PAGE TWO

frua CHARIJOTTETOWN cqgoiau

“TTHE ED UCA TIONAL HORIZON i‘

--A SA TURDA Y FEA TURE-

PRESENTING NEWS AND VIEWS OF INTEREST TO TEACHERS AND ALL OTHERS SEEKING IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION

understand tions of this term might here be problem, or given, but probably all these m1811i I'll-l or be summon " up in the followln8- my Other aubject Literature is the record of the best 11o may read. happiest thoughts or the best F01‘ Practical purposes, so far as and happiest minds; it is the ex- 1-110 P1111110 school is concerned, we pression of man's soul in terms of may consider English as having life and beauty. 111-100 illrazes: language. formal To read out the meanlni 0! a grammar, and literature. book to interpret literature as it in Briefly speaking language is the tum interprets life. my be eon- sorl of speaklnsoorreo 1v. While for aldered the ultimate aim of teacn- mal grammar is the science of eri- ing English. No teacher has suc- 111111118 one to know the way‘ and oeeded in teaching iiterature until wherdore’ of this sorrect spas-ch. he or she has instilled into the When a child first comes to pupil's mind a keen love for goon school his study or English pure- reading Here, I may say. that the ly from the standpoint of language study of the author's life and of 110114. which oi course includes the circumstances under vihicn he composition in an oral form. The wrote, helps to bring more vividly first duty of the teacher then is to to the pupil's mind the selection in got (he child to talk; this is the be- question. 2111111115’ of oral composition. The Before the actual teaching of the teacher is now in a position to nose literature lesson begins the teach- pecuiiarities of pronunciation, and er, by means of questions related errors common to the family or to the selection, may arose the community. These errors must be pupils‘ interest and direct corrected by frequent drills in the thinking along the proper course right forms. As Miss Archibald has In teaching a lesson in literature inform-ed us, the King's English the whole selection should first be Drill is a valuable asset in this read over carefully by the teacher. work. Psychologists state that The pupils should then be given wrong forms should not be pre- full scope to develop their imagin- sentcdto the child, as a means of ation, and should be aided by the correcting errors. A good drill in teacher in forming mental pictures Orul 00111005111011 is to Tequire the of what has been read. A pupil uuiuls frequently 1o Muwer ques- must see the picture presented and iions with complete sentences. This must absorb to some extent (he method of course should not. be sentiment of the author before he abused; not every question permits can read well. of such an answer. The picture formed by the pupil An important phase of the study remains much long-er than the of language at this period is "int lesson imparted. Very often ii: is correct spelluig of all common necessary to analyse a selection words used by ilie Pupils. It may very carefully in order to bring out be stated here that we cannot do its true meaning; sometimes we better than refer to Charters‘ as t0 may read as selection merely for methods of handling this most im- its general impression upon us It Dorian?» Dull 01 English work. is a. common fault in ieachLng to Special emphasis should be laid over-analyze selections that do not upon written spelling in all the need such careful analysis. subjects. for this is the practical when the selection has been spelling test. read, the beauty of each expression Those vilio have made a study of brought out, and the author's lhe 01111113 mind tel! us that, un- meaning thoroughly understood the til the average child reaches the pupils rmaiy read individually. A seventh grade, little, if any, real pupil is furnished a ood stimulus under-iiondul! of formal grammar to read well, ii the ot er members. is acquired. I think it has been the of the class close their books while experience of almost every teacher he is reading; the other members that it is the memory rather than must. listen more closely, and thus the reasoning power that is call- a greater interest is aroused. The ed into play if the study oi this pupil should not be interrupted phase of the work is begun in the while reading. The criticism should lower grades. We often observe be done in a kindly, helpful spirit, that a child is able to give the pro- after the pupil has finished. The per definition of a. tcnm, but that teacher's criticism should be in the the application of a term is beyond form of questions, not ands him. When the study of the text Dramatization of selections, when book is commenced it should he possible, is a very effective method made use of in a logical way. It of teaching the pupil to read well. should be used to solve the diiflcul- 1 have previously referred to the 1105 01 1110 P110115. rather than to teaching of spelling. The study of lead them_lnto difficulties. Suppose the meaning of words may be done We are 801112 to teach to the class partly from the content and partly about 01c adjective, we may begin from the use of the dictionary. by wrltlnz some noun. ca. ‘horse’. Some advise the finding of a on the board. Then we might ques- meaning wherever it is needed. This tion the class if they are told any- method should be considered pm. thing about the ‘horse’. We may ferable to the method of writing now require them to write some down a. column (,1 words and words before this noun that will then consulting the dictionary. serve to describe it. Some member The one lmpqrtflnf, factor yo. o! the 019$ might suKBest ‘black.’ maining is the assignment of the for example. other words of des- jeggm-L gekcflom may not n“. crlotlon also mlsht be requested cessarily be studied in the order in from the class. The pupils are then which they occur in the text-book; shown the function of these words they may be profitably correlated in the sentence. The teacher. after with the work in Gengrgphy, H15. 118111-118 Elven 1.110 P1111115 $u111010111 tory. Nature Study, and other sub- sroundwork for the study of the jects. A lesson of such length only ch extends inland to Canton, a Crown Colony of the Straits settle. ‘adjective,’ and without mentioning u cgn be 193mm properly spould XIHiiLCl‘ of ninety miles. France has merits. It is a. great British naval 111e- lerm. mill’ 111011 require 1110 be given. By the use oi’ a iev: well coniiol Kwancehow v Wan base, now being stormed by the, Duplls lo 001151110 i'1el1' ieXl-boolr 10 selected questions dealing with the P, Hum] h1g5 had the concession of Japs. find out lite name which is applied lesson g0 be study“, an incentive M 0 for 58V€Yfll hundred years, _ Caroline Islands. (Japanese Man- to such words as they have just for me camfn] uremmdm o; the ‘villilc Briltilii has had the island oi date). strategic islands, ideal for discussed. Such a method ‘as this ls selection is gzovidcd to the pupil, H Kgng since 1342 and the bases, were taken from Germany in known as the "inductive' method he" 1g mgy gddeu chug, pgggqge; fveillilsllld. of KOWIOOn, which is part the first World War. Japan has of 1080111118. and. l! 1111B 1-! 901-13104 in literature should not be used for o: the mainland, since i860. Since Kept development secret, and has in from the beginning, the pupils analysis and parsing. It is 39mg- me outbreak o! the urar both the restricted visitors since 1935. These will find but little difficulty in ap- time; goegsury hgwgygy‘ when the island and the Peninsula have tai- islands are situated north of the plying these principles to his pars- meaning of the passage is obscure, Lcn to tho Nippons, Camrnnk Bay. equator and cast of the Philippines. ing and _ana1ysis, and later to his to resort go unnyseg A strategic naval and air base on Java is the richest and most 00111005111011 11nd llflrllllhfnslnfl- Just In conclusion. I wish to refer to me south eastern coast of French populous of the Dutch Island in the here. it might be said that, while we benefit that teacher; may de- Iiida-China. It is now controlled mat. Its area is 51,000 sqme with a analysis is important and should flve'ff()m the use o; gwd ref-avenge m. we Japs, Kata Bahru. An im- population of 37,000,000. It has en- not, by any means, be neglected in 5°01“, Amgng thou, way-thy u; m. portarit British base (naval and air) tcnsivdtobacco, rubber, and tee- Grades VIII, IX and X, yet it, too, wmmendutlou “o; charters on the cast coast of the Malaya). plantations. Batavia (437,000), in can be abused. Composition and qveuhlng m; common Branches, Peninsula and in the unfeclerated Java, l5 the largest city and chief paraphrasing should be given much the gunudiun Teacher. the Quturp, State of Kehmaii. It is now con- Seniport of the Dutch East Indies. it more consideration than is gencr- Teachers’ Manual. and many nthgy tyollcd by the Japanese. Pcnang is iv uiso the capital. ally allotted to them for they call suflr valued pubumuuns, part of the crown colony of the Rangoon. the 08911111 of Burma. into action the constructive forces 11pm Teaghlng 0y mung." Straits settlements. Penang itself is situated near the mouth of the of the pupil's mind. red by Estelle Morris o consists of a small part of the Irrawaddy River. The province of We rrmy now consider the third rgetown, and given at a Teach- niainland of the Malaya Peninsula Burmb 1S r1011 111 I100. P01101011!" and last phase of the work in Eng- er-s’ Convention in Charlottetown and a small island, called Penunit- 511d teak‘ island lish-the literature. Many il-eflrll- a few years alto. Note:

- 1,. ‘ . " -on naval base Gullm, a small 1400 mi. blgtlnorgtylqrn cum». east of ilic Philippines, was coded GEOGRAPHY NOTES Bncu to the Malacca Strait. 1t is 11y Spain to the U. S. A. in 1898. now controlled by the Japs. _il'ie Americans used it as a naval Th, Devflupmeng o; 11nd; Pearl Harbour, on the island of 113-10 11111 15 1’1°W 001111011011 b)’ 111° CBIIlICS.—-TOWUS and Cities have Oahu, which is one of the eight Jul“,- gradually grown up in situations importriiit islands \1i'lllCI1 helps to lllldwfly. 11 $1111111_1_511111f1. Slliullted must; convepient, for the greatest make up flu» Hiiivniian group. It 110111111051 01 Huwfllluu 15131115110‘ number of people. The followng §(‘."\'(,'S n?» un llnpz-riuiit base for the 101185 1° 1110 111111011 5111195- 111111011" are suitable locations: (i) the America“ Flcct. ant 11s a naval base. “mm of a great plum‘ u; the m- ilainnn, a Chinese island off the 11-h 18180 Pelllenl-BEE ‘>5 the tersection of roads und IHvIOBd-i; south coast of China, separates the Worlds supply or rubber. tin. and t2) ma end of a mountain pass, or Gulf of Tonking and the South 011 0011105 from 1110 31111511 Malay" the junction of mountain valleys; China Sea. The Japanese are using 905505510115. B1111 1110 911°1- 311517 In‘ (3) the head of navigation on a. it llll npcrntlonul base in their flies. T1115 $011100 1135 been "l" °“- river, or a safe place to cross a (li(1l“.i\'Ol‘ to ciommatc Indo china. 1110 Jnlinnese 111110 rush“! 111N118“ dangerous stream; (4) a bay or liilrmll, Blillill Malaya. and i110 ""1111 °1 111° 5mm‘ M1431“ 11°51‘ harbour easily accessible to a "op- Dmch East Indie.‘ sessions, and are spreading over the mnterlarui Awess- qny w 'I"imor, one of the Dutch East In- Dutch East Indleo- rail or water and a productive hln- dies, belongs to the Javanese The vegetable 011s formerly uwd ierland are the most lmmrtant do- gi-ciip. Is situated some fivc hund- 111 the 10311111801111? 0f 5011i) 1119 1111' tenninirig factors. mi miles north of Australia. Part of ficult to get now because war with Two Kh-"js o; g|ueg_qomn;erclu1 Island belongs to the Portii- Jupan has cut down the import cities are those which engage- in Supp", and the‘ other part o. cocoanut, olive and palm oil, for- trade and commerce, whqe 1nd“? the Dutch. The British and Dutch mcrly obtained from Pacific coun- trial cities owe their existence to 1011305 have movcd into Portuguese tries, re“. mnnufacwrles_ New york. T3110; in order to guard. against Canada and U. S. A. will have to Lwerpoop and Montreal must u; Japanese possession of the Port- depend upon the rubber plantations classed u commemm cm“, when- ugucso cart. “B15211 1° “m” exmnt- Bu‘; Am‘ as Detroit, Pittsburg, and i-hmii- ifinrncn is the largest island in ezicnn industrialists and chemists ton are mdusn-la] "cenu-em gut w, pininjvn. AlTlllpClllgo. Two-thirds of cinim that they can manufacture must remember ma; m“ dgsginuflon it bclni '5 to the Dutch, while the enough synthetic rubber to make L, relative’ not absoluw Eye" fCmfllllllisg part belongs to the Brit- their country independent of out- are“ city is primarily. but not e11- isli. Brit! 1 Borneo is divided into s.de supplies. Furthermore the may’ one or the omen The be“

possible for him to

properly an arithmetic

the meaning of the raphy or

CURRENT AFFAIRS

which, along with Soluni, is situat- ed on the Egyptian-Libyan frontier and near the coast, include dug- auts, pillboxes, and concrete gun cinplucemcnis. "lie destruction of rue Soium-Bal flrefl 118s remov- ci completely Axis resistance from ELIstcrn Libya. The British have driven far into Llbyvi. capturing Fort Cfliilllllll. BB1’- iiin, Sidi Rczegh, Gambut, Tokruk. Ll (luzulir Dcrna, Bomba, " ', 1nd Agcrliiiiin. Tlie next major ob- _i\'l".l\'t.‘ l:. 'l‘ripoll, which is now be- ing bombed by the British All’ Force. .\1 prcscri: tlic Axis forces are en- irciichcd in u. series of hills around ill Aghcilu, which i5 on the Gulf of sidra and on iiic road to Tripoli. Al ilils point, in ilmc anti place, (he Will‘ is lllUfL‘ or less in 1i stalemate Problem oi supply has become acute for both sudcs. British forces are dependent largely on sea-borne sup- plies from Alexandra routed to the Libyan ports of Tobruk and Derna which the German air force is 00ll\1.)lll1_( relentlessly, presumably from buses in Crete. The R. A. _F. is inimnicriiig the Axis port of Tri- upqve mentioned poll and also Axis shipping trying '11.-@;u.~ 9f to cross from Sicily iind Italy. Miri- Axis planes nre also increasing their activities at El Aghclla. to protect 1.11m illllL‘, signatories. Mr Iloiiimills troops ivluch zire en- ‘iill opposcil slrcmiiiiisly‘ ilie iiciichcrl tlicre. At ilic present the lint ~' April 2a. was. prune." (sermons no bonibnii; Malia relent- ~- set‘ lite GOVUYlIIlIQllI oflvéél)‘. 11nd apparently mas-ring Kingdom from the bouts riiici planes for an attack on of the Anglo-Irish iiic lsluiid. What appeared to be a for the Allied OHVITIUS nrid dclicaic forces in North Africa, is now. more “hug m,» fgfflffd hnr- <.r less. only a possible victory. , ]_§(‘l'i'll1l\'i‘ll, and Lough TllC future of the African campaign ' 1:1 the ciczit of ivnr." cirpends, apparently, upon the .~..- ~-Hp1l1'irc" Pass. strength of Malta, the thorn in the n, African Sieg- Axis life-line. If Malta were to c. has been broken up by fall, the Italians and Germans ibinrd 1)Oll‘.1).il't1ll‘i<"ll[ of Bi-it- could get supplies, into Africa, and =01 and lllild forccs. This thus relieve Ronimels beleaguered itiion on lllt‘ part of the forces at El Agheilo, on the Gulf of . due to the iuct General sidra, '. (Lucie Auchiiiis-ckis fo"ccs (Gen. Claude Auchinleck has been w-crl ilic Axis forces by in the taken from the Libyan Command, days cf the Libyan offensive. and is now in command of the Al- foriificnticns of Halfirya, lied forces in Iran and Iraq).

QUESTIONS

l. Locate the following places on Something to do. The present a i1i.i]i, name the nations to which glfillélégle biexfnth: Wxzijdniifer ‘oblong, and explain their im- . ~ ‘ m“): Hmg K°ng' Camrank %11:i'at1lt€sjf‘ hoevmjtarhgizecfiealatyueeveiitsftiilrlr i\', Kola Barn, Pouring. Pearl l-lar- the pacific

l-iuiiiaii. ’l‘imor, Borneo, Dutch (a) on a map draw lines reprfi 11°13 K°"\'1°°1l- M-"illim- 5111K?" sentiiig the United states defence l T119 931911110 1513-11115» Java» tilangle by joining San Francisco

" ' 511311- Rangimll Dutch Harbor, and Pearl Harbor: II E\ 1111 “'11? 531133113 011113’ 111119 Print the distance on each line.

w ivm has precipitated the Can- (b) Find me foilowmg place '(1l.lll Guvcrninenfis restrictions on nmngg on your map: Sitka. Anchor- "isolinc, cars and trucks. rubber, age‘ sewuhp Dutch Harm)“ Am“ Elli. i-tc. Wlmt other commodities 131mm}, Kumuudorskie Islands’ 1'1 0111‘ 110l110s are 5111111911’ 1111001011? Pctropavlosk, Kamchatka Peninsula, 11cm ivnrw Central. and. South Am- purumushir Isumd and Koumk 15. crican countries may we hope to 15m; (all in the North Paglflc ye. secure thcse supplies now? glen).

ANSWERS T0 QUESTIONS

Hung Kong. The great trade Luzon and on the harbour of (rude centre of southern China is Manila, ls the capital o1’ the Philip- cuiiion. So important is the trade P1110 1519-11115 1111-1111111. 11$ W011 1w 1119 of this region that three European 135ml“ 0f Luzml- 15 110W immlnflmd CLilillLllCS 1lii\'8'SOClil‘€d vaiuablile Ysgggaigjiliftz- is a my situated on w“ “m5 ‘n’ “c. nlqum of he the Island of Singapore which lies (1.111 1n R_1\'l‘1'. 11111011 15 Yeauyllhf off ‘the southern lip of the Malaya c.»iu-u'i' oi ilie 51 Kluns Rven Peninsula. The island is part of the v.‘

line's Neutrality. Eire has reaf- firmed her neutrality and de Valera. has declared that she will defend hgfsglf (lgallfif. any attacker. De Vnlc "l. must know that if. she weie atmck d by Germany shc wouldiit l-ISL r c minutes unless defended by Britain: lifeairivhlle Great Bri- miu 11nd U, s, A. are denied the use of Irish harbours and buses, and tli 13118110 cf the Atlantic, upon \ iicii the frciiloni Eire depends, is‘ 11:. c so much ilic easier for Ger- nmiii‘. ,

We may rccztli at this time that, on April 1938. Mi‘. do Valera and 011101‘ "e ministers sgncd an '2l'l'CZlli‘lll, u-liorrlijv, zininiig 011101‘ . the Ul‘.ll(‘£1 Kinudcnr iorcgons illllll()i'll_\‘ over the ,- oi Eli-e. Ttic Nzivy cannot, . ore 11M? anj." of those ports us"

l. The {mi-ls in question the ' s that British and Americans . u 5., \)_\d\" at [I10 present time in

‘.13.

fl

,- c

1'1‘ [u iv-n the Baltic of the At-

~ '1‘? Qllt‘(‘il.\l(l\\'n, Ben-haven, ;;h sir-lily. We may 111'.‘ to 11:0 the 5 by the Anglo-Irish

v

rcczill. Bflllsll oblziliicd the

"it Treaty. Prime l Churchill is one of the

Oi

A l‘ ti c lc s v _ Ti. my of 1921 by which they as- COIHDIPY-t‘ vnclory

WBF

portation during the nineteenth century. Railroads now carry goods to the coast, where they are trans- ferred to ocean ships. which are too larBe to ascend the rivers. while 1110 ulJ-flvel‘ Port has not entirely disappared. it has largely given Place to the seaport, which is the leadin type among modem com- mercia cities.

‘Iite head of a gulf or bay is a much better situation for a sea- port than a cape or peninsula. Be- cause ocean rates are cheaper than railroad rates, seaports fre- quently grow up far inland. Mon- treal, is the farthest inland of any seaport in the world. It is also cs- sentiai that a seaport should have access to a populous hinterland. Hence most large seaports are io- cated near the mouths of navigable rivers. Not only does the river af- ford ready transportation, but the river valley is usually level and therefore suitable for the construc- tion oi railroads and highways.

‘The city of New York, at the mouth of the Hudson River, i, fo- day the world's greatest seaport. Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston

three arcar: British North Borneo. alkali deserts of the western States 1e of strict“, commemm] we“ ‘tron v | a] mu n, _ Sarawak. 011d Br1111°1~ l t t gmdg” :1 hshiralg “fled tabby‘ retlxtlergpar: found in the seaports o! int; of the S11E15. in lmeihmge 11111011 ""11"" 15 ‘m "11"" M‘ "*5 ' w c Y e 5 a a’ “Ice” ' the tropics. the Hudson River an outlet for the

Amcricfm naval base in the North ago oi rubber. It is claimed that the Pacific. 1t is situated on one oi the present growth will produce 500,- Aleutian islands, just off the 000,000 lbs of rubber, which is en- Alusknn Peninsula. 011811 10 11009 11111185 801118 101‘ 11W Kowloon is part of the British months. This source can be de-

cmwu Colony of Hong Kong. It is veloped. n pfliiinslilil which is onfthe CHEESE I U. $1.306.‘ is ngwt inaporiiingl tin mainland just across rom 011g "0111 1'1 1111 5 0110011118 l1 u a |eu___gecu.mgruue K0111 Noiv controlled by the JapS. ‘tin smelting Plant on the coast of déiiffd‘: {’,',§,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, “m- Manila, situated on the island of rcxas, siblmy u, fundamental In dew“ THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH rrining the location of a commer-

eiai centre. A navigable river was

The selection of one city as the capital of a country, brings to it a great volume of legislative busi- ness, and thereby gives it an ad- vantage over its rivals. This has been the case with Ottawa. Wash- ington, Inndon. Paris, and Berlin.

trade oi the Great Lakes. Then-- upon New York forged far mead of its rivals. intensive railroad

the state canals in recent years have enabled the great citv to rc- tain its premier position. Even to- dav the overseas trade of the Maritime Provinces is curtailed be- cause oi the strategic situation of New York.

Industrial Cities-These cities are

construction and the deepening of t

That Unfortunate Yea-r 800

In Alfred Rosenberg’: thlrty- 110 for a new Na- hum,’ mu,- “m” Pyrenees inte Spain and received

, .. 1c}. the submission of a great part of 8.21mi, ,§5’,,,,T,§,‘§,,§§“}’§ZL 11:9 it; that country; but on his return his one objective- to destroy iliatChris- TBBT-Btllgge wast lgbll-Bhfid bymihe