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mf* -JANUARY 1,, -1915 , , L L . ,L . ' 'rss cHARLo'r'rE'roWN GUARDIAN _ ' PaGs,iNi1§p,»1-`- f ff

A

or Parents, Teachers. Pupils

N F'Dairymen..Flarmers.

- ' I t |accurately apportioned to a given the result represents either a debt an .from green foods to those which con. p,-,Xu ,, mg 9 ,ug vmtage pn” | -m r mum." _

. . lf"-011011 0|' 111601119 ““lV0l`BB||Y Hllllli' W9" blllllce Ol' H Blll'D|\lS- It isllln- I ` tain srnali percentage of water fre-'strain of layeligs. Birch Rgizdgniggg' Egg? D 0 8 we

1 'ro 'ms FARMER

1 ‘l*)i€*l*9i€*

Farmers and ot'-ers interested are

Invited to contribute to The Farm. The Dairy, The Turf. and Good roads departments of the Guardian glther by question, correspondence or otherwise. Answers will be given by experts to all questions of general interest and space will be given to any articles that will in any way help to advance Prince Edward Is- land interests. '

Contributors are asked to have

their articles at this oflice early each week, as only a short emergency item can be handled as late as one p. m. Wednesday. All received after that hour cannot appear until the tollowing week.

.l.---_.---____

1 . ~, ` 1 / .1

\ .

THE SEIHOOL

THE HOME ff

.1=‘l9i%§

1.

Contributors for this department

should be addressed to

President Teacher‘s Association,

Guardian's School and Home.

P. 0. Box 188 Charlottetown.

HliiiSiHl]il_iilliNEiS

(A. Ethel Dunbrack, Supt. Wo|ncn's

institute.)

General speaking. the woman who

controls the expenditures of the house- hold is not thc producer of its means | of support, simply distributing it through various channels. However, her obligation to extract the full pur- chasing power from cvery dollar she expends is no less binding than that of her husband to provide every dollar that is needed. To fulfil that obliga- tion she must constantly study values and market conditions and keep a sharp lookout for loopholes for waste. Her skill in these factors assures max- imum comfort at minimum cost and produces the farcfrce mind and well nourished eody essential to the in- crease of every nian`s earning capac- ity whether his work is mental. physi- cal or a combination of both. Her mis- management whether due to coreless- ness, ignorance or sheer lack of re sponsibility, makes no less surely for general discomfort and dissatisfac- tion, and may lead eventually to bank- ruptcy of health, wealth and home.

The woman who has once served

even a brief apprenticeship in the gild of the World's workers, knows full wcll that every smallest coin repres- ents actuai labour and should there- fore be expended only in return for' full value received. Sho will before long encounter the very same perplex- ities and difficulties in household flu- anciesing that worry 'her less experien- ced sister unless she takes the trouble _ to verify the value and to record re- l ceips and expenditure of that coin. Some day she may be obliged to ask her husband for money, and will be' met with the unwelcome response' “Whatever have you done with the lest"? and curiously enough in direct proportion to her inability to account for the expenditure in a busincsslike way, will bc the extent oi’ her indigna- | tion at being asked to do so. and thc depth of her humiliation nt having to plead for that which shc deems to bc ` hers by right.

cable. Each household must then de- vise its own budget since peace and happiness are secured only when its 'especial tastes are gratified as far ss the financial circumstances permit.

The arrangement of the schedule

expenditures calls for study. At first it may have to be adopted only ten- tativeiydlending th proof of its prac- Ulllvely pending the proof of its prac- dollar spent for any purpose during two or three months should enable us to estimate approximately the annual cost of the household, and to this we must add a certain percentage for un- foreseen expenses. Should the estimate represent too heavy a drain on the ex- chequer, a careful examination of the various items will determine just where we may curtail expenses. Sim- ilarly a system that charges the cost of clothing, schooling, personal recrea- tion, et cettre, against each individual indicates where it is safest to econo- nxize when further retrenchments are necessary.

Records such as these act as a

safeguard against the temptation com- mon to us all. to buy whatever we think we or our children need, with- out pausing to consider that the out- ay for it will prevent the purchase of things perhaps more necessary and to procure which wc may have to incur ,dcbt. A househild account book ac- curutcly kept, is the pulsc that imli- cates our financial condition. it tolls us when our money matters require., regulation; it supplies us with ther comfortable assurance that we are' living within our means; and that no one interest in our honschold ecenomy is being indulged at the expense of another.

There arc weighty advantages but

thcy are either ignored or unknown in thc average liousehold, whcrc, despite: the fact that thc annual expense con- 'sumcs a vcry large part of the income thc heavy outlay can rately bc ac- ’conntcd for adequately. Do wc often encounter thc woman who can tell to ft dollar how much shc pays annually ‘thc butcher, grocer, thc dry goods merchant or thc dressinakcr? Shc who carrics charge accounts cvcrywhcrc might ascertain these amounts by studying the bills, but docs shc ever do it? Does she cvcr compare the rc- spcctivo totals one with thc other; or cvcr add them togcthcr and substruct- ining thcir sum i’rom hcr allowance, wonder what became of thc very per- ceptible difference,

Whcn the month oi' January rolls

around cvcrywherc, except in private households heads of cstablishmnts may be found preparing thc budget for the new year, scanning thc expense col- ums and seeking to prcvnt waste. it is right to cxcmptthc household from this annual stain for no visiblc reason other than that its chief buyer finds it troublcsomc to formulate a budget and cvcn more troublesome to adhere

to it when formulated?

Analysis oi' any donlcstic budget

would show three main lines of ex- penditure which may bc designated rc-

spectively ns?

General maintenance , (rent, light

fuel, food, scrricc)

Individual maintenance (clothing,rc-

creation, repairs and additions to thc household furniture and equipment).

The higher lifc (iillucntion, benevo-,

iencc.) f

The purchnese for these accounts

may bc mot in cash or made on credit to bc paid for at stntcd pcriods. ’l‘hc comparutlvo advantages and disadvan- tages of the cash credit systems of buying need not be touched upon hcrc. Suffice it to say that the convenience of charged accounts cannot be gain- said. Many people avoid them be- cause they tend to exiravagance, ,but surely this ,need not bar their intro- duction in households where the buyer is strong enough to remain within the safeguards shc herself has raised for each distinct avenue oi' expenditure.

The adoption of thc credit system.

at least in part, is imperative in large households, ami also in those smaller, ones where distance from thc shops ami markcts, or thc prcss of t.l\e dut- ics not less important, compels thc

Men ami women alike st-cm to for-,

get that thc money which is plnrcd in her hands to defray thc oxpucnscs nt] the household is no longer his nor yci. hers, but it is henzcforth simply u | trust fund and as such should bc pru- dently anl _iudiciously administered hy its trusteo, and also bo accounted for in plain and acccsslhlo figures. 'l`li¢-so ', are plain busim-.ss principles and flu-‘ sooner wo rcalizo thc absolute ncod of applying them to our household mann goment. tho chrarcll will In-1 our Ilnnn-I cial calculations, ami lose froqucnf. tho painful sconce ami accusations of oxtravagauccs now ull loo frequent in our homes.

it is obvious that this trust fund, ex-

pressed in terms of dollars ami cents and payablo to the trustee weekly or monthly. must no kept within the unn- ily incomo under all circumstances. and as for within lt ns is commensur- ato with the demands of ordinary com- fort. Furthermore it is advisable to have it include, every possible expen- diture ln order to simplify tho house- hold bookkeoping, and to cnablc tho trustee to strike a comprehensive bul- ance sheet at short notice.

No doubt terms like “‘trustee, book-

keeping and balance sheet” are formi- dable to feminine minds unfamiliar with their meaning, but in reality they P01111! stand for processes simple in themselves and not nearly so difficult to master as the arithmetic of our childhood.

AB 8" "H1188 80 in the average home

the wife is purveyor-general gg each member of the family of his or |191- equabie share of food shelter, raiment. home comfort. recreation and the higher life. She is therefore trustee of the household funds. and it lg por task to divide the visible resources fairly and to establish ilxed limits to every channel of expenditure. ,ln this work she is entitled to the aid and guidance of her husband who is pre- sumably better trained in business affairs.

General directions on this subject

have little practical value because families In the same circumstances differ widely in their standards of what constitutes happiness. That which seems esential to one is consid- ered sinful extrsvagsncc by a second; that which a third deems its highest wish. s fourth considers nonsensical. Again in one town, renfs are very nigh. in another foodstuffs and labour are exceedingly high, hence, notwith- standing tlie wide utterances of stu-

houskccpcr to order hcr supplics in- stead of purchasing thoni in pcrsou.

Uut whcthor tho crollit or thc cash

system prevails or n combination of both, specially adapted to individual iwolis, ordinary prildeiivc would div.- tnto keeping an acurato tally upoli ev- cry purchase. This is ousiiy donc by moans o_f' at scparelo ordor book and u copy of it nrc simultaneously written out. 'l`h1» order is dciacliod ami sent to tho irndoslnan, thc duplica`tc""mls" loft in tho book so that items may bc duly 1-in-.rkcll upun ilu- rcucipl, of tho goods. and colnparud lntnr on with thc monthly slatclncllt.

in llouscholds whvrc thc mistress

rclcgatos to thc cook thc duty ofortlcr- ing thc food supplies, n triplicato or- cr-book with two cnrhon-slmots should br-. llsod. Tho duplicate copy ()K'd by thc rccipicnl. of tho goods. is deliver- ed to thc mistress, who flies it i'or comparison with thc bill when rcndcr- ‘od. Tile triplicato copy, similarly ‘0l{'d, remains ill tho book to form a continuous record that shows wheth- cr more or loss than thc average amount of grocorics or other supplies

ish being consumed within a given pt riod. ‘Household accounts are not hedged with difficulty when once the habit has been formed of recording every ex- penditure thc day it is incurred. For this purpose two books are necessary; an indexed ledger and a cash book. at stated periods. weekly or monthly. the cash book entries of receipts and expenditures are balanced. and the re- sult written in red ink on correspond- ing lines at the foot of the debit and credit pages.

This easy method of bookkeeping in

applicable alike to the cash and to the credit system of buying. Under the cash payment system it is necessary -to record every purchase in the cash- book: under the charge system only the date. name ami amount of each ‘bill as it is paid, the items appearing either upon the bill itself, in the pass- hook or in the order-book.

It is usually an unprofitable task to

keep track of the petty expenses like car fares, .etc.: yet unless accounted for, the cash book will not balance. -To obviate this difficulty it is a R004! plan to charge oneself, whenever nec- lessary with a certain sum for pocket -money.

With all receipts from WUMGVBI'

source, duly entered upon its debit page, and all payments whatever their

nature, umlts credit page, the cash- boolx wil s ow only two columns of

dents of economics. neither rent. table expenses nor any other Item can be

' 1 4 ` .

figures. When these are cast up and their respective amounts compared

1,. _ -, ,.,,.,.,~i - .1

necessary to ask which one of these conditions is preferable. Equally needless is it to add that the desired result can never be obtained wlthou' the order and method that attend th? introduction 'of well-kept accounts in- to the financial administration of a household.

THE METEORDLOGIOAL

SCIENCE OF FORMOSA

The Metercologicul Service of For-

mosa' was organized under an ordin- ance of the Japanese government in 1896, and placed under the l.‘ureau of Communications of the colony. In ad- dition to the central observatory at Taihoou, the service has observator- ieg at Taichu, Tainan, Koshun, Ho- kotg (Pessadores Islandsl, Taito,an Sharvoto (st the mouth of Keelnng harbor.) Observations are also taken at 10 lighthouses, and there are 100 rainfall stations scattered over the island. Weather telegflms “T0 F85'-" larly received at Taihoku from all the observatories of the service, as well as from numerous stations n Japan and on the Chinar coafllf-1 find from Manila. Weather maps are Com- piled, and weather forecasts and storm warnings covering thc whole island are issued daily. All observa- tories in the island are provided with (tray-Milne and Omori seismographs. The service has just issued 11 Compre- hensive work on the climate, Wilh- oons and earthquakes of Formosa. A novel fact brought out by this Work is that the station ol Kf\Sh0l`Y01n9H1` Kceinng has the remarkable annual 1-uinlall of 288.9 inches, and is prob- ably the wettesi. place in the Far East. %

AT THE WASH TUB.

Ours is one of the houses not yet

equipped wits stationary tubs, and the heavy lifting incident t0 Ci1l'l`YlllK 011! and emptying the wateradded greatly to the burden of wash day. Now, how- ever, wc have solved the problem.

To bring the hose into the laundry

it was necessary in our casc to cut a hole in the wall, but usually it would bc necessary to only run it in through the door or a windo\v. Tile nozzle end oi’ the hose in put in position to water the grass, but is held high by an arbor or a tree branch. From the indoor hydrant thc hose is filled with water, and is then unscrewcfl and dropped into the tub to be ellip- ticd. The lanndress then lowers the nozzle cud to the ground, so that it will be lower than thc end in the tub, and immediately tho siphon begins to act. The suction is so great that scarcely it toacup of water is left in the tub.-Lois M. Clancy, Claremont, California, in 'I'o`chnical World Niaga- zine.

HORNS.

Horns are subject to disease as wcll

as hoofs, but they are not, however, liable to so many troubles. They are probably few, if any, diseases; but such things as abcesses in the core following upon injury, and lacerations following upon thc brcak, are not un- known. The liberation oi’ the pus should be sought, and a cold carboliz- ed lotion should be applied.

With regard to the formation of

horns, Nature plays many pecculiar tricks. There is nothing more unsight- ly than horns set at the wrong angle. and no matter how beautifully balanc- ed an animal is, and how well marked otherwise, its value is very scrionsly impaired if the appearance is spoiled by a badly set horn.

The color of horns, Loo, is import-

tant. Not so long ago, block-tipped horns which one finds in thc Sussex, Shorthorn, and other breeds, was con- sidered a bad fault; but it is not look- ed upon so seriously nowadays. The ideal horn is waxy in'color, and per- haps onc sees it. in perfection in thc famous Wcst ilighlaml brccd.

'l`hc spread of thc horn is roinark-

ahlc in some of thc races which arc commercially valuable because of their appearance. These decorative breeds arc. howovcr, not wholly or- namental. i'or in such typos as the l.ongJiorn. thc Wcish, ami thc West ilighlnnd thcrc is plenty of cxccliont butchcring material, only in sonic cases Ii. is rnthcr slow in maturing. A good sprond of horn is lift. from tip tu tip. and this is only attuincd by tho West llighlnnd brccd,

A FACTORY METHODS

'l‘hc shelled corn in our barn falls

froln the corn shellcr through 11 hoic in thc floor into a barrel, which is .suspended from the st-coiul floor A [piece of pipe is used to carry the corn lfrom the barrcl to tho grinder. A slide made of sheet iron is placed in a cut in the pipe and when pushed clear in it keeps the corn from flowing down out of thc barrel. When a small amount of corn is desired to be ground for use. this slide is drawn out part way until as mucli corn falls into the grinding hopper as is wanted. If a largge quantity is to bbe ground, the slide may be left open, allowing fthe corn to flow into thc hopper as fast as it is ground. f As the cracked corn comes from the 'grinder it contains a great deal of line corn meal which would be lost if scattered along with the coarse /grains, in the feed for the chicken. This fine material is separated from the coarse by a screen and fed into feed hoppers as a mash. The screen is merely a piece oi' wire fly screen arranged so that the cracked corn from the grinder passes over it. The coarse grains slide down over the screen through the opening in to one can. while the fine meal falls through the meshes and passes down through the trough and then into another van. --Technical World Magazine.

“Rexall Compound Syrup of ily-

pophosphltes will strengthen the run- down system--lt builds bone and tis- sue, improves the blood. aids diges- tion, and is a splendid treatment for pulmonary troubles. Price 51.00. Mac-

? THE FARM ‘

\ 1.

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1 . .

WHEHE THE VALUE OF FERTILIZ- ER SHOWS.

if corn were worth $1.0; per bushel,

then the average annual value of the corn crop of the United States for the past ten years would be equal to the average value of the total pile of man- | ure annually produced in this country. That is, the manure is worth more

with commercialmfwyp hrdlu mm mm with a heavy annual application of farm manure has produced 35.5 bush- els of wheat per acre on an average for 55 years. Another field treated with cogiercial plant food withoutl organic _ _tter has produced 37.1 bus- hels of wheat per acre on an average for the same time.

..,._._.._.__________.

FEEDING AND FERTILITY.

Two hundred and twenty-five dol-

than half e. century. Land treated 'Mil 011° Daft Of BliDD°l`y 01m bark

lqnently results in a derangement of the bladder or kidneys. Many times 'the urine becomes thick and turbid, and it is very difficult for the animal to urinate. If the trouble is allowed to continue for 0, very long period death may result. Juniper berries .four ounces; boiling water, one gall- on. Let stand in a covered vessel for an hour and then strain. Give one pint three times each day till the ani- mal is relleved. Another remedy may be provided without the aid of dri.-gs.

with two parts of poplar bark and make a strong tea from the mixture. Sweeten with sugar or molasses and give n pint every five hours until re- lieved. If taken in the begznning of the ditIiculty,this last remedy is al- most certain to effect .lt permanent cure.

Water, lol' Ari-illlgls-The horse rg-

quirea from 69 to 80 pounds, or 8 to 10 gallons of water per day, a gai- lon weighing 8 pounds. Cattle drink more than horses. Feeding upon dry material they require 83 pounds per

lars is the value of a pile of fresh farm I manure containing 100 tous. This is the value as determined by chemical analysis on thc basis of present mar-, ket value of plant food contained in , the manure. And it is the value asl measured by increased crop yield. If the Summer manure pile is exposed to fermentation, washing by heavy rains and leaching, it may bc reducedvto a_ value of $100 or less. | Thcrc arc two,methods of handling

farm xnanurc economically. Ono of these is to haul and spread thc ma- nure daily, or at least two or three times a week. The other is to allow the manure to accumulate in the stall or the covered feeding shed, where it is constantly trampetl by thc animals, and straw is added to keep the place clean-then to haul it and spread up- on the field when conditions permit.

If corn were worth $1.05 per bushel,

then the average annual value of the corn crop of the United States for the pest ten years would be equal to the average value of thc total pilc of man- ure annually produccd in this country. That is, the lanurc is worth more than double alll' corn crop.

i _...___

THE LINEQUAL TEAM.

Often some writers say that they

have observed that the horse behind is always thinner and a harder keeper and so he docs more work than his mate. But docs this prove anything There is justlas much difference in horses as in men. Sonie men are fat, work hard and cat little.

Did a. lazy horse over go in the

lend? No, he has tried everything, ami has found from experience where the easy plac is.

In driving wo horses on a wagon

\vlth a heavy oad, if one horse is in advance the onguc will be inclined to move toward the rear horse, show. ing a side draft. Now the horse in the lead must be exerting a greater force to cause this draft.

Take a pair of balance scales and

put a weight in one pan; of course this side will go down. The balance

scale and thc evener arc thc same., each is hung in thc centre. So which- cver horse will exert thc greater force on an evcncr will be ahead and will rmaln there as long as he continues to exert the greater force.-Teamster.

WINTER CARE OF SHEEP

Shccp do not require much care dur-

ing the summer season. The more lib- erty they can have the bettr; but in

_necessitates saturating the food with

day,but on green food they require only about 33 pounds of water per dny. About three-fifths of the animal body is water, and while water is not. strictly n fo0d,no food can bc assim- ilated without; water, large quantities of it being required to carry on the process. The number of times an ani- mal will drink during the clay, when allowed full opportunity, is not known, but. is indicated in 3- general way by the stomach. The stomach of the horse is small and, as might be supposed,docs not require much water at n time, but -often. The stomach in cattle is very 1arge,and rnmination (chewing the cud) is performed. This

water before ruminntion take place, and probably explains the incl: that

the winter season they may be kept in a_shed, open on tho sunny side if necessary. it is usually better to ar-- rangc so that it can bc closed in case' of storm. if possible, shoep should have the_libetry oi' rangc on dry and firmly sotlllcd pastures in thc wintcr when thcso arc not covered so deeply with snow ns to makc it impossible for tlicm to got food by scraping for it ` with their foci.

ll. in not necessary that they should

he kept on anything also than an oarth floor. lirovirlcd thc samc is dry ami kcpt wcli bcddcrl. lfrosh bedding ,should bo addvd cvcry two or thrcn days. (Toniining tho snoop in at small nmi ill-vontilutcli building would soon provc fatal.

Sheep arc fond oi' at cllangc of dict.;

conscquonliy th grcutor thc vnricty oi' food, iinc in tho charactcr, the bet- ter thc rsults. Whilc they urc ill wint- or quarters tht-y should bc given n smnli quantity of grain. in tho absence oi' roots. Usually onc pound pcr hood bore thc season for lambs will bc enough. No grain is better adapted for such fccd than oats. A littlc bean added wiltmakc an improvement. Af- ter thc lambing sason the flock may be safely given about all the grain that will be eaten up clean. No kind of hay is better for sheep than clover or alfalfa.

The sheep has the most delicate

sense of smell of any domestic ani- mal. and the racks and troughs from which they eat ,wil offered more or less if not kept perfectly clean. They will not eat unclean food nor drink unclean water. unless compeled by hunger and thirst to do so. Ceanliness is a matter of necessity and must be kept in force, if the best results to be attained are dsired.

Another very important feature is

o keep the animals as quiet as possible nt all times. They are very timid, and dogs and boisterous men and boys should not be permitted to go about them.-W. E. Underwood.

Tl-il1l('ARE OF FARM ANIMALS.

Keep the Stables Warm-Ventilation

of the stable is important, but how to do so without treating draughts of air is really a problem to solve. The first thing to consider is to keep the cold out, yet the air tbnt comes in during winter is often very cold. An excellent plan is to have the stalls roomy and to open the doors and

windows during the warmer portions' of the day and close them nt night. .The draughts along the floors will be partly prevented by an abundance of

Klnnon Drug Co.. Cor: .Great George

and Kent Streets. _ _ Mllltf.

1

ve..

bedding.

they require more water in the morn-

ing than in the evening.

TIM ELY STABLE SUGGESTIONS.

Don`t ncglcct to give your stock

plenty of salt. lt helps

stimulating the appetite, assisting dig- estion and assimilation ami increasing

thc flow of the fluids of

Kept constantly before them, nonc of the animals will eat too much of it,

but if they are not used to

to begin gradually and feed up for an overdose of it might act as a poison.

Sec that our stables are

y

ventilated, not by loose boards or ac- cidental holes in the windows, but by some system that is well construct-

ed and casily operated.

Make the work of handli

as casily as possible by having a silagc fork made especially for the purpose.

Dcn’t tal-'o any cliancl-s

bull; flon‘t do it ever “_1usL to smart." Nostrong animal is ssfo

handle without watching

u oil. but make him remember always -

that you`re boss, and be

securely fastcncd when your buck turned to him. Your dearest and

r.cai'est friends will be less

to mourn for you, either dead or dis-

abled for life.

No better absorbent can

the cow stable than horse manure, land plaster and road dust. They not only take up the liquids, but p

vent the cscape of nitrogc

Don't despise the grade cow. Graflcs

s

of Jerseys, Holsteins ami

are always among the best.

Keep some kind of medi

stable Turpcntinc, if nothing more. is good to havc. ns this wnl oftcll acord relief in ailments among livc stock,

Don't leave the care of

too much to anyone else. If boys have charge of' them. be

directing and giving a w

couragement \vrich means much to-

ward interesting them in

and insures i.l.c animals coming

all rightin tho s ring

p .

Good horsc blankets helps to

good horses. Don't ict your horses,

thcrcforo, go to thc bad.

man. rcnwnibl-r, is merciful to

boast.-ifrcli O. Sibley.

FARM NOTES

Limo ,in sonic i'orln ':s llnlispcnsnblc

to laying hcns, and most. poultry-

ifocpcru prividc it in lilo chushcd 0 stcr-slicll. But

Y

ial, it should be borne in mind,

no use to male birds or to

are not laying. it mcrcly provides material fo' shell formation, ami docs not pcri'orm as many imagine, thc iunction of flint grit. Tile latter is in-

dispensable to fowls at all

cnnblc thclu to digcst their food.

O U ll

To rcadcrs iiitcrcstcd in

may :be of advantage to know

goose lay more, larger. and liable eggs than young ones,that there is less risk in using young than old get se for breeding, and that thc proportion of foftilc eggs by n goose in the second year of lay-

ing is alyways greater than

it is also worth noting that

o

which are :novell about

to place do not lay satisfactorily.

U H U

the necessity of giving

Many poultry keepers do not rcalizc

h

green~stufff in winter. lt e

fo

remembered that greon fowls what fruit and veget to us, correcting and

tem. Cabbage is particularly

because it contains a large

of nitrogen, and thus balances the

carbon of grain foods.

1 O 0

To promote laying. many

spicy coudimcnts, some of

most harmful. The following egg- producing mixture is. however, quite

innocuous and efficacious

ginger, 4 oz.; ground aniseed, 4 oz.; dried sulphate of iron IA oz.

cd cinnamon. 1,4 oz.; and

cust meal. Mix well and add - poonful to the soft food for each throc

fowls.

O Q O

Many have failed in tryi

duce a strain of fowls pos combination of exhibition,

table qualities. it cannot

Y

The fowls must be bred year for one definite objec

Change of Feed-A sudden change J

one has egg production in

thcm by

thc body.

it you want

thoroughly

ng cnsilago

with thc

bo

» tO list: lliiil

is is

sure hc

likely then

bc used in

FU-

ll.

Guern eys

cine ll,-_ the

your stock

your there

ord of en-

thc work,

out

mako

A mcrciful

his

form of

this mater-

is of

hens that

times to

geese if

that old more rc-

ganders '

prod uccd

the first.

eesc

g .

fr m place

t o fowls

hould be

f od is to ablcs are

the sys- valuable

proportion

resort to which are

: Ground

; powewr-

lb. of lo- one teas

4

ng to pro- sessing a laying. and be done. ear after talone. if

more than those from haphazard l-sources. but they are the cheapest in the end.

t I U

Animal food of any kind, provided

that it is a wholesome and well cooked, is a valuable _ incentive to egg-pro- duction. It has the effect of counter- balancing a too starchy diet. Scraps of meat from the table are good .for fowls. but those are not always avail-, able in a sufficient quantity. 1 Where only a few birds are kept a little dried meat or meat meal may bel bought to make up for any deficiency in the home supply.

POULTRY

TI-in slzs AND SHAPE or nGGs,l

'€‘l>>i$l?l€

attributable to want of experience than to anything else. I do not mean to insinuate (says a writer in an ex- change' that unless one has had a thorough training in poultry culture, one should not keep fowls, or, if one does, that failure is the inevitable end. lt is only when a start is made on a very large scale, without knowledge or experience ,that failure is almost sure to follow. The man who starts with a few fowls and undertakes the work himself, gains experience . day by day when his establishment de- velops, he is well able to face any emergency that may arise, and to overcome difficulties that would en- tirely overwhelm the man who had started on a large scale with little or no experience.

ROOSTER DAY

in the interest of the infertile egg,

the poultry specialists cf the Depart- ment of Agriculture have started a campaign for the elimination of the rooster among poultry docks during

The Maine Experiment Station hasl

recently published a very interesting' bulletin, 228. by Maynic R. Curtis,t deaiin-g with thc normal variations in' thc size, shape, and physical constit- ution of the eggs of the domestic fowl ns detcriniued by observations mudc of all thc eggs laid by twenty-twb Barred Plymouth Rock birds during their first two laying years.

With regard to the individuality of the eggs of the same bird it was found that the “individuality of a bird is expressed in each physical character of her eggs. This individual- V ity is more pronounced in respect to, the weigfht of aibumcn and shell than weight of yolk. There is a tendency for the several egg characters to »be related to each other in such n wpy that when the eggs of an individual are klurge they are both long and brood and each ol the parts is large; but 'the hens which lay large eggs lay eggs with a smaller proportion of yolk than hens which lay small eggs. Also individuals muy show a decided tendency to vary from the flock type in quite different degrees in different characters.

"The eggs of an individual tend to

lic either uniform or variable in all the egg characters, but certain inni- viduais may be variable in certain egg chgrncters und uniform in others. An individual is in general less vari- able than tbe race in respect to egg characters; buf. certain individuals

the variation in the race. Also certain egg characters (particularly yolk weight, show a decided tendency to approach the race variation in several individuals. The factors which bring about the individuality in respect to egg characters are too complex for analysis from the dnta at hand, with regard to the correlation of egg character it was determined that "each egg character is relnted to every other egg character, but differ- ent pairs of characters show a decid- edly dilierent degree of correlation There is 1;- general tendency for a giv- BH Pair of characters to be similarly related in thc eggs ol the scvr-'ral in- dividuals, but diflcrcnf. inrliiiut-als may show significantly diilfflrnt dc- grees of correlation in :lny pair of characters. Length and breadth are Significantly but not olghly correlated Both length and l.rc.lith1 :ire sign-fl °l~\11U.\‘ C0l‘ff¢lnl/2-1 with the \\-eight of the \vholc cggund of t-;1,1:i| _of the ' 08! Darts. Brcadtil is as a rule more] highly corre1atc<l\~'ii.i1 tlwsc wright characters than is length. The nlmw of the egg as lncnsured ;1y tr.c1u1gtll- with the weilght ol the ogg and with breadth index is ne;~r.i1'».:|y coixclntcn with thc weight of the ogg 1,1111 with abd with the weight ol the ogg parts. The Weight of each wrt 1.! thc egg is positively correlated with the wciglit of both the other parts."

It was noted that with respect to

intra-individual variation, “thc vari- ntion among the eggs of that same bird is shown to bc related to curtain other changes in tho bird. The ogg ' weight. and thc weight of thc egg i parte, especially the weight. of thc Thi! N-llc oi this gain in w-sight. dc- creases with the successive months. El-Wh Dart of the ogg shows 1,- season- nl fluctuation in weight which is ap- parently minted to thc general seas- onal fiuctuntion in the physiological activities uf the bird, cxprcsscd also in thc curves for food consumption and egg production. The state of health nlso may aflect the ei/.o of thc egg. The size of the egg is related to thc rate oi' production as it cxplousrs itself in the laying of litters. /is n rule thc first and last eggs of ir litter are smaller than the intermediate ones. When eggs are _nrodtccll on euc- ccsslve days they tend to decrease in weight. whiic the egg laid on a day after one on which no ogg is produced is larger than the last ogg