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tained, and—what more could be said ? Persons in authority, being never contra- dicted, had a sweetness of temper which they have not now ; and ag persons, not in authority, had no wish to find fault with those who were, there was no chance of bad blood being generated between the parties. In fact, peop'e were all hor- ridly stupid and happy in those days—the bliss of unchallenging and unchallenged ignorance. No man knew when or where he was wronged; and you might have struck one, perhaps, a very severe blow on any part of his body, without his manifesting the least alteration of coun- tenance. Those good times are now entirely gone. Men have become ex- ceedingly jealous, irritable, and enlight. ened. Nothing can now occur—nothing ean now be—but they cry why to it; and till you satiafy them as to all its properties, causes, and effects, they have no peace. very man who professes to have any authority over another, must show his charter for it; and even that sometimes will not be held as sufficient. Taxes are paid with a dreadful grudge; and if any one supposes that the thousandth part of what he pays goes a wrong way, or a way that he does not wish it to go, there is such an outcry about it that you would think the world was going to wreck. All men must now have what they call their rights, to the last tenth of an inch, and the last fraction of a farthing; and it does not matter how any thing may show, let it be never so gloriously, if it be not cor- rect in a pecuniary point of view. ‘They have become a shockingly arithmetical people now-a-days That shabby thing, the rule of three, has taken away the feeling and pomp of all fine things, and jeft nothing bat dry bones behind. In short, you need now make no attempt upon the purse, or conscience, or reason of any man, unless you be prepared to tell him tohy.
To be serious--this disposition to inves- tigate every thing, whether it be connected with politics or science, is a feature of the ace, of which we have great reason to be proud. It has arisen entirely since the conclusion of the last European war, and considering what it has already done, we are justified in supposing, that, by the time our ehildren are men, it will have achieved such alterations apon the surface of thines, and so far improved the com- forts of the people, as wil] appear like the effects of a miracle,
PXPENSES OWTHE GOVERNMENT OF CANABA AND THE UNITED STATES.
A writer ia the Toronto Examiner cal- culates the expenses of several States ia the American Union with Canada. lle quotes sixteen States—Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Morts Carolina, Kentucky, Ole, Michigan, and Illinois. The dif- ference is very remarkable. A few ex- tracts will interest our readers:
‘The total expenses of the Government of thirty States are $4.865,000, making the average expenses of each State about $162,000; those of Canada being $974- 000. That is, the expenses of the Govern- ment of Canada are sir times grenter than
* those of the individual States. ‘I'his makes
the total expenses of thirty States only five times greater than that of Canada.
Tue adjninistration of justice in the eleven States, the principal in wealth and Mpulation, costs $356,000, only $84.000 tnore than Canadaalone. The same item ia Canada costs $272,000. This makes the expenses for the admistration of jus- tige in Canada more than eight times greater than in the Daited States: that is, (vis item in Canada would pay the same ja eight American States ; or any one of them, at the average expense, eight years ; and would pay the same item in M ichigan 3! years. and in Maine for 40 years.
‘Phe Caief Justice of Upper Canada re- ceives annnally $6,666. The Chief Jus- tice of Lower Canada receives the same. Hat in this comprrison I leave out Lower Canada. The average salaries of the Chef tustices of the sixteen States named, sre $1,961. The Chief Justice of Upper Canada receives 86,666 per annnmn, be- sidea 2400 fur attending assizes; makine his asiary, independently of extras, 3: times greater than the same officers in the Stites. TheChief Justice of the 16 States receive $31,000 per annum, oniv.a little more than four times greater for 16 States
than far Upper Canaga alone!
The other Judyes ofthe Queen's Bench _of Canada receive $4600 each, more than ‘fre Chief Susticés of any of the States.
“The Associates or Puisne Jndges inthe several States have of course. less salaries
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sometimes replied that the Judes are more numerous in the Siates than in Ca- nada. If this statement were true, it would have no weight in the argument whilé Canada pays $272,000 for the ad- ministration of Justice, but the highest sum in any one State is $86,000; the lowest 6000 dollara. But the statement is not true. There are in Upper Canada 28 Judges ; five in.the Court of Queen’s Bench with 23,666 dollars per annum; three in the Court of Chancery with 14,666 dollars; and twenty inthe District Courts with an average salary of 1,600 dollars per annum, or 32,000 dollars, making the sala- ries of Judges for Upper Canada the enormous eum of 69,322 dollars, inde- pendently of Clerks, Registrars, and pen- sions. There are probably as many Judges in Lower Canada, say 22, making 50 Judges for Canada. Maine has 23, New Hampshire 35, (all excepting five receiving only from 100 to 334 dollars per annum, or 3 dollars per day during their attendance at Court;) Vermont 18, Massachusetts 28, Rhode Island 4, Con- necticut 13. ‘There are generally only some four or five Judges who do the business with salaries from 1000 towB000 dollars, or 2,500 dollars. | have named only the New England States which being the oldest are examples after which the others were modelled.
The expenses of the Education Office were 7,924 dollars for the year 1848 ; that is about eight times greater than the aver- age expenses cf the same office in the separate States ; nearly ten times greater than Ohio; eleven times greater than in Kentucky; thirteen times greater than in New Hamsitire; and sixteen times greater than in Michigan! In the Blue Book, Dr. Ryerson’s-galary is put down at 420 pounds; it isnow 2000 dollars. The item of £139 19s. fer contingent expenses of bis office for nine mouths would make £186 12s. for the entire year. I have also added £50 for an additional clerk, now employed.
# * ¥ *
As the Government of Canada costs on an average six times more than any of the separate States, it would surely not be unreasonable to reduce it two-thirds, making it 300,000 dollars, Jeaving it still greater than most of the States. The cost of the Administration of Justice be- ing eight times greater in Canada, we would reduce to one-sixth its present east, leaving it 45,000 dollars greater than the same item in any of me States, ex- cept the old, populous and wealthy States of New York and Pennsylvania.— As the salaries of the Judges are 3 1-2 times greater in Canada than in tie States, we would reducé them to one-third of their present sum: making that of the Chief Justice 2,2°2 duijars, and the other Judges 2000 dollars.
The salaries of officers of Government, which in Canada, ere on an average, four times greater than in the States, might be reduced one-half, making them about 2000 dollars still. They would then be greater than the corresponding offices in any of the States except two.
The expenses for the superintendence of education, are eight times greater in Canada than ti the States. During the last vear, the Eduentional office, including the Narmat Scheol, has cost the country about 20,000 dollars. That is about nine per cent. of all the funds granted fur schonls,
a * 7 *
Subtracting the interest on tire public debt, and the School appropriation, the annual expenditure of Canada ia, in round numbers, 960,000 dollars. From this enormous sum there should be taken 569- COV dollars, thus leaving the expenses of our Government 460,000 dollars——an amornt greater than the expenses of any ofthe American States, except three— New York, Pennsylvanis, and Louisiana. Tins would leave 560.000 dollars to be applied to the redemptian of the public debt. This is what the States of Ohio and {linoig did. ‘Yheir vest internal im- provements had encumbered them, but their good sense and patriotism snecested a means to liquidate the debt. They did what an individual would do—retrench ‘his expensesto enable him to pay his debts.
liow te Porism « Vorna Man.—We read in a Sheffield paper that “the last polish tos picce of cutlery is given hy the hand ef woman.” ‘Tlie same may be said of human cutlery—that “the last amish te a young blade is given by his mixing with female society.” :
Why did the Highland soldiers do the most execution at Waterlue ?—Because
every man had one Kilt {killed} before the
patie began.
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THR BXAMIAGS.
Foreign News. UNITED STATES.
A MeworasiLe Day in tar Senate ~-Mr. Cuar.--Wasuineron, Tuesday, February 5.--Long before the hour at which the United States Senate usually assembles, parties of ladies and gentlemen might be seen wending their way up the hill leading to the Capitol. What was the peculiar attraction of the day? Mr. Clay was expected to speak on the great question of an adjustment of the difficul- ties which had arisen out of the acquire- ment of an extensive territory from Mexi- co; and the young and the old, the grandsire of three score and ten, the youth of eighteen, the blooming maiden, and the staid and serene matron, felt alike anxious to see and to hear a man whose name and actions more than those of any other American now living, are imperish- ably portrayed and recorded in the history of. his country.
Sach a brilliant constellation of wisdom and worth, age and excellence, youth and loveliness, as were crowded into the su- perb semicircular chamber occupied by the least numerous branch of Congress, will rarely be seen elsewhere. here the Senators sat, a body of really fine looking men, very gracefully resting in their curule chairs, courteous, grave, thought- ful and attentive. Immediately behind the Senators who occupied. rear seats, stood a congregation of richly attired ladies, waving their fans, sweetly smiling now and again, affording a forcible illus- tration of those celestial creatures spoken of in the Koran, who are gent to paradise to bless the faithful in the world to come. They. literally formed a bright halo of glory round each Senator’s head.
Mr. Clay, unbent with age or care, and probably the tallest man in the Senate, stood upon the floor,. firm and erect, calm and serene, the dignity of his manner happily conforming to the power of his reasoning. I. could hardly believe him 73, while the ladies were clustering. round him, admiring his eloquence, and looking at him with such a. wistful and earnest gaze, as if a champion of no ordinary prowess, or of more than mortal, mould, had suddenly appeared in a feudal) court of justice as the defender of innocence, truth and beauty, and they were his lov- ing clients.
2x-Secretary Buchanan occupied a chair next to Mr Benton (Senator Ham- lin’s seat) and they chatted together some time quite pleasantly; but when the Speaker got to the marrow of bis argu- ment, they gave him their undivided at- tention.
{ could not see Mr. Foote at first; but when the hand of the clock was approach- ing 3, and after Mr. Clay had spoken about two hours and a quarter, he rose and suggested an adjournment. Mr. Ciay expressed a wish.to go on a little longer, and he'did 80. What-a hale and vigorevs constitution he must have in- herited! Born within a few months of the Declaration of Independence--an early orphan--nurtured in the school of adversity--educated in a_log cabin--the champion of his country’s. rights in 1808 —again presiding in Congress in the memorable J312--regulating, with other leading spirits, the terms on whicha Jong agitated world might enjoy the blessings af peace, in 1814—occnpying the highest post in the Union, save.that of President, in 3826—disarming Nullification of its sting in 1832-3—he stands up, in 1850, when approaching the last seven yeare that lead to four score, vizorous and clear headed as ever, powerful in argument, still able to argue a cause of great nicety with anrivatied ability, skill and elo- quence. It is one of the good effrcts of peputar institutions that they bring. to- gether,on public occasions or questions such a brilliant assemblage as it was my good, furtune to behold to-day. Will nat the young and aspiring, while listening to the persuasive accents of their country’s ablest. champion, learn to dwell upon his history with delight and ta emulate his virtues?. “Tf have ever found him,” said the seer of Quincy to his (Mr. Clay’s) constituents of Covington, Ky., “net only one of the ablest men with whom I ever
co-operated, but also the most amiable and worthy.” “Take Clay al] in all,” exclaimed Richard M, Jahnson, * he has | not his equal in the Union,”
I was thankful to be permitted to stand for more than two hours and listen. Even Members of Congress by the hundred, their House having been adjourned after a session of not many minutes, and they having the privilege of the floor of the Senate, were gled to find room to stand close and crowded together, listening!
Toe
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“Wheat ea squeeze! Benches, cornices,
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desks, avenues, doors, windows, passages, galleries, every spot, into, upon, under, behind or before, which man or woman could see or hear the lion of the day, were
filled, used, or occupied. I never saw the like,
a
Commerce or Bosronw.—There, ar- rived at this port in January Iaet 87 ves- sels from foreign ports, and 287 coast- wise. During the same period there were 113 foreign and 187 coaetwise clear- ances. ‘The quantity of specie imported was $16,005; exported $94,824.
The tonnage of Plymouth, Mass., Jam: 1, 1850, as we learn from the memorial, amounted to about 11,000 tons, including fiveships, eleven barks, six brigs, fifty- one schooners, and seven sloops.
Imuicrants.—The number of immt- grants Janded in New York during the month of January was 13,034, being 4408 more than in January, 1849.
Nori act or «a Giri.—The Balti- more Clipper states that a few evenings since, just after dark, a young female re- siding on the rail road near Sykesville, observed that the rain had caused a part of the embankment to give way, and en- tirely cover up the railroad track. Know- ing that the train ofcars would pass along in a short time, she hastily and alone pro- cured a light, and set to work to remove the obstruction. Ina few minutes, how- ever, she heard the train approaching ata fearful rate, and- abandoning her humane effort to clear the track, she took her eta-
tion in the middle of the road, and by
waving the light to and fro, succeeded in attracting the attention of the engineer.
In a few. minutes more, had it not been
for the great presence of mind, courage and thoughtfulness of this young girl, the whole train. might have been dashed te pieces,
nn | ere ee ee
NEWS FROM CALIFORNIA,
By Telegraph from Boston to Halifax, dated, Boston, February 7.
The Steamer Empire City arrived at |
New-York last night, with 2,100,000 dollars in gold, and 270 passengers
The Oregon, from San Francisco, brought $1,129,227 in gold dust, on freight, to Panama; and the trunks of Wer passengers might have contained at least another million of dollars.
Several steerage passengers are known to have had in their possession 10,000 dollars eacti, and sums of two, five, ten, twenty, and even fifiy thousand dollars lined the trunks of others.
A destructive fire occurred 24th Dec., which threatened for a time to reduce San Francisco to ashes, caused destruc- tion ofa million and a half dollars worth of property.
At Stockton a destruetive fire took place 24th Dec., destroying 151,000" de!- lars worth of property.
Luserr, 200 to 275 dollars per thou- sand. ‘The fires at San Francisco and Stockton had a tendency to increase prices of building materials.
' The Gold accounts continue good.
Jan. 1—Pine Timber, 75 to 200 dollars; Scantling, 200 to 324 dollars: Potatoes 3 to 3 dollars and 20 cents per bushel; Shingles 28 to 30 dollars.—S. Jolin Cour.
Colonial News.
CANADA.
SHALL COMFORT FOR THE ANNEI- Triosists.—The following Despatch from Earl Grey to the Governor General ehews that the annexationists in Canada wil 7 have more difficulty than they bargaineé for in severing the connexion with the Mother Country, It is dated, Januar! § 9, 1850:
My Lonp,—I have the honor to ackno® ledge your despatches of the dates #” numbers quoted in the margin. I hav’ laid these despatches before Her Majest! and alen the Address of the Warden Vout cilor of the Municipal Council of the Go" District; tie Address of the Lieatena!
Colonel] and Officers of the first and elf’, battalions of the Dorchester Regiment!
| Militia; the Addreas of the Officers ®
the first battalion of the Kamourasha giment of Militia; the Address of inhabitants of St. Anue; and the Addr of the Lieutenant-Colonel Command? and other Officere of the Quebec Ref ment of Militia, all enclosed in the’ and 3d of these despatches--which © Majesty has been pleased to receive greciously, ’
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