SEA FISII AND FISHERI

We find the following interesting article in the Edinburgh Review. and feel assured that it will be perused with interest by our readers :—

“ If the sea is prodigal of life to a de- gree that haflles our powers of conception and calculation, it is no less a scene 01 boundless destruction. The life oi all fishes is one of perpetual warfare, and the only low that pervades the groat world oi waters. is flint. of tbo strongest. the swift- est and the most. voracious. The carnage of them} lutnieasurabl y exceeds even that which is permitted to pcrplcx our reason on the earth.

without it the population of the ocean

would soon become an immense that, vast as it is. it would not. suiliec for its multitu- Few fishes probably die a natural death, and some seem to

Illaons inhabitants.

have been created solely to devour others.

' ‘hcre is probably none who does not live

on some other species or on its own. Many ol the monsters that roam the watery plains are provided with Imst capable oi cugulphing thousands of tthr hand In a day. A hogshead oi hen-lugs have been taken out at the belly ol'uwhalc. Asburk proba‘bl destroys tens of thousands In a 'car. ‘ifteeu full sized herrings have

3 found in the stomach of a cod. If

we allow a codiish only two hex-rings per

day for only seven months in the year. we

have 420 as his allowance durmg that

period, and iiity codiish equal one iishcr- man .in destructive power. But the quan-

tity oi cod and of ling. which are as des- tructive as cod, taken in 1861, and regIs-

tcrcd by the Scotch fishery board, was. says the Commissioners, over81,000 ewts. -— On an average thirty codiish make one hundred wci htofdrictl fish, and 2,400,000 will signal ‘ 8.000 fishermen. In other words, the cod and liuu caught on the Scotch coast in 1861. if diey had been left in the water, would have devourth as many lIcrriugs as were caught by all the ilsbcr- men of Scotland. Sea birds are scarcely loss destructive to fish than fish art- to one I other. The solan rouse can swallow and digest at least six crrlno's or day. It has been calculated that file slund of St. Kilds, assuming it to be inhabited by 200,000 of these birds feeding for seven months of the year, in allowance of five bcrriugs each per day, the number of iish fer the Summer subsistcncc of a single species of bird cannot be under 211,000,-

0. Compared with the enormous con- sum tion of fish by birds and each other, the rsughts made upon the population of the sea by man, with all his ingenious fishing devices, seem to dwindio into ub- solutc insignificancc.“

DnnIDI-‘UL S'rx'rn or Arruns IN 'rnr.

Souruunn STATES—A correspondent; gives a very loomy account oi the condition of ” the outh." The inundation of the Mississippi has reduced to swamp many of the finest cotton plantations in the world; there is everywhere a famine of capital and :1 [amino of labor. Southern gentle- man, who a few years ago were enjoying a life much resembling that ofour \Vcallhy csqnircs, have now nothing lcll: but their laud,and even thatis threatened by the con- fiscation bill which Mr. Stevens will bring before Congress in the autumn. Accord- ingly many Southerners who still love their country, but have no desire. as the ' say, to bc annihilated, are emigrating to lrazil, British Honduras, and Upper Canada. Other Southern csquircs remain upon their land, and do the Work of the s1 1c: whom they havo lost. The sous 1a or ‘in the fields, and even go into the swamps to gather Spanish moss (which. when cured, serves as a substitute for horsehair). The daughters milk the cows, and pcriorm the usual drudgcries of the house and farm. It is said, upon credible authority, that many a young lad an habitim oi the Sul- phur Springs of V giuia and of the Thea- tre dc l‘Opcra, New Orleans, nowhclps to support her family by school teaching. sewing, or washing. III many parts ol the South the Iicsiiution is still Inorc com- plete, and humircdslmvc starved to death. We do not vouch for the accu "ac-y of thcsc reports, but they have been derived entire- ly from Northern sources, and have been confirmed to some extent by actual ob- servation. A fund has been established for the relief of the poor creatures in the South, and large contributions have been received from Boston, Philadelphia, and other strongholds of rcpublicanism.

TI-zm'uric EattrIIquur-z n Jsv.I.—-'1‘hc Java papers of the nth June. give lull particulars of the drondiul earthquake which occurred in the island on the morn- ing of the 10th of June. It was very des- tructive iu‘tbo district of Cheribon, Pcka- longan. Banjocmas. Bagelcn, Samar-2mg. Djokjdokarte, and Sourakarta. The greater part of the indigo and sugar man— ni'actories, private houses, and military establishments are destroyed at Djokjdo, but in the other districts the damage was not so extensive. The losses, however, are incalculablc. The sugar crop, which hadjust been brought into the bums, is totally lost. Alurgo number of Europe- ans and natives perished—the report says as many as three hundred. It was feared also that other parts of Java mi ht be visited by earthquakes; oven at latuvia shocks were felt on the day the mail start- ed. The accounts of tho rinderpcst in Java are most distressing). In some dis- tricts the whole stock of ufl‘aloes has died out, and great destitution and misery pre- vail; indeed. the general effect of the news brought by this mail is very painful.

Suocxrxe Des-m or run Win: or Tm;

'I‘Iruktsu AMBASBADOll.—A sensation of

qlicf, which it is almost impossible to I cscribe, has been occasioned b the stub lion death of the wife Ill'usurus ’asha. It would appear that during the i'csLivltics In. the India llousc Musurus Pasha was in- formed that Madame Musnrus was taken somewhat ill. He immediately left, first making known to the Sultan his ob‘ect in so abruptly leaving. 0n reach ng an auto-room c found the poor lady suffering the most cxcrutlatin agony, as if from some a asmodic a cction of the heart. Medica aid was sent for in various quar. tors, but we regret to state that she died. The Queen, with never-failing sympathy, which her own grief has rendered only the more ready to participate in the sorrow of others, telegraphed to the Embassy, and also sent an equcrry to inquire aitcr the health of the Ambassador, and to ex- n‘ess her sympathy and condolence with Inn in his sad bereavement.

A CHALLENGE ron J Irinsz.--The A'rm'nna of Florence publishes a copy ofu challenge which hssjust been addressed to Juarez by M. MIIrIln dc Castillo, into Minister of Foreign Affairs oftbc Mexican Empire and at presentrcslding in Spain. M. do Cas- iillo concludes his letter in pledging his faith as “ Caballero“ to start on the instant to meet Juarez. arms in hands, il'ilIo lat- tI-r will give him sunlclent guaraan tlI at lm may not have to fcnr on arriving in Mexico tofall undrrihc piouards of assass-

ins.

\Ve know, however, that

llOIiliIBLb b I AI It 0h MEXICO.

,__.

NEW Youk, .IIIly 13.—Amcrican journalists are ingenious, but it would tux even their skill to invent horrors more appalling than those now existing in Mexico . Plain and entijely trustworthy statements of facts pro- scnt such It picture of murder, eutragefirapine, and all vile abominations as has rarely. if ever, been offered to civilized man. The massacres of San Jacinto nnd i’ucbla sink into insignificant-c when compared with the crimes that have been perpetrated by the ex- ulting half breeds and IIIongrcls since the fall of Qucrctarn. In the city that saw the ending of Maximilian's reign and liIIIinIIilian‘s life, nearly 2,000 persons have been cxccutcdsiucc the 15th of May. Executed! 'l‘batis tosny, arrested without proceu, confined without a hearing. condench without atrial, sentenced without it conviction. hurried out at dawn or dusk to the nearest plaza. and done to death with Mexican bullets. What was thcirof— fence? Imperialism. Thcsc victims were Frenchmen, Austrians, Belgians, who sus- tniued the empire. To Maximilian and n few of his lieutenants the form of a trial was granted; they were allowed to state so much of the arguments for defence us could be com- pressed into twenty-four hours’ pleading. lint the ofllccrs of lower grade, and a large number of privates, were slaughtcrcd as a Western pork-denier kills his hogs—so many a day—until the lot were worked oil‘, or until the bloody—minded Juarez grew sick of mur- dcr and suspended the assassinations. In the city of Mexico, after he capture, IIil'nirs were not much better. Porflrio Diaz, who is only second in wickedness to Escohcdo, becausc it is impossible that there should be two Esco- bcdcs, tool: possession of the capital. At once he began a. system of bounding down and killing " foreigners.” The nutivcs cs- cIIprd with punishments comparatively light, but “ foreigners." as this mongrel whelp de- scribed them—were rcInorsclcssly extermin- utcd. Englishmen, Germans, Frenchmen, Americans have been alike pcrscculcd. alike murdered. Those who have escaped with life have been robbed of their property, or thrust into prison, or forced to labor with the chain gangs on the highways. Upon the party of the clergy the vengeance of Diaz has also fallen. The priests have bci'li compcllcd to abandon distinctive attire; to retain the old custom is to invite sevcrc punishment from the hands of Liberalist oiliccrs. The eonrcnts have been opened. and nearly 1.000 nuns have been turned into the streets. The condition of' these poor women, unused to the ordinary nvocutlcns oflifc, and exposed to the brutal mercies ofa brutal and victorious Mexican soldier, must be pitiublc in the extreme. There is absolutely no money in the city of Mexico, yet the Lihcralists have lcvicd a tax of 1 per cent. upon all real estate and how ordered all persons who havondvnnccd money to the Imperialism to pay an equal amount into the treasury ofthe “ republic." The best men in Mexico—tho foreigners and a very few natives—call now more loudly than ever for foreign intervention. England. France, and the United States, are asked to absorb the country. Hundreds of prominent persons have been arrested in the capital and thrown into prison, either for the offence of former adherence to the ctnpirc, or under a suspicion of such past policy. ’I‘rade is utterly dead in Mexico. There is no money in the coun- try. Thcre is no protection for life or prop- erty. There are no courts . There is no government save the government by the sword; and the Mexican sword is n mar/Irfc a blundoring, hacking, thing. Every pctiy bau- dit is the law in his own neighbourhood. The country is a hell upon earth The city of Mexico surrendered on the 20th of June.

Marquez escaped. and was at last accounts

reported at Vera Cruz. Before the surrender

the population of more than 200.000 had been

reduced to less than 100,000 by the midnight

flitting oi'ihe inhabitants. The scigc contin-

lli‘ll Illvring 79 dayo, the last. of which vvnru

rendered doubly horrible by the presence oi

famine and pestilence.

EI'I‘ .MI-z‘s Visn' 'ro Vic‘rouu A Paris

letter IItcs flint thc'objcut of l‘ingcnic's rc-

ccnt Visit to Victoria, about which there has

been so much speculation. was solely for the

purpose of consultation in regard to the un.

fortunate condition of the widowed Carlotta.

The statement dcrivcs plausibility from the

relationship cxisling between Victoria and

Carlotta, and from the fact that Eugenie is

credited will] having first suggested the name

of Maximilian in connection with Mexico. If

the accounts ofthc relations existing between

Carlotta and her brothers are correct, the is

much in nch of friends, and is fortunate in

having so influential ones as the Queen of England and the Queen of France. Cariot~

ta's brothers seem to have manifested no

special interest in her or Maximilian since

the (loath of their father, the King of Belgium,

and there is a current report in European

circles that the will in, which Uarlotta left the

property oflIcr husband—in case she outlived him—to his relatives, has mysteriously dis- appeared. Tho disappearance of this will, IInicss Carlotta sufficiently recoi'crs the use of her mental faculties to make another, will insure some fourteen millions of florius for her brothers, who are already rich by the bequests of their father; and so it is hinted that the Royal family of Belgium are not at all particular about Carlotta recovering.

The former position of Maximilian and Carlotta, their connections and associations with the various European Courts, the influ- cnccs which induced them to abandon Austria for Mexico, the high hopes they formed of establishing an empire to rival in splendor the reign of the Montczumas. the pleadings of Carlotta at Paris and It Ilome for aid for her husband, the desperate resistance to fats which was made by Maximilian, and conflict- ing influences which thwarted their plans, and the final tragic fate which overtook both husband and wife—all these things are part of one of the strangest dramas that has ever been acted in real life. There has been few contests in which so many various and con. dieting hopes, interests, friendships, ambitions and intrigues have all entered as in the re- ccnt struggle for the establishment ofII Euro- pean empire in Mexico. Carlotta certainly can expect sympathy from her royal relative in England, and she can justly claim it from the Empress who first suggested to Napoleon and the Mexican delegation that Maximilian and Carlotta were the proper persons to found and maintain a Latin empire upon the Am- erican continent—Boston Journal.

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IIEAVY TAX[ES—DEMORALIZING.

Nothing has done more to demorallzo the American people within the five years last part than high tariffs and high taxes.

Previous to the Administration of Abraham Lincoln tea, coffee and salt were free from taxation. Tca was bought at prices varying from 32 ccnfs to 75 cents per pound. After the Tariff of 1861 and '62 ton went up in price as high as 80 cents to 131.110. Such was the case with coffee, salt, tobacco. spices, rum,ln fact with every article used by families and individuals.

The result is that scores of hundreds and thousands of people have been tempted lo smuggle goods, i. e. to ho them in foreign yurlsdlctions, and bring than to American markets'und families for trade and consump- tion. ho man can deny that the temptation to smuggle, or to buy goods at a cost of 100 per cent. In favor of the buyer, is enough to draw a great number of men into it, although the penalties are enormous if detected. Men who are called law abiding of strict moral principles, “loyal” to government, and in everything good. are frequently detected in smuggling. We offer no palliation, we know of none, save in the mistake of electing to the control of government men who were com- mitted to principles so hostile to the pro- spority of the nation and happiness of tho people. 5n n. Ibo I. “tier of reporting: inl'omcl for

'1‘ taxation. How many correct returns are made? Only think of the vast number who have been prosecuted of being den-etc] in making false returns of incomes? And think again of the much larger number who are suspected of having made false returns of incomes, who have not been prosecuted?

Men competent to judge, and who are well act ualnlcd with the statistics of the country. cmmstc that net loss than 00,000,000 gallons of liquors are distilled annually. 0n sixty millions gallons the tax imposed if assessed and collected, would be 8i20,000,000an anally. But the fact is less than 030,000,000 are real. izcd from the internal tax on liquors, or 800.- 000,000 each your loss than it ought. to he!

licforc the war. or in i500, eighty millions gallons of liquors were distilled in the United states; so that sixty millions now 1st low estium.

Now think of the vast amount of dishonora- ble conduct, false swearing as to returns, bribery and yielding to bribery on the part of oiliccrs, and the great number of devices to get clear of taxation.

Thcn consider the alienation between people and government constantly in process of‘fcrmcutallnn by legal prosecutions. livery person prosecuted has less respect for his govormncnt afterwards than he had before. liy each one thus alienated the government becomes so much weaker, so much more ex- posed to danger.

True, it is said people must be "loyal" to their government, but it is not equally true the government must respect the rights and have some regard for tho prosperity of the people. We must have laws less severe, inI- posing burdens less oncrous than we now have, otherwise it cannot be in the hearts of any pcorlc to respect the men who rule over thunk—Alumina Union.

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TIII: SIInr - . TRADE Ournauus — Gnm'r Illi‘? rise or WOIIKIxo M M.\.\'critzsruit.-—-0n Wednesday evening a goat indignation meeting of the trades and workilnv men of Manchester was held in tlIoFrco i‘radc lIull, condemnatory oi the Shoiliold trade uutI-agcs. Upqu-Ils oi 6,000 men were in tho lI:Ill,aud as many outside.

The extensive paper mill situated near St. John, N . B. , was destroyed by fire on Tucs- IlIIy morning Inst. It was valued at 820.000. and insured but for $5,000. The origin ofthc flrc not known.

The oflicc of the Shoriil‘of New York is worth over $70,000 a your, and that of City Clerk and Register are worth $00,000 each a your, and that of City Chamberlain over 8100, 000.

use by Ara—{figr'aph !

London, Aug. , ll.

Furthur advices from China state that the port of 'I‘omoao, in Japan, has been dosimch by the Japan Government for the use of for- eigners, and thrown open to the commerce of all nations in accordance with the agreement made with the foreign representatives at Osa- ca.

Paris, Aug. l-i. Accounts ofihc cholera received from var- ious parts of Italy do not improve. 'l‘lIcy rt'prcscnt llIc cpidcmic as spreading and at- tcndcil with unusual fatality. l’crth, Aug, 14. The amount of revenue returned by I n- gary to the treasury of the Austrian Eu rc Ivill be ti - same as it was when she coustilh thl a 5 rate kidgdoin. London. Aug. 15, (Cvc.) The weekly returns of the lluuk ofl'inglaurl show that the amount ot‘speuie in its vaults has increased £235.0m) since the lust mum» The action of the House ofl'mrds last'l‘ucsv day evening in receding from its amendment to the Reform llill placed both houses in com- plete accord on that great measure. The Bill has finally passed Parliament and having received the assent of Her Majesty is now the law oi‘thc land. London, Aug. 15, (midnight.) In the House of Commons to-night the re- gulution l’IIrk Bill intended to prevent public meetings in Itoynl Parks. was withdrawn by Government.

Paris, Aug. 15.

Dcspatchcs from Constantinople state that the Turkish Government after giving duc con- siderations to the collective note of the Eu- ropcnn Powers has come to the conclusion that it cannot admit of intervention of other Governments in the affairs of the Island of Cllnul-l, and refuses to assent. to the enquiry proposed.

Constantinople, Aug. 15. The Sultan on his rcturu hero received an nddrensl‘rom the Grand Vizicr, whom he left in charge of the Government during his absence ‘ In his reply the Sultan, after re- viewing his recent journey to \Vcstcrn Eu- opc, says, as the result of his observations, he is prompted to inaugurate an era of prog- ress for the Ottoman Empire, and he )romised to submit a series of measures of rciorm for the benefit ofhls subjects. ’aris, Aug. 16, 5 pm. Al. the elections which have recently been held throughout the empire for mom- bcrs 01' the Council, the opposition gonor- aliy made heavy gains. Florence. Aug. 16, eve. The Italian Government is displeased with the visit to ltomo of the French Gen- cral Dnnmnt, and will soon ask for a change of the Treaty of last So tcmbcr. Consols 9.33. 5.20‘5 73!. lrcndstuil‘s quiet. Wheat. American. 135. 9d. Corn unchanged. Provisions unchanged. New York, Aug. 17. A very severe storm has prevailed for the last. two days along the southern coast. and railways, and crops in some sections have suffered severely. \Vashington, Baltimore, and Philadelphia have been flooded, and great injury done to streets. Two lives were lost by drowning at the but named city. Gold 1409. Berlin, Aug. 15, eve. A meeting is being planned to take place bctivccntho King oi Prussia and the 'Zlnpcror of Austria. Bucharest, Au . 15. All the members of the Danublin Cab- inet have tendered their resignations to Prince Charles oi IIokcnzal.

Loulon, Au . if). eve. The House of Lords havo‘l’lccldcd the appeal in the bankruptcy case of Overcnd, (.urncy & (20., which was brought before them, u favor oi the liquidators. Frankfort. Aug. 10. Last night a disastrous fire broke out in the Domklrrho or [lemon Catholic Cathe- dral. This structure was of great antl- quity, dating from the year A. I). 1.125, nud famous for its architectural beauty and historic associations. All the elabor- atcdecoratious of thoiuterinr were do- stroyed, and iho walls. roof and tower were so badly injured that it will probably be necessary to take the whole building down. Chicago, Aug. 15. The annual Fenian pic-nic occurred to- da 2 All the military organisations and 50 oclrililns Were on the ground. The pIe-Inc was soon turned into 1| Donnybrook lair. and fighting and rioting continued lull day long. Several people Were slab- bed. (Gold “0.7.