PIEBRUARY» 13, 19§§ , tteers in thellevelopmentof Canada

(Continued from Page 6)

roup are Colin Robertson. joltn tlllcLaugiilin, john Stewart. . ald iilcKenzie, Alexander Christie, Sinclair, Mcbermott, \Vts|i

Forsvtli, Leith, Duncan, Finlaysoit. "

'()the'r notable names are Dr."_lohn Rae, who explored the wes.

not‘ Hudson's Bay ZIIIdIIOUIId the remains of Sir John Frank

5iII-fated expedition. Franklin had sailed from England in 1845

htwo ships of the British itavy. the Iirebus and Terror, manneo

129 officers and seamen, ttoi one of whom returned. They had

sighted itt _|uly in Bafliifs Bay and then they vanished. One

ditiott after another went in search of them, but in vain, unti.

t years after their disappearance _lohn Rae, a chief factor o;

Iludsoit Bay Contpaiiy, took up the quest, which ended tn

ning tip tlte whole record of the tragedy how Franklin had diet. board his ice-hotittd shipatid all "the rest had perished in tht empt to escape overland. ./\ written record fotitid in a stone

n carried downtheir history to the point when the survivors

ottt on foot to journey southward, then an old laskimo woman led the tale. She had seen them fall down~atid die as they lltrd along. i ,

This expedition also Itati failed, btit the relief expeditions iclt followed had vastly increased our knowledge of tlte North

had filled itt many blanks in the Artie map. Incidently the

stiott of a Northern passage by sea front the Atlantic t0 the ciIic 'as~ solved by Captain McLure who plISSCd from the Paci- to Melville Sound whiclt had already been entered front the East ;

itt making the discovery he also proved that the passage was of commercial value. It cost his own ship aittl three other relief ps before he was able again to find his way to the open sea. Mc- re and his IIIcII ivon $50,000 long tifTeretI as a prize by the British vernmettt, and also proved Itow vain was the hope of countless i explorers. Iiltirty years late the "C. I'.R. fulfilled itt another y the disappointed hope of centuries to find a continuous passage Iii ilic Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. Out of the failures and c disaster of the tirnitkliti expedition had come a further exten- n of the Ilritislt possessions northward.

In the ineatiiiitte the Pacific Province was being acquired and fined. Its early Itistitry" as a British possession is inseparable front tt of Jnttttxr [long/liar of the santc clati z." the Iiarl of Sclkirkf

lle was the most prominent figure of the colonial period of itish Columbizfs history-Jentarkable antong itiany rentarkable n—borit of Scottish parents itt the West Itidies iii i803. In s yttlllll he eitlisted with the North Western Company and rapid- rose to ltigh position. Shortly after the ttitiott of the companies t Iit-caitte a factor or chief trader for the Iludson Bay Company

tltt- north eastern part of what is now British Columbia, then IIIVII its New Caledonia. Front stage t0 stage he advanced until - attained to a leading position itt the Company theitoperztting tdt-r lease frotn Ilritainoverthe whole territory which included e present province of British Columbia together with what is itow itiprisctl itt (lregttit. Idaho, Washington and parts of Montana id Wyoming.

The area then known as the Oregon country included the south

tt-stern part of British Columbia, and, extending south to Califor- it. was for years in the joint occupation of the British and Anteri- ll traders. Out of this joittt occupation rose a serious dispute -tween these two countries. knowit as the "Oregon question." It "as dttriitg this dispute that thc American slogan “Fifty-four forty r tight l" became historic. 'I‘ltcy did not light itor did they obtain irhitt 40o miles of their claim in the Iinal "settlement. lfthe value fthe country had been appreciated as it is today, the British aim inigltt jtistlv have been pressed to the boundary of California ; tt tlit- ("ommi sitntgwhiclt dealt with the case, lacking prophetic isitttt, saw little itt the land to make it desirable.

It is told that a brother of the then Prime Minister of Britain

‘as setti out iti 184$ oit a Britislt delegation to gather information

onittl, by actual experiment, that salmon would not rise to a fly III IteColttittbizt River, reported the whole country worthless. 'l'ltttt tory niay ttot be true, for the’ fisherman was (iordeti of Aberdeen.

The boundary dispute ivas settled, and it might have been ‘orsti. Tllfll it was not worse is owing chiefly to Douglass. From Inge to stage he advanced in performance and power, laid the oundatioti of Victoria, becattte Governor of Vancouver Island in 851, attd (ioveruor of the ntaitilattd of British Columbia in 1859, dmitiisterittg the two governments separately and simultaneously.

'I‘he appointntent of Douglass as Governor was not a day too oon. lit i858 the (liscovcry of gold iti the Cariboo district led to

stampede of tnincrs and other adventurers itito the newly estab- islted Colony, which in its suddenitcss atid boundless hopes was omparztble only to the days of the gold fever in Qtliforttia itt ‘the '49." . _ ' ,

Iii one summer 25.000 men landed in the little town of Victoria ‘ltile other hosts teentetl itt overland. .\'lost of tltcse were old Cali- oritin itiitters trained ‘in the lawless ittining camps to a reckless isregard of life. lit seven years this Cariboo district, about 5r quare miles, yielded twent_v~tivt- ttiilliotis in gold.

All the factors that ntake for disorder and violence were trcsettt, bttt so firm and eflicicttt was the control exercised by Gov- ernor Dottglass that Bancroft the American Itistorirtit testifies that never iii the pacificaiiott and settlement of any section of America have there been so few disturbances. so few crimes‘ against life and property, as in this British land.

By such tttett and such itteatis ltas tltc British Fimpire been

extended and preserved. v In i857, near the close of $ir tieorge Simpson's government. tn connection with the application of the Contpan_v to renew thc trading leases of the territory otttsitlc of Rupert's Land, the Int- perial House of (Tommotts held a ittinute inquiry iitto the whole operations of the Company and the state of the country, The iti- ‘Illliy resulted frotn a petition signed by the leading Colonists at Red Rjver asking the government of Cattadtt to take steps for the lflPiislPli l0 flit‘ North West of its govermttciti and protection. {Eollowteig thlis petittott, itt the same year. (‘hit-f justice Draper of .pper anat aavas sent to Izngland to oppose thc itppltcztttrttt of the lludsofi Buy Company atid to urge that steps ltt- takctt to open up the country for settlement.

Tl“ Plilllclllalfcbllll of the inquiry was to cstziltlislt publicly ""3 Ill“ lollg "iliiiiiiiaed or suppressed, that great itrt-its of land ‘Qliil-“idc 0f the Red River Colony were fit for settlement and that

lellollc)’ 0f llieifmipilliy was opposed to colonization. It was

ll-ltiltlren Erg l“

C¥ZeT¢7§tl1i

IISIOIIII

Fletcher's

‘Cflstoria is g glam", ham.

I?! Substitute for Qutor Oil, "l-Eiiflv. _ Teething Drops

Stiotllmg Syrupg. “pg. '

~a Y PffiPfired for‘ Infants in arms and/Children all ages.

or e I gnatu o . yl look f tit i v f

III Eh mkg, Physician: everywhere recommutl It.

o he tist-d itt settling the Oregon boundaryiqttestion, aitd having

mt: cnanwmarown ctmznmt

also shown that itt thirty-seven years of Simpson's govcritttiettt only nineteen capital crimes hadbeen committed, though outsiders were filtering in to the country and the movements toward a change of conditions had given rise to considerable unrest.

The committee reported to the House of Commons that “it is important to meet the just and reasonable wishes of Canada to assume such territory as may be useful for settlement; tltat the Jisirifilfi 0f Red River ‘arid Saskatchewan‘ scent the most available and that for the orifer and good government of the country ar- rangements Should be made for their cession to Canada.” Ten years were still to elapse before the confederation of Canada tool; place. Sir George did not live to see this. He died in 1860, still the “veteran Emperor of the traders.”

_\British Columbia was at the same time urging upon the liti- perial Government the need for roads through the North Western territories to Canada. _This was strongly opposed by the Hudson Bay Company, but their oppositioit was overborite oti tltc proposal

£I.500.oo0, bttt owing to the opposition of Mr. (ilatlsttttie this was declined.

alien. element inspired politicians of the United States with sur passing hopes and ideas. An offer to purchase its territorial in terests out aitd ottt ivas made in italists.

The corollary of the proposal was a bill introduced into tht

United States Congress iit July, i866, and read twicc. providing for the z-tlitiissioit of tltc States of Nova Scotia, New lrtttiswiclt Canada Iiast and Cattada West, and for the organization of tht- territories of Selkirk. Faskatclteittan aitd Columbia-the Unitet". Ttzgtes to pay off the Ilutlsoti Ilay Company with ten itiilliot- (IIIZITS ' " 'l'lte record of tltese (lays is growing dim and ‘some incidents might with advantage be allowed to fade out completely. bttt we traztitot itfford to forget events that like. danger posts stand out to mark tlte perilous places itt otir way'to nationhood. It was diiritig the settlement of the "Alabama Claims” that thc distingu- ished American Senator, Sumner, said: “The greatest trouble if not the peril is front fettianistn which is excited bv thc British. flag in Canada. The withdrawal should be from this Itemispltere, inclittling provinces and islands." The dangers were real because the temptation of a rich and vacant lattd, practically itiaccessible to its sovereign power, was too great for any ambitious neighbor Ioiig to withstand. It was either" union of all the principal parts of British North America or else that the separate parts were liable as they ripened one by one tc fall into the arms of the United States. The cottditions of danger lwere overcome by the events which speedily followed, viz :— TIIL tassembliitg together of the members which now compose the Doni- inion of Canada, which began with the union of Upper and Lower Canada, henceforth known as the Provinces of Ontario and Qtte~ bec, with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick iit 1867. Next Mani toba was constituted as a Province iit 1870. Rupert's Land was ptircltasctl front thc Iludson Bay Company (with certain reserva- tions) iit i869, and with thc North West Territory was ceeded to the [Jontinion of Cattada in 1870. British Columbia joined the union itt I871 and Prince Edward Island in I873, thus completing the territorial consolidation of the Dominion to include all the British domittioits i_ii the North American Continent.

But over the North Western lands hung like a dark cloud the Indian title. Until it should be removed not one acre of land itt the present provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan was open for settlement.

In the year i867 the Senate and House of Cominotts by a joint address to Her Majesty praying that both Rupert's Land and tlte North Western Territory should be admitted to the Union represented that upon the transference of the territories in ques- tion to the Ctmiidiitit Government, “the claims of the Indian tribes to compensation for lands required for purposes of settlement would be considered and settled in conformity with the equitable principles which have uniformly governed the British Crown iii its dealings with the aborigines." This proposal was accepted by the British Crown aitd incorporated in the Canadian Constitution by Imperial order-in-cotiticil dated 23rd June, i870.

By the Dominion statute of 1873 a new branch of the Cana- dian scrvice described as the Department of the Ittterior was given control atid management of the affairs of the North \Vest Terri- tories which included under that name Rupert's Land. To this office a native of this Province, one of the members for Queen's, was appointcd-tlte Hon. David Leard, who adntittistered tlte of- fice for three years when hc was appointed as the First Lieuten- ant Governor and Indiatt Commissioner, 1876 to 188i. As Lieu- Itettatit Governor he was assisted by a Council appointed by the Crown, with powers equivalent to those conferred upon the Gov- ernor of a Crown Colony. The territory Ito be administered cott- taiited more than twice the area of all the Canadian provinces combined. The setting up and administration of a new govertr ntent over a region so vast was a work of the first magnitude. The settlement with tlte various Iitdian tribes was successfully accomplished throughout all the region then required for colon- ization. In later years (1899-1900) dttring his second tenure of the office of Indian Commissioner, the last of the great treaties ivas concluded with the Indians of the territory known as the McKenzie Basin.

'l'-ltus tlte good will of the Indians had been won, and thc most accessible parts of thc prairie opened for settlement; bttt from Mattitoba to the Rocky Motttitains stretched a thousand miles of plain, unguarded aitd utttenanted. The Hudson Bay Company had given up its governing power and the new ruler had not yet appeared. The throne was empty. It was the danger Ipcriod of the \i\"est. Not only were. the fires of Indian wars still ystnottldering across the boundary line. but fibm the South. mar- Iilllfllllg bands of white men threatened the peace attd security of thc new Catiadian settlctttetits. Two instances will suffice:— A ipilfl)‘ of ivhiskey smugglers from Montana crossed iitto Canada to Ia cantp of Assinaboitts. got all the property which the Indians lwotild give iii exchange for tlte liquor, and, when the latter were lstillicicittly drunk, shot down forty of 'the_m in cold blood. ' A lsiittilar band of outlaws had crossed into Manitoba, plundered land burned a Hudson Bay post, and spread terror ‘far and wide I lf an end \verc not speedily made tto such things, settlement 'nf the North West would be impossible. For remedy a force known as the Royal North West Mounted Police was prganized. lt comprised 30o ntcit whose duty it was to keep order m a_ter_ri-~ torv of two and a half itiillion square miles, and they did it. They were commanded by Lieutenant Colonel McLeod, the most valued counsellor of the Governor in both constructive and admin- istrative work. " _ _

At a great gathering of the Blackfeet and other Indian tribes thefloverttor told them that the Queen was ntuch pleased with the way they had ltelped t Great Spirit.“ he said, “had m brothers. and we I Mother loves all her children, You wiII always tind the the Queen's laws.‘

white men and tred men alike.

, . _ -_ j . declared that the advice gIVLII to his people had proved to it

Rood. “If the Pplice had ‘i1°l‘€0:(ne'\vcrt . , . w its cy * _ d“ "cf nxwtff ulzhivtiiilcdlbibnlleft today. The Mounted Police ltnvc xgigeteed us as the feathers of the hird protect it from tht- frost» - n ' o‘ wllillizlnMounted Police owing to the character of their POIII- mantler, and of the men thentseltl/csqitllsi: 620" ("ginléghnfw ml" ministration the authority that lit‘ t . U y" V A .

established on a firm basis peace, order and good government

sentative of the London Morning Post of October I0, i905, wht was present at the celebration of the establishment of the Province: of Alberta and Saskatchewan, at which tlte first (ioverntir wa the guest of honor: of romance as it was of Itardship." "lle well and truly laid tbti

of the Duke 0f Newcastle to cancel the cltarter of the Company_ life and work a model for those who have sat in or may titcltp} Iilte Company then offered to sell ottt to the (iovernitteitt for hlgll lllmi“ l‘) cfllllll)’ <l°Iiill1i0ii-"

ttiittioti was acquired and assettiblctl under one Central litiverit

[Following ‘his m, Ominous change wok Place in "u. personnel ntent. 'l'he political organization was accontplislterl bttt physicitll; 1nd policy of ([15 (jompanyh 1" 1353 [he nwrm-q- w,“ ,,,.,._.,ngu| it was an inert giant, with uucoitiiected nerve centres and no gt-it» with The Anglg hnefnatjona] Financial Assudatiom which ilk t-ral ctrculatioit. It first became a co-rtrtliitzttetl physical unit whc: I cluded prominent American capi'alisjs_ Chm-pg,- N;,;r_ i" his book on the 7th day of November, i885, at Craigellztcltie, I'..L".. litinalt l“ m “Through (In; McKenzie Basin," _sa_ys; "'|‘]-"_. 01d name of ‘he Alexander Sntith drove the last spike in the Canadian Pacific bail ‘ Company was retained but everything else was changed." The ‘Val’-

_laitttar_v, i866, by American cap; ,

should take each other by the hand.‘ The great the wilderness unknown soldiers."

Motiitted Police on your side if- yoti obey the different races that have founded Canada. i of race (the reverse of vanity) that carries with it a sense of rcs~ ; pOIICyIIOIKIGTS the sum of’ $7.962, The hm,‘ Chg-f Crow Foot, coming forward to sign the treaty. ponsibility Ito maintain the best and ‘highest traditions of the past. I7X4- After tictinclinit this itiiin mid ' which is a priceless heritage. " he said, “where would we words inscribed on a monument to nearly i,oo0 sons of the Uni-

killing us so fast that vt-rsity of Edinburgh who died in the Great War:-—-

lflfiii" land now

PAGE SEVEN

':_rly hcld. The tiprising of i885, known as the 2nd Riel Iuhcl hon, fottr years after the close of Mr. Laird's term 0| titlicc, itt- dicatfls upon how slight a ttiisuiiderstaitdiitg the Indians and .\'It-ti;- might have repeated iit Canada the atrocities of Indian tvarfart which ltud atldetl fear and torture to the hardships of frontiei lite tn the United States.

When Governor Laird's ternt of office had expired tlterc was

throughout tlte territories ivhiclt he had organized aitd governed

for upwards of eight years. In summing tip his work I may quote the words of the repre

".\lr. Laird's regime," he said, "was as fttll

“we

ROSE

','is good tea’

5a w/w die $215.7...

9

TEIA

foundations of organized Government in tlte territories." "lli

We Iiave now reached the time when the teritory of the Iii.»

ears in another post on the sltore of lludsoti Ilztv. ivherc he rosi- o be a chief factor. Hencefortlt his prottiotioit w. rapid. Scvt-tt l sears later we find him iit Montreal, resident tiovernor of the vltole Ilutlsott Bay service. Itt i869 and i870 he was zippointcil "ty the (itiverinttettt of Canada as a special cottnti-issitnter with ex- ‘etisive powers to Manitoba t0 deal with the Riel Rebellion, where ‘te played his part so well that when Lord \\'olsley' arrived with thc relief expedition there was no more fighting to Itc done. In thc Dominion election which quickly followed he ivas elected as the first I\’Iember of Parliament for Winnipeg. Itt Winnipeg he came itt contact with his cousin (ieorgt- Stephen. lamcs _l_ Ilill. "ind others who were engaged itt Railway enterprises across the boundary litic. Iy \\‘lS(f investment iit the N. I‘. attd St. l’. .\l M. Rys. he greatly increased his fortune and thus equipped ltintselt and his associates for the greater eittcrprisc that awaited them.’

The situation iii Caitada was then cxtrcntcly critical. lil‘lll>ll Liolumbia had come iitto Confedcratioit on the express coittrztct. that within teit years frotn the date of thc ttnioit the Doiiiiiiltiii thould construct a Railway coitttectiitg the ltttilivatysvstettt oi Catt‘ ‘ICIB. with the Pacific coast of British Cfllllllililll.‘ t inc out ofthc ten years had expired and itot more than 700 nttlcs of railway had been laid in sections here and there. The scheme of a Iiovt-rp- nent Railway was ltopeless when Donald .\. Sittith. Iicorgc Stephen, lluncttit l\'lclttty'i'e and R. B. Attgtis uitdcntiok to promote he C. I’. R. and to construct it itt ten years. 'l‘ltcy did it itt lcs g Itan half the agreed time. It was an enterprise so gigantic thai' 'I is little wonder that inany wise men of lesser courage and shorter vision regarded it either as impossible or possible only at such a cost as would bankrupt Czittatla. It did very Ilftélfly bankrupt tlw promoters. It is a itiatter of ltistoryt that they tisetl tip all their private means iii the undertaking, pledged their property to tltc last dollar, and then, one day, found themselves at the end of both tneans and credit. In despair they turned to the (ioverntncitt of (Tattadzt and succeeded by the narrowest margin iii procuring a loanl of $30,000,000 which carried them safely through. their obligations were met and the loan liquidated,

Wlhett tlte first train from the St. Lawrence retichctl thc I'aci~ fic terminus, Vancouver svas merely a sntall clearing itt the forest scarcely three months old. Again a great crisis in the Iifc ot Canada ivas safely passed.

Iiitgagetl itt the development of this great enterprise and at the same time (inventor iii ("hicf of the Ilndsott Bay (‘ompaitt which was steadily adapting itself to the new coitditittits itntlt-t‘ which it operated since the stirrcittler of its charter, his days wcrc passed in nation building activities. Itt the fuInt-ss of time. III\" work accomplished, he closed his career as Lord of Sira-rltctitia. High Conitnissioiter of Canada, crowned with riches and ltonor.

The foundation of the Dominioit of Canada by the itnioit of Ilie two Cattatlzis with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ittny itc said to be the greatest event itt tlte history of Canada, just as llll’ greatest event in any pcrsotfs Iifc may be said to be Ins ltirilt.

With that event we at once associate two itantes, _]oltn .-\. .\lc- Donald attd (icorgc litieitite Cartier. IIICII‘ Itettds were ltigli above the crowd of able and utise men of different races who wt-rc moving towards the consolidation and tnainteittttice of :1 British Natioit oit tthis coittittent wirhiit the Iimpire. » Thesi- two tin-n, (Ila ' similar itt all ways except itt high aims, indomitable cottritge and patriotic zeal, will go down through history with their nantcs firm’ ly linked together as ittdisjteitsaltlt- factors itt the bttiltlitig of ("an- ada,

apart. Helen Shaw. his office iii Kingston. student a Scotch lad