivhole is capable oi yielding a far greater amount of food per acre than even the itirgin lands of Canada and New Zealand; I think that that is shown quite clearly by statistics. _ _

I come of farming stock myself and I deprecate the position that seems to have arisen iii which everyone, ‘irrespective of his qualifications, ivaiiis to tcll the farmer what his Job should be. _l do not think there is anything to be ashamed of in liritish agri- culture. I say advisedy, and deliberately that British agriculture has (lune more than the agriculture of any other country, including llciiiniirk, to improve the quality of all the products which coine from the soil, including man. _ _

'I'hen I would ask: Where in Britain is much soil erosion go- ing on? Where are these areas which are deteriorating? There are many different types of soil, and one cannot make thin, light, Slllltl)’ soil yield produce in the same degree as heavy, rich loam; (fcriziin areas are derelict, but have they‘ nothlivays been derelict. l; time much, or any good land deteriorating and going out of production? We must, I think, keep a balanced view of the whole picture.

Again, is not it probable that the pest attacks we now have iii this country are due fundamentally‘ to the_ operation of a biological law? There is a population of lemmings in _Norway iiliich, from time to time, is increased and then instinctively re- duced because large numbers run into the sea. There is a popu- lation of jack rabbits in Canada which, “lllnﬂuellcﬂl b)’ ma". "l" Crcascs in a rhythmical manner and causes is secondary increase in the fur-bearing animals which live upon it but which gradually cnnics back to normal or may even become subnornial. I suggﬁi that we see the same biological laws operating in the case of pest aitaclts in this country. An adequacy of food and an absence, or comparative absence, of natural enemies allows a biological popu- llllltil] m ingfgasg l)Q_\'Q|1(l its normal bounds, even to peak levels; l1ll(’l' the balance is gradually restored. To blame husbandry condi- lions solely for increases iii parasitic attacks on crops or animals is a inisjtidginetit of something which has_a far deeper and far gi-cziici" significance and which is on a par with_many other biologi- ml laws of population change which we see in operation. ‘I lug- gtst that this aspect of the matter needs serious consideration.

l fully agree there is an opportunity for much progress in the matter of returning city waste to the land. But to state that once the local authorities have puttheir house in order, all that is need- til is the education of the farmer is, I think, eutirely_ inadequate. llic gout-val public nccds educating first, for if Britain wants a lllfiiwi‘ agricultural policy, it is not the task of the farmey to eii- uiiciaie that policy: rather is it the duty of the population as a irliole to take a livclv interest in its oivii agriculture. and to adjust lls social and ectiiioiiiic structure so that agriciiltufé Will l>¢ able l9 tiltiy its full part iu the life of the community.

l

l l

Evits Or SPECIALIZATION

Cwriiiu R. G. l\l. Wilson (of Icciii Nurseries) said: As a liirniirr l should like to reply to some of Professor i\liller s critic- i~in> of i\lr. Douglas's paper. Personally, I welcome the paper and think it should be broadcast to every town and Vlllilgc‘ _ _

Professor Miller referred to the qutstioti of soil erosion iu this country and asked where it was to be found. If he likes _t0 sllQllfl a day with me l can sliow it to him on farms in my own dis- "Wt- Soil erosion had occurred on the farm that I took seventeen fears zigo. and occurs in many parts of Cani-bridgcsliire and Lut-

. colinliire. I am convinced that it is due to trying l0 llrmlllce "lax"

nniiii crops froinilie soil. I suggest also that pests and animal (liscases are due to our "Putting Nature's ‘laws by trying to specialise. I was a convinced

Man the Unknoivii, he says this: “Chemical fertilisers, by increas- ing the abundance of crops without replacing all the exhausted ele- ments in the soil, have contributed indirectly to change the nutri- tive value of cereal grain and vegetables.”

I have not made an attack upon farmers. On the contrurlv, I recognise that they have very many (liffictilties to content] with, that farming is a very highly skilled occupation and that it has to be conducted under conditions which show enormous variability and which therefore require the very highest skill on the part oif the practitioner of the art. But I do want to protect farmers from the idea that they will find salvation by compelling the rest of the population ivilly-iiilly to pay more for their food. I say that that is suicidal. The Corn Production .~\ct, to which reference has been made during this discussion, is an illustration of that. It was passed with the idea of guaranteeing to farmers the very high prices that prevailed in the year i913 and the urban population simply would not stand it when the war was over and when the price of every- thing else was falling to more or less normal levels. I insist that you have to educate the public to buy the better quality food, which may in some cases be more expensive but which may, through increased production, become cheaper than food produced on a smaller scale.

I do not assert that we should abandon the use of imported food altogether. Citrus fruits. dried fruits, grains and other nia- tcrials of human food can be kept for considerable periods without suffering deterioration. It is in the case of the more perishable foods that an opportunity" occurs for a large production iii this country and it is iii the case of those foods that the difference in taste is most noticeable and that the habit of using better food will become more firmly established as people begin to appreciate it. This problem will require a very great deal of exertion if it is to be solved coinplcielyi. I do not look for a solution from any [iro- posal for rearranging (iovcrimicnt departments which are concern- ed with matters of this kind 'I'herc is. in the suggestion that cer- tain Government Departments should be amalgamated, an assump- tion that there will somehow or other conic to the head of the new ‘Department someone who will be capable of doing the ioh that one wants to be doiic. but that docs not follow. although it would be the only virtue of the rearrangement. The problem will not be solved merely by juggling with the machinery of government; it requires concentrated, intelligent and scientific work, and it re- quires Societics such as this to enlighten the public as to the real elements of the problem.

On the motion of the Chairman, a vote of thanks was accord- ed to Mr. Douglas for his paper, and also on the motion of the Chairman, the thanks of the meeting were accorded to the Conn- cil of the Institute of Electrical Engineers for granting the Society the use of the Ilall of the Institution for is meetings whilst its own premises were not available.

The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the Cliair- man. - Ma. E. H. SAiits writes: There. was no time for me to add to the long and interesting discussion which followed l\lr. Douglas‘ paper. I should, however, like an opportunity to mention a point ivhich was not emphasised that afternoon, viz., the pollution of land and water caused by the present system of sewage disposal. Under our present system fish are destroyed in rivers and sea, so that our fishing fleets have to go to more distant waters for their liv- ing, thousands of acres of valuable land are acquired for the dumping of refuse and sewage; the sea around our coasts is, in many places, made imstiitablc and dangerous, for bathing. and sea- weed which used to be a valuable manure has to be thrown back into the sea owing to the offence which it causes when washed up. The cost to the nation for these processes of pollution is between £25 and to millions per zinnuin and the returns sicltness. disease, and breeding grounds for vermin and other pests. Yet the cost of pro- ducing valuable humus from the wastes is less than the cost of difinpfng them. and the restilt in increasing soil fertility and iiii- pnoying the natioifs health is immeasurable.

‘IOUT 0F THE DEPTHS!”

things. For example, he needs educating to understand that he has '

- NEWSY NOTES -

l) AGI-IOOLA

I ON PHRENOLOGY: A RETROS- PECT

Once at Lhe time, when Napoleon , was making a nuisance of himself in ‘Europe, there lived In Vienna a lphyslclan named GalL In Viennese estimation the Herr LIDIpktoE-dpiasr a "little exeentrie, to u m y. or be often did tliirPgs that clashed with the social customs of the time and lace. But who could have guess-go, when lie invited all the footmenksctilachtrglien, ‘larpgﬂsh Igldﬂlfél’: and coo n e neg or o

an eveping pkprty inhtlzetrpaek-kit-l c-hen o his ome, t. a e seque of that evening was to make him a celebrity over all Europe?

As the guests feasted, their em- batrassment worse ofﬂtandl sailng trls their host Ban 0 P)’ em svitti personal questions, which, one feels certain, must have added! to his odd reputation. Was so_uii -so particularly inclined to unset)? was another guest very timid? Did it take much to arouse a. third to "W1 “l” i" is...“ if“ at: hadsrrve s. a. a no ono combative qualities of his guests. to their astonishment he bade all the flghterfs gauge themgelvtlzls ‘p111 one slde o tie room, an a e milksops on the other. Then he produced a set. of blg calipers and measured their sku11s,_ noting their dimensions, and grunting hi; satis- factlon that the meilzsuretfriienpp up- lield his theory. Wion na y 1e bade them have a good time and re- tired, he had satisfied himself that. pugnaclons people are markedly 1rd: m: 6:" l“ r

ac a en e rs s-ep n es- tablishing the science of Phreno. ,logy; but. liow unfortunate that the iticcount of the evening [iarty does not e_£\.1'1‘y any of the guests’ re- -marks anent their host!

Whpn Dr. Gall had reduced dhts exper merits to some sort of or er, the result was a bféalscinlptlng theory that one might w at went on rpside piénanks yltlCfttl gyﬂinspectliig tie nu s e o 1.: an ie appen- ents of the enterprising doctor used that definition along with an trotti- ca] smile. But, briefly, Ptirenology taught that each function of the brain could be definitely localized 1n a specific region of its surface. 11nd that, the comparative size and ;development of these regions ln- idlcated the character of the per.

son that. lived inside." Toe North- ‘umbrlans (who never favored cir- cutmlocution) merely’; ‘llllfllﬁd this lno the saying tha ‘tie phi-eno- ilqggist fclt tun‘ iieacl) yﬂllll’ licatt tor

“ umps") 0 tel your clarat-tei" - a sufflclentlv accurate paraphrase. trill? 523E123“lili°iﬁiifuiiﬁiélli it‘; phrenologists; which (entre nous) ls not the least surprising for they usually denied all new theories ap- parently oii principle: and often wound no by adopting ivliat they lipid prlrvlolusly fought against, The p reno ogs ts, however, "made out a. very fair case for their premises," gerétainly-too gplod a onset fpir any.

o _v no a me cal man o isputc. The difference between the head of a bulldog and that of a grey- hound, is the mcttsiire of their na- tgres; and the ‘sqqarc heads." as t e French used to term the Cer- mans, show ivliy llpfll’. race has iilv- en trouble since II story began.

Spurzlicim. who has been called the Apostle Paul of the movcinriit brought the science zicnoss to Am. erlca: to Boston. to be exact. in the early ‘thirties. “Not ivltlioiil; distortion, however." says his blo- grapher; which means that he fix- cd up Gail's theories to stilt his audiences and clientele. Sonic ‘lucky strikes‘ did much to enhance the reputation of the Apostle. While visiting Cliarlestown prison.

I l

for example, D1‘. Spurrlieim ex- pressrcl his wonder that. In the Wfarge and gratifying COIIPPIIOII"

[WIIICII paraded before hlm. one of ‘the prisoners should have coni- lmltted a crime_ I-Ils skull. the Dec. ,tnr said, was “strikingly non- criminal." In the sequel the man ivas released when new evidence came to light which proved his in- l riecence beyond cavll; and very na- turally the iihrenolnglsts stool: jitmned to a nc-iv hlrzli. One m'~ii' multltfy instances but time pr." r After Spurzlielm came Gcoi t. Combe. "the No 1 Phrenologtst of bl1G»WQl‘—I(I-~'-'~~T think most of his work 1n the U. S. A. was- done in the late ‘tlilrtlcs. Ile travelled and lectured in all IIV.‘ big cltirs biit [found time to ivrlte books on his ifavorlte theme. that sold by the |tnousand 1n botli America and England. O. S. Fowler was another Ietldifl! “bump-rcader" of that day. irsho did much to popiriirlze the 50191106. | By about 1800 Plirenology was in -lts heyday in the North of Euz. land. There was i1 growing de- mand for education of every sort. and knowledge of one's own mental capacity and capability was looked iiipon —as indeed it is —as the first, step on the road to success The ancient Creek's advice to "know theysclf," appealed very strongly to the young miners and ‘one could seldom enter a cottazc l without a student ofuthe science. Its terms were as familiar to the Vic- torians as those of psychokiqyi (which in some ways it parallels) are to the modems As ln America, there were travel- ling exponents of the science of head-reading in Britain. The t-wn Northern Counties were the stamp. ling ground of one Nicholas Mor- gan who was a mesmerlst as \\'('ll as s mind-reader I-Ils advent was heralded. during the previous wrck by flamboyant bills that roused the "natives" to the greiitest-._en- thuslasm. When the great night flh_ﬂ_'_y__l1{flv€d,__pll§__[lii_lllcky__lf

Q-

one could get. Into the village hall. I was one of the lucky ones about sixty odd years ago, and I can still remember the row of young min- ers on the platform, sitting staring at. copper discs to enduce a. “mes. ,meric slcep" as Nicholas called it. ‘ when the proper state was induced, ‘Nicholas set his “vlctlms" to per- [form the most. ridiculous actions! ,'l!e took the Janitors broom and I told a young fellow that it yvas his Mglrl"; and the audience iivere forthwith given a lesson 1n hand- ling such a subject Then Nicholas spoiled It all by telling the chap that the broom W85 a ghost that illﬂd harmful designs against hlm In his terror he dropped the broom lnstanter, and tried to climb the wall of the room. The mesmerist gave another chap a. fallow can- dle, telling hlm that It was catidy; and he got. as much enjoyment cut of It. as he would if It had been the real thing. At. the flnisn Nicholas “brought them to“ by making passes over the faces of each, and there was nearly as much entertainment 1n the aheepisn way they came down from the plat- form as there had been 1n their antics on 1t. I also recollect of branding the whole display as an imposition, prlvately of course: my youthful reasoning was that; the pa_t-1es to the affair must have re- hearsed it all beforehand, and that Morgan must. have paid them pretty well to make such fools of themselves I am not so sure now. Time went on and there came a day 1n the Yhar 18B’! when "Pro- fessor Alfred Hubert," Practical Plirenologtst" hung out his shingle for a fortnight in Newcastle on Tyne. I was working In that town cit the time and naturally enough wanted to hear wliiit. the Professor had to say about me. He was, I found, a youngisli-lookliig man with a round face and pleasant fea- tures, but I had never seen any- body so pallicl. Unlike Dr. Gall he asked no questions aft-er lie had learnt my name, but said his charge for a verbal delineation was one shilling (say 25 cts); for n. reading with a numerical chart. two shill lngs and slxpence (about 60 cts); or a comtfete written delineation for flve shillings ($1.25). I 611056 the chart, (for one might. forget ‘the verbal “reading-g") and it was ‘viortli the money. As I sat in the chair provided, the Professor “worked over" my head like a. musician at a keyboard, causing iepeatecllv to call "5," 7.‘ 6," and so on. These figures ivcre entered into the chart. by his assistant. and \\‘I‘.'Ct] I came to revieiv them I was astonished at the iiisiulit the Pro- fessor had displayed, For Instance he gave me “7," the highest grade, t-nnlgiiiErAO ‘ for such observant facilities as form. size and individuality; the some for “I<‘riciitis1ilp" which he thought. was too prominent and advised me to be more sc-‘fisli and acqulsltive! Then again he gave me very low flgurers 1n “Time” and “Tune?” and that. was perfectly true; for though I liked music it (‘Usi me yours of hard work be- fore I ivas able to play an 1n- "striiinent. I have thr- little. chart iiiow. and also Nicholas Ivlorgairs M S. reading of my grandfather's head; and in great part they are the same! “You have the ability” ’ Morgan wrote. to excel in tlic study ‘of Natural l-"tory. Groloyzyi. I10.- iany, I-1incro'og_y' and practical i Chemistry Your tncmory" for forms laud dimensions combined ‘with a very large organ ("bump") of Comparison, will enable you so

lIYiiﬂIVW" iiiitl classify objects of t‘\'(‘l'_\‘ dcscrlplloii . . . lllllllll? dif fcrciiccs i ll be rciidilv

discern: and busily" iviiiciiiliniwicl" . . (Written Sop. 26, 1871). ‘This bars (Jdlll. liamllscvs Illflwfy tint cvr-rv lii ' ' s a rep lcii. I more or less. of his (or tier) grand- _piircnts: and not cf his pzr nts in tony grout dcgrco In conclusion, lt |yvniilo raiigiepirltlinli tlierle 1s gopd ‘deal o trut. n Pireno ogy, ut ts apostles claimed too much, in their ‘enthusiasm, and harmed their own I cause thereby.

NOTES 0N IHI..-\.\lD PLANTS The Coitipuslfau l3)

‘Three sgiecics of Erlgnron are found l1ere_ Two of them are not .10 be distinguished 11S far as their lneat white dalsv-llke flowers are lcuiicernetl. but E. iinnuus has tho ‘leaves coarsrlyi toothed, Wlllll‘ Ii. lramnsus has its leaves without ,tcc'.li. The third. E. ranadt-nsis, is ivory common but very variable. cs- pccially lii lieiglit_ Iti favorable lo- czilltlrs It grows three or four feet liicli, but in olrl fields it niav not exceed six inches: it is a 11117511)’, wand-like annual, with izutnerous small flowers in a pani- cle. Popnlarly 1t ls culled Horse- ,wecd, or Butter-iveed, names ap- parently of little slgnlficatice. The tivo Erlgerons iannuus and mmiosus) are known as Dais_v Flea. ‘iiziiics. as the old worrl "bane" ‘menus poison. one may infrr that ‘in some way these pants were used to combat the insects In the Old County eight species of Erlgeror. are cultlvistrd as ornamentals.

The Pearly Everlasting Annphallsi

mitrgarltacca) has. imtlci‘ the name tit Antennarlii. ivon for itself a place 1n English gardens JosseLvn. who wrote his ‘Two Voyages" (to America) lfl 1663. said that the fishermen of that country "when lthey want tobacco. take ‘his herb, ‘liefnrmt-‘a-ntigrlecl." On first com- ,ln; to P. E I I was ‘informed that. ‘the early sewers collected toe ywliltc flowers. dried them. and jused tlicm ns filling for pillows

Iii 1926. Professor H. Groh of Ottawa, rccorilcd the prrscncc of the _Crcat_ Ragweed jAmbrosla trl.

Weekly Live Stock Market Report

, SUMMARY I At this season o1 the you, u leattle supplies become Increasingly lheavler, the trade ordinarily looks ,for lower prices. This year, how- 'ever, has been a notable exception :50 far. The cattle market up V.)

date bu shown a commendable

ability to absorb everything offered,

at strong prices. In fact, values at ‘ the moment. are actually above ine lpast spring and summer levels |usually the high time of the year, and an for in excess of the some period last year. Besides s. good domestic demand, export buying has contributed in no small mea- sure to the firm conditions. Despite the fact that the United States quota on calves eligible to enter that country at the reduced rate of duty was nearing fulfillment and the full tariff rate ls now being collected on all Importatlotis subject to re- bate on any calves entering before the quota of 100,000 1s filled, the calf market Wits strong under s. good demand. Hogs remained m- changed throughout the week and lambs were once more lower by from 25c to 75c.

EASTERN OAITLE MARKET

A liberal supply of cattle was well taken usre of at TORONTO at prices steady except for a few stockers which were rather slow up to $825. weighty steers had a top of $9.75 and butcher steers and heifers sold between $7.50 and $9. with a. few $9.25. The MONTREAL market had its heaviest supply of cattle for this year to date with all grades well represented and prices holding flrm. Good quality steers brought $9 to $9.50. two choice loads $10 and cows from $4.75 to $7.511 The MARITIMES reported an advance of 25c to 50c on the better grades of steers, good to choice being quoted at $9 to 9.75.

WESTERN CATTLE MARKETS

Trading was active throughout the West. and while total receﬂots were heavier they were well dis'rl- buted and all killing classes met n good outlet at firm rates. WINNI- PEG had few steers for slaughter good enough 1n quality to earn above $9. most of the OIIFYIII!‘ going Hi‘ $7.50 to $11.75. All suitable feed- er stock sold well with the better erodes at. $7 to $8.25. CALGARY had fair action with good butcher steers at $8.50 to $8.75 and some as

high as $9.50. EDMONTON also was generally active and sold choice lI2Ill steers at $9.25 and an!

odrl $0.50. The liiuli poiiit reached at ‘ PRINCE ALBERT, IWOOSE JAW

and SASKATOON Was $8.25, REGINA $3.50 and VANCOUVER mostly $9.50.

IINITED STATES MARKET Accordng ro information released by the United S'I1IES 'I‘t'casur_v De- partment, Imports of calves into ltlie United States from January ilst to August 30th weir.- 91.854 ,liead out of the. 100.000 iz-riil cliq- i ible to enter at. tho rcdiict-cl rafe of ‘duty. Exports from Canada since lAugiist 30th hue bean approxi- matelv 2.300 making a total to date of 94.150 but ‘m. iiciurYri-g any im- qiortnllons from hfwu-o during the past tivo irccks. Official figures on I1’. S. Imports of lierivy cattle from ‘Jitly 1st to August 3011i. unnci- the third quarterly quo‘a, slioivecl im- lpot" tlo of 34,947 head. while

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flda) lll the Province. This plant,| known also as Klngiveed, Crown.‘ weed, or Butterwced, had been 1n- trodiiced from Western Canada, where lt is abundant; perhaps in seed ivlieat, from which its seed is with great difficulty separated. It. is tall and easily distinguishable by lt-s three-lobed leaves and can icarllly be kept untlei" the hand- pulllng. I have had the smaller Ragweed, alias “Hogweech or "Ro- man Wormwood" (Ambrosia artcm- lsiifolin) sent In for identification, and I gained the impression that.- li. was commoner than A. trifitlaﬂl Farm Weeds of Canada gives it a very bad character: "'I'his weed has a detestable odor and flavor and ls disliked by cattle in pasture

and hay; Its presence results In considerable waste of fodder or forage. Where it ls abundant it

will taint milk. It. ls vigorous plant,

diiccs the crop yield.” Both the Aml-roslas are depicted (colored) In ‘Farm Weeds," a copy of which may be consulted in the Public Library‘, City.

Allied to the Ragweeds are tlie Clotlibiirs, which have mostly a southern ratige_ One specigg, 110w. ever, the Common Clo tbur (Xitnthlum commune) has found at. Earnscllff and identified

are covered with fairly-dong. stout, hooked prlckies. "Each bur con- tains two seeds which retain their vitality for several years." Where sheep are kept, these, like all oth- er "burs.” can be a great nuisance. Species of Xnnfhium are fouiitl the world over, and F‘ P. sinltlt. in his “Contributions towards the Mn. teria Medics and Nat-nriti History of China." puifisiicd at. London in 3871, says that. lll." leaves and shoots of X strumiirlum are eaten bywtlie Chinese,

By Westover

TILLlE THERE'S "m" D°""T // ‘s. Aﬁuﬁar ST/Eléi-CITIEG ME FFDR . ' _ _y_g.._ Y u_i M S°METH'N5 1 “M55 ‘A6 Ax ,5’; webs? crusr TRYIMGO our MY WANT ‘m _-_-_.—j‘=-—-'. ABSOLuTELy ONE-MAN SUBMARtkiE ALONE -

occupies inucli space, and thus re_.

been l

at Ottawa. The fruits, called: 'i:urs" are about. 2.5 cm long, clustered 1n the loaf axis; tlicy

-9053‘? Nllilllﬂ

exports from Canada during the Past two weeks were a little over 10,000 Indicating approximately 45.000 cattle shipped out. of the quarterly quota of 51,720 head ellkible to enter at the reduced rah of duty. Exports during the past WWII WEN 4.864 beef cattle, 636 dairy and 1.525 calves. Totals tn date this year, with corresponding ,flgures for 19-10 1n brackets, are: ‘beef cattle 99,860 (82,371); dairy 13,402 (9,833); calves 54.445 (61,709) ﬂtogs 34.032 (108). Buffalo sold some Canadian steers up to $10.75 and at. Paul quoted medium to good $9 to $11. cows $750 to $8.50, best veal: $11 to $13.50. CALF MARKET STEADY T0 FIRM

With 800d buying support. on! prices held fully gteady to firm throughout the country. Toronto paid $12.50 to $13 for choice veals, s. few $13.50, and Montreal-ranged from $12 to $13. Tops at Winnipeg were $11 to $11.50, Calgary, Edmon- W11 and Resins s10, Prince Albert and Moose Jaw $9.50, Saskatoon $11 and Vancouver $9.50.

HOG MARKET UNCHANGED

Ho‘ prim: hold steady to firm with. Toronto paying $14.05 1°;- Bmdo B-l hogs dressed, Montreal $14.75 to $14.85 but. mostly the for- mer figure. Winnipeg $13.50 to $13.60, Calgary $13.25 t0 $1335, Ed-. mvntrm $1325 to $13.40, Prince Al- bert $15 to $13.35, Moose Jaw $13.06 to $13.30, Regina. $13.05 to $13.20, Saskatoon $13 to $13.15 and Van- couver $14.10 to $14.35.

LAMB MARKET LOWER

A further drop occurred 1n lamb prices at most markets. Toronto Wu down 50c with good ewes and wethers at $11, whlle Montreal was steady to 25c easier with best lambs $11.25 to $11.50. Western centres Were. M Ii F1119. weaker and Winni- peg closed down to $9 on best lambs, while Calgary finished with some tops $9.75, Edmonton up to $9.25, Prince Albert $8.75, Moose Jaw $9.25, Saskatoon $9, Regina, $9.50 and Vancouver $11.

THE WOOL MARKET

Some 25 authorized wool ware- houses across Canada are now 1n a, position to offer graded Canadian fleece wool to woollen manufac- turers 1n the Dominion. The condi- tioning of Canadian ﬂeece wool_ a; well as grading, has placed the 1941 Cllli in a much better salable pust- tlon which should result. in general a-Dtiroval from Catiaclian wool users.

There ls little change In quota, tions for Range anrl Domesﬁc wool from last week. Quotations are: Eastern Domestic, Iifezlium Staple 380 to 30c per 1b.: 1.0a" Aferliiiin St-atile 29c to 30c; Low Staple 20c to 30c; IVestern Domestic, Bright, approximately the some as Domes- tfe Eastern, Semi-Bright, 1c lower. Western Range Alberta, Choice Fine Staple 20: to 30c; Fine Med- ium Staple 20c to 30c; lifocliiim Staple 27c to 30c; Low Iifedlum Staple 25c to 27c. Seerly, Cliaffy, BUTIZV Is quoted at. from 17c to 22o per lb. '

Limited quantities of ungmcled wool are still moving from farmers, ranchers and wool buyers to au- thorized wool warehouses at prices from 2c to 3e per pound below quotations from wool warehouses to manufacturers.

CATTLE DIARKI-YFS

TORONTO disposed of a liberal run of 7.665 cattle at generally steeds’ Prices with only 20o head unsold. weighty steers topped at: $9.75 "-1111 others $9.60 cloivn to $8 and butcher steers and heifers were $7.50 to $0 and $9.25. Butcher cows brought, $5 to $7, banners and eut- ters $3.50 to $4.75, bulls $5.50 to $7.25. fed calves $9 to $11.25, while stockers were rat-her slow at s7 1088.25. some culls down to $5.50 and mllkcrs and springcrs sold steady at $50 to $95 each.

MONTREAL sold a much heavier run of 3.720 cat-tie tit, firm prices, good steers bringing $9 to $9.50. two loads $10, common down b0 $5.50. a few fed calves $7 to $11, and, butcher cows $4.75 to $7.50. Canrier and cutters $3.50 to $4.50.

ININNTPEG had 8,583 cattle on an active market. The best of the steers made $5) up to $0.50, with most sales $7.50 to $8.75. Fed year- llngs were $10 to $11, cow tops $7, others $5 to $6.75. good stockers arid feeders <7 lo $8.25 and plain $6.50 down.

CALGARY had fair action with |goocl steers $8.50 to $8 ' tops to ;$9.50, common down to s . gOﬂd

icows $5 to $6.30 and feerlcz-s S0 to ‘ $8.25.

I EDMONTON was active and firm iwitn choice light steers $9.25 to an odd $9.50, good llcht. cows $8 to $6.50 arid good stockcrs and feeders inostlv $6 to $7.

PRINCE AIBFRT continued firm with good steers $8 and good cows $5.50 to $6.

MOOSE JAW was 510w but clos- ed steady with best steers up to $8.25. coirs $3 50 SR.

i aroma he'd sunny with bcsl; iSlMl2< $95". fer‘, calves to $0.50. cows to $0 5t).

SASKATCON ccnfiiticd steady ,w’.tl~i good steers $7.75 to $8 and ‘$8.25. common down to $5, cows

$3.25 to $6 and fairly izoorl stozkcrs $6.") t0 $7.25. VANCOUVER iviis active and

firm with szood storrs $2 to $2.50, good cows $6.50 to $71.15 nivi coin- men "i medium $4 50 to $6.93.

IVIARITTVIYIS renortwi b“; ziccra hWicr of W) ‘n w.“ T§*i'"‘*~- cows $5.25 to $7.25. Catinr s and critters Sold Pom $4.50 down and bull $6.50 doivn.

RALEIGITS END

Sir Wiiltcr Rlllﬁlﬂll- was bclieidd as n. spy.

Rrsi rcnl farmer lii the St. Law-

rcnc: Valley was Louis Hebert who started fervvﬂrig in i617 on the site of Quebec City and is remembered there In a monument.

lielicver in specialisation when I first went on the land. but l W” ionii taught the stupidity of it. If we specialise we get the laud Out iif balance (lii iiiv little farm in Lincolnsbirc I have tried to grow iilaiiis which arehcaltliy, and I have found that when plants Ire

i-lo

F11? if a l Cra-gsu-isriek

t

Use Mlnard‘: for lprnlnl.