“ This is true Liberty, when Free Born Men, having to xidvise the Public, may speak

free.” — Evriripes.

Ss os ; aa

Sincie Corrs Two Cents.

a

CHARLOTTETOWN, P. E. ISLAND,

— pn

Wh I aN ESD AY, A UGUST 31, 1887. ans

ee

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VOL. 21.-NO. 84.

> Th ie ie cement wtilnacat tee tle y . ‘i . . * ns : iw ¥ a - a’ .e _ - a , iii * ‘» >7% ina Hiisningag to ‘ \ ‘ A’ NAMA 0 mis Fr th roi Water and iSeeat | ‘Way ttétown . * i i} IN : 9 s $2 id . ] rates Cout ade for moothly, quat-| ter!’ : : . ariy ay Tse Mm

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L. ARTHUR & CO,

COMMISSION MERCHANTS,

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Boston, Halifax and Princs Edward Is'aud Steamship Lids.

PN Were

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mmedicus steamships Car- ve ‘ G ‘ rh]

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TES Pil ACE STEAMERS

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sor. r inTE Os 17 ‘ Lear etou, 1 Eastport and Port- aL, ¢ Wednesday and Friday at Alao lea , at 7.30 every Saturday Di, v BOSTON DIRECT , +217 it 3c 7 Fare from ‘ etown to Boston, 26,50, 2ud cle , For t j er information apply to Y ASHAKP, F.W.'HALES, in y., P, KE. L Stéam Nav. Uo. your nearest Ticket Axent. eon wry

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prices that will astonish all. | The natives have got to be surprised, and the only way to Cleanse Your Beds and Guard Against doit is to show them our C othing and tell the price. Sickness.

ae ? . » jn OW is the time to get your Feather Beds and All-wool Suits, worth $10.00 “Gjust think of it) now N Pinows renovated by Dufort’ Patent Feather ‘only $6.50. )on!)

Renevat«r. which will remain in Charlottetown a few weeks for the rurpose of Cleaning Feather Extra good Worsted Suits, worth $14.00, now $10.00, | Coat, Pants and Vest, separate, at tremendous low prices,

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| Ch’town, August 8, 1887—eod & wky

i h b “ol : “ ; Vv s Columbus Watch is the Bes wy 1a: VW Ry tae Vo ! S ‘F ? ; | Sea ae | ; ; ry: fF HE Main Spi ing barrel is completely covered, making the watch perfectly dust proof. ‘ro ~ bee aft Eaee: % -. Zz ee See ea VND There can be no interference between the Balance and the Barrel. ' : The Regulator is nearly double the length of others, rendering accurate regulation a a. see 7 very simple matter. rere ‘To replace a broken Main Spring, the Barrel can be removed without disturbing the B@>y¥.% , sAeh', £2 . Balance or interfering with the régulation. a ‘alte’ he °F, The pins of the Regulator are so formed and located that two or more coils of the Hair : - Spring cannot cateh between the Pins and cause the Watch to stop or gain time at an Tae pr : unusual tate. : Daa > ove Vhe Balance comes under the round, or edge, the strdngest part of the case, not as with o cz N all others, uuder the center and weakest part. | Ay 5 wo e The Main Spring Power is the lightest used in American Watches. | bad = = 6) . The calculation of the Train is such that this Watch runs 8 to 10 hours longer than | = in i others, with one winding, giving more uniform power and rate. ie & iS oO) -42e : These are improvements that cannot be claimed by any other manufacturers, and once = > 2 = *J* “ti ue seen, all must agree with us in saying that this is the strongest and best Watch made; and ‘3 = 5 a “with all the above improvements, the Columbus Watches cost no more than others. “2 “ -— ail i—=4 : be B | G. H. TAYLOR, | oar ° iB 5 3a-a° | Jeweler, Charlottetown, P. E. Island. : pte dn August 16- 2aw & wky poe tS im oo bei be iP = 2 y ' *5.% t x} £43 ;

a

Ory Geeds and Shipping,

HALIFAX, CANADA.

& E. KENNY.

(F ©, MAHON)

s and visitors for the season, on JULY 2nd. This popular

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HEALTH AND PLEASURE eae Seta) Hole; Rusieo Bede,

¥ t! an cver. . ° . : Coach will leave Charlottetewn every Wednesday and Saturday Evenings, calling for i guests; Returning every Thursday and Monday Mornings, at 9 o'clock, a. m., Charlotte-

town time.

re sheen orn Ain aa aes at Trains leave Charlottetown for Hunter River at 6a. m., 10.15 a, m., and 3.30 p. m. ‘Ship Gwners ang Brokers. ee t-proot. There ‘6 Hunter River for Charlottetown at 8.14 a. m., 1.33 p. m., and 6.12 p. m. | \ ag Rtc-bies a ithe yard; good «Hunter River for Summerside at 6.58 a, m., 11,38 a. m., and 4.50 p. m. feneral U mmission Merchants. ‘the ee” ital’ 6 ‘* Summerside for Hunter River at 6.15 a. m., 11,40 a. m., and 4,55 p.m. | iG! GRESHAM OUSE with, *hlendid y of Colville Bay, and pre Trains are rup by Eastern Standard Time, which is 47 minutes and 20 seconds , ” iE meee hous Stat valk of the Railway than Charlottetown Time. ‘ “ TON DON, E. C., fon ' Bpcsaipeion difen. Mr. Bagnall will meet Trains from all points at Hurter River, to convey passengers to. Rngland.

Souris, July 30, 188; U. C, CARLTON.

ne ederste and made kn6éwf om applicay’ Séaside.

Scott’s and Vangharg: Codes * aroh 9, 1827

JOLIN NEWSON & CO., _Charlottetowm

TERMS MODERATE. Address:

June 28, 1887.

Growth of the Telegraph.

the Jubilee of the Electric Telegraph :—

It was just fifty years ago (July 25) that the first practical trial of the electric tele- graph was made in England. A linc was erected between the stations of Euston Square and Camden Town, on the North Western Railway, a distance vf about a mile andahalf. At Euston Square sat Professor Wheatstone, the inventor of the telegraph then to be practically tested ; while at Camden-town sat Mr. Cooke, his partner. It .was late in the evening of July 25, 1837. The needles at Camden- town clicked, and the message was read by Mr. Cooke, who pressed the keys and re- turned an answer. It was a supreme moment for the inventor, as he sat in the dingy little room at Euston-square and read out the answer. ‘‘As I spelled the words,” said he, ‘‘I felt all the magnitude of the invention now proved to be practi- cable beyond ecavil vr dispute.” In such manner was the first practical trial of the electric telegraph made in England.

The idea of a telegraph, or of an instan- taneous communication between persons at a great distance, is very old. Glanvil, writing in the Seepsis Scientifica, which was published in 1665, says :—

‘*That men should confer at very distant removes by an extemporary intercourse is an- other reputed impossibility; but yet there are some hints in natural operations that give us probability that it is feasible and may be compassed without unwarrantable correspon- dence withthe people of theair. That a couple of needles equally touched by the same magnet (probably two magnetic needles of equal strength) being set in two dyals exactly proportioned to each other and circumscribed by the letters of the alphabet may affect this magnate, hath considerable authorities to vouch for it.”

It is scarcely necessary to add that this remarkable property of the magnetic needle existed only in the imagination of the ‘* considerable authorities” to whom Glan- vil refers. Glanvin hoped for success when ‘‘ magic history should be enlarged by riper inspections.” The success came at last, and the magnetic needle played an import- ant part in Professor Wheatstone’s tele- graph; but it was to an increased know- ledge of science, and not to magic, or to ‘* unwarrantable correspondence with the people of the air,” that the discovery was due. Various forms of electric telegraph were conceived and devised between the years 1758 and 1787; but in each of these frictional electricity—that is, electricity ob- tained by rubbing glass, sealing wax, &c.— was employed. In 1786—just a hundred years ago—Galvani, an Italian doctor, dis- covered a new form of electricity, which would run along a conductor in a stead flow or current. The names both of Gal- vani and of Volta are associated with this new force in the terms Galvanism and Voltaic electricity. This electric current, howsvever it be produced, is that which at the present moment conveys our messages, produces our electric light, rings our bells, and in an immense variety of ways ministers to our comforts and necessities. The influ- ence which this current, so discovered by Galvani and Volta, had upon the magnetic needle was unknown until 1810. Then Oersted, a Danish philosopher, made the famous discovery which established for all time the first great truth in the science which deals with the zelations of the cur- rent to the magnet and vice versa. The discovery was quite dramatic. Odcrsted, who was a professor of physics in the Un- iversity of Copenhagen, was delivering a lecture to his pupils. It suddenly occurred to him that it would be interesting to note the effect upon a magnetic needle of a wire conveying the electric current. A battery was gnear. He joined the poles with a piece of wire, and placed that piece of wire just above and parallel to a freely suspend- ed compass-needle as it lay in a quiescent state, pointing north and south. In an in- stant it swung out of its position, and re- mained deflected as long as the current was passing. On the wire in which the stream of electricity was flowing being re- moved the compass needle resumed its nor- mal position; and if the current was re- versed he found that the needle was deflect- ed in an opposite direction. The magnetic needle, the battery, and the conducting wire of Oersted are all that is essential to form the Cooke and Wheatstone needle telegraph. Given a battery at one end of a conducting wire, a magnetic needle at the other, and a method of reversing the cur- rent at will. Then, ifa system of signals be agreed upon, you have all that is neces- sary to convey messages from the one sta- tion to the other. Some years after Ver- sted made his marvellous experiment it was discovered that if a coil of wire be wound around a piece of soft iron, and a current of electricity passed through that coil, the bar of iron becomes a temporary magnet. On the cessation of the current the magnetism ceases, ‘This is the principle of the Morse

| printing telegraph, as also that of the most

universal of all forms of the telegraph—the Morse sounder. Givena battery at one end of a line of wire, a bar of iron with a

to be attracted when the current makes the bar into a magnet. Then, if you have a

'T & EB KENNY, [ace cr ceyotnare « More. sounder

A scheme of signals can be agreed upon,and the long and short clicks of the attracted

translated into letters and words. The earliest fura of Wheatstone’s needle

two and then to one. [form is the more common in England now, though the double needle is still met with.

on railway lines and at country post offices.

thbratter in

evil ef wire wound round it at the other, ther with a piece of iron near this bar

The needle telegraph is employed mainly

For press purposes the Morse sounder is/g t c used. It wasa considerable time before|German Syrup, which any druggist will

the new invention gained favor with thejsell you at 75 cents a botue. public. The first attempt of an ambitious|everything, else has failed you, you may with its devefoy-|depentl upon this for certain.

ment was made early in the “forties,” |when telegraphic communication was estab-

_ The Pall Mall Gazette has the following lished between Paddington station and interesting statement in commemoration of Slough in Buckinghamshire, a distance of

about twenty miles, In 1844 this curious advertisement appeared :— UnpeR THE SpectaL PATRONAGE

oF RoyaLrty.

INSTANTANEOUS COMMUNICATION

between Paddington and Slough, a distance of nearly mney miles, by means the

Exvecrric TELEGRAPH, which may be seen in operation daily from

nine in the morning till eight in the evening, at the

GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY, Paddington Station; and the TELEGRAPH COTTAGE Close to Slough Station.

One Shilling; Children and Schools, half price.

Professor Morse, whose system of teie- graphy was in many respects superior to that of Professor Wheatstone, had almost insuperable difficulties to contend with. He was very poor, and there is a suspicion that he might on more than one occasion have truthfully subscribed himself like .Johnson—‘‘ yours, impransus.” But he fought against fate nobly. He got his apparatus patented, and succeeded at length in getting a bill through Congress, granting $30,000 for the erection of an ex- perimental line. The line was erected be- tween Baltimore and Washington on May 27, 1844, svon after the Paddington and Slough line was completed in England. The system rapidly gained in favor, and when in 1851 a convention was appointed by the German Government to decide what form of telegraph should be adopted in Germany, that of Professor Morse was selected almost unanimously.

Early in 1870 a transfer of telegraph was made to the State. Since that time tele- graphic science has developed with ‘rans- cendent rapidity. Before the transfer there were 2,932 offices open to the public; now there are 6,514. The gross annual receipts have been increased from £600,000 to near- ly £2,000.000. There has been nearly a tenfold growth in the number of loca) met- ropolitan messages. Every facility has been afforded to the press, metropolitan and provincial, and these facilities have been most eagerly welcomed. It is caleu- lated that on the occasion of the introduc- tien of Mr. Gladstone’s Home Rule Bill last year, more than a million words were dispatched to various newspapers from the central station in London. The introduc- tion of duplex, quadruple, and multiplex telegraphy has rendered it possible to send two, four, or even six messages over the same wire atthe same. A system of auto- matic telegraphy for press purposes has been perfected, whereby it is now pos- sible to send 450 words per minute. So essential has the electric telegraph become, that it is difficult to imagine what kind of country this would be if we had no such in- stantane us means of intercommunication. The ** girdle which has girdled with quick sympathy the earth” has grown to be more important even than the steam engine. When inland telegraphy became a fait accompli, scientific men turned their atten- tion to the problem of laying a conducting wire in the sea. The cable was suggested by Wheatstone in 1840. Ten years later one was laid across the English Channel from Dover to Calais. It lasted a day. Some fishermen hauled it up, it is said. A cable was laid across the Atlantic in 1858, but it did not prove successful. A por- tion of a message from the Queen to the President sent on August 16 was safely received ; but the remaining sentences did not turn up until twenty-four hours later. In October the cable spoke its last words— ‘two hundred and forty.” It was not until 1865 that the first successful cable between England and America was laid. Now there are nine cables across the Atlantic alone. Altogether, something like a hundred and twelve thousand miles of cable lie at the bottom of the sea, representing in money a sum of thirty- seven millions sterling.

It is impossible in a newspaper article to do more than briefly indicate the advances that have been made in tel hy since the year in which Wheatstone ‘in England Morse in America, and Steinhell in Bavaria first practically demonstrated the possibility of conveying messages by electricity. It was only a hundred years ago that the new physical force of current electricity was discovered—only fifty years ago that the “first word,” as Mr. Jeans cleverly puts it in his ‘ Lives. of the Electricians,” ‘‘was spelled by that trembling tongue of steel which will cease to speak only with the extinction of man himself.” Now the electric telegraph is universal, and he would be a bold man indeed who would attempt to limit its further development. In the light of such

Admission,

becomes to the philosopher a ‘‘matter for a flying smile.”

-_— —

Give Them a Chance!

That is to say, your ran Also all your breathing machinery. fery wonderful machinery it is. Not only the large> air-

s, but the thousands of little tubes

piece of iron at the further station can be and cavities leading from them.

When these are clogged and choked with matter which ought not to be there, your

telegraph had five needles. Subsequently lungs cannot half do their work. they were reduced to four, and again to|what they do, they cannot do well. The single needle

Cali it cold, cough, croup, pneumonia, catarrh, consumption or any of the family of throat and nose and head and lung ob- structions, all are bad. All ought to be got rid of. There is just one sure way to get rid of them. That is to take Boschee’s

Even if

a jubilee as this, that of any monarch :

—_—

9g elma ipsneiinice cpm io 7

fanmail tnt ri > sae!

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