. 3 lt is llllltlllll’. ' ﬂmﬁmll“ that on the. whole. Atlantic, coast- line er the-Amery n continent there are only Il-‘Wlllcl coal I111 139F979 5'.‘ “mull n! tiueysiq; namely: is, Nova 5901;; no in Newioundland. . in both inntaneenthp presence oPthe coal seams- loll "0110" 00W!“- was revealed by olllowoblnse on luntLThe amount oi coal’ and iron- ote underlying the lan'd areas ls in both instances, relatively small and unimportant when‘ compared with the undersea deposits."

There can be little doubt that large beds oi coal, and possibly lronore, are c oeaied by the waters oi the sea tn such a manner that their presence curbs only snrlnlled, andtthsy: are; oi course, inaccessible-to miningi-lln one or two instances the erosion, by- the sea has been so extﬂnsive that the outcroppings oi the coal seams and the iron-ore seams are only" suiiic- lcnt in area to indicate thecpres- ence oi these ninerals in greater quantity under the sea.

The most valuable and important undersea coal deposit in Nova Scotis. lies cii the shores oi Cape Breton island, extending ior about :10 miles on either side oi Sydney iinrbor, and underlying the waters iorming the entrance oi this splendid roadstead.

The coal seems in the Sydney ileld-extend inland ior a com- puratively short distance, running inland at no point iurther removed than seven miles irom the sea- shore, but their extension under the sea is unknown. The workings oi a number oi.’ the coltleries have pro- ceededunder the bed oi the ocean ior varying distances, up to maximum oi 21/; miles irom high- water mark. How much iurther the coal seams extend is not known, but the probabilities are that the) continue uninterrupted to a dis- tance beyond the limitci man's ability to carry air ior ventilation, and ior the cutting and t. nsportg. tlon oi coal. What this limit is no person can determlne. '

when the mining oi coal under the sea was "iirst undertaken in Cape Breton about 50 years ago, the vision oi the pioneers oi that day did not carry beyond the posgibﬂ. ity oi mining coal to a distance un- tier the sea oi one mile irom the vllellllll; at the shore. Today coal is being mined oii the coast oi England almost iour miles irom luutl. and it is thought that coal can be mined oii Cape Breton Island up to a distance oi iive miles irom shore. it may even be mined at much greater distances irom shore should the progress oi

v57’ I. dlmllllléa. under I royalty ar- - "W; 01m Bu. Bbringhill, and

a most important coal areas in Nova

ll? eulingement. was allowed ' to 5°19“ F01? irmﬂor its operations

' lllvﬂtueoai-iareea at Sydney

“Btellarton. The General Mining Association graduall parted with l“ °°ll "liberties tootber com- Dﬂllles. but independent coal-min; lllll l0! Drove ysucceseiul in Nova Bcotls. . <

The need ior con olid ti

"in 1893, to the iormgationn o?" ‘ﬁrst; l>°mllll°l1 Coll Company. which was an amalgamation oi a number oi smaller companies in the Bvllnsv eoallield. with which was amalgamated also a large put-t 0g lll°'u°ll°l'lll Mlllllls Association's lmllllllls. Later the remainder oi ‘he Geller“ Mlll-lll! Association lmllllllle in the Sydney district was acquired by the Nova Hcctia Steel and'Coal 001110811)’. which brought under the control oi these two 00m. panics virtuaJy all the submarine coal in the Sydney coalugld, wllll ll"! Dllrtlal exhaustion oi lllevosllvlns under the land_ in ‘lie will" ol roars. the mining oi coal irom under the sea became more and more extended, with the result that the lease boundries oi the two companies commenced to conﬂict and became a grave hind. rsnce to the iurther progregg of large-scale mining in the (“gum The two companies were very much in each other! way, and the diiilculty was eventually solved by the consolidation or interests.

in the meantime, the Dominion 9°81 Company had acquired the 5l>ringhill areas and the Nova Scoiia Steel and Coal Company had acquired the Acadia are" g; sllelllﬂoll. both on the mainland oi N“! slim-hi. so that when. the British Empire Steel Corporation was formed there comeback again under one management the ‘iour

s°°llét which were originally ‘elelllell b! l-lw mining engineers \i the General Mining Association in 1857.

The consolidation oi the British Empire Steel Corporation took in not only the coal areas above men- tioned, and notably the greet sub. marine iield oi Sydney Harbor, but acquired also the sole ownership oi the iron-ore deposits ly-ing oii the shores oi Bell island. in Con- ception Bay, Newfoundland, and llwloby brought under the control oi one Canadian company under- sea mining operations oi greater combined magnitude than any similar operations in the world. The iron-ore deposit at Wabana, Newfoundland. is unique. it has no geological counterpart anywhere. The iron-ore is iound in seams that are as even in thickness and as regular in inclination as a normal coal deposit. Like the Sydney coal- iield, the out-cropping o i the iron- ore seams on Bell Island-is oi

‘s!

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run CHARLOTTETOWN GUARDIAN

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Sealed AIR-TIGHT MASTER MASON

smoke satisfaction!

Smoke it on my SAY-SO! IT'S AS MOIST, FRAGRANT AND FRESH as the day it wasgpacked!

and a great big value too! _ Money can't buy more "ﬁts _ i

to keep it RIGHT!

is a great [smoke-

t e a . , ‘ obacfoﬂg I

MiISON

'.-_~_.~.~.=.-.-;c new... . . _.,_.,...,....-.. n», ._

the arts and tbs need ior coal d . | m] small extent when compared with He up as mp y m me “an mo the enormous area oi the ore

Years as they did in the century Beam‘ "M" the s“ The exwem

cur u smonmo »

tn t n '

fir?“ Iiaﬁeaog?‘ gylasggesggg w: ity oi the main tunnel, irom wliich

C ‘B t the ore ts mined in this district, is ' ape re on“ ver two miles irom the shore, , t}

The pioneer oi coal mining in Nova Scotia was the General Mining Associstcn oi London, Eng- land. This company had a monopoly oi the minerals in Nova Scotla. and between the years 1825 and 1857 expended £300,000 in develop. ing the mining oi coal in that pro- vince, a very considerable invest- ment at that time. in 1857 this mcnoply was broken, the owner- ship oi the coal seams being re- vested in the Government oi Nova Scotia, and a number oi smaller. independent coal mining companies were iornted.

The General Mining Association,

and at this point the workings are in an ore seam varying in thick- ness irom 15 to 30 ieet.

The ore is shot down by ex- plosives, and is then loaded into cars by mechanical contrivsnces. The height oi the seam permits‘ the use oi loading machines oi greater sise and to a larger extent than coal mines; and there are iew places underground, and certainly no other places situated at such a distance under the sea, where mechanical shovels oi the type used in the Wsballa mines are to be iound.

The extent oi the iron-ore de- posits under the sea at Wahana is, like the coal deposits at Sydney,

sources and greater protection tor posterdty than would have been otherwise possible. The development and equipment intended to win subm riue coal is extremely expensive. Qpening at the shore must be very large in order to carry the airrequired ior ventilation and pumping must be unusually powerful; similarly the machinery ior hauling coal over long distancesand the equipment ior the generation and conveyance oi power underground‘ must _ carried out on a much/larger scale than is necessary in a land cclldery. One o! tbs new collieries beicre mentioned will cost in the vicinity

attain to. ironcre 'ln the Sydney ccsl-iield

al condttizion which insistently call- ed ior a consolidation ct manage-

ticn in Nova Scotia has pointed

weakness‘ oi unconsolidated and

be scattered interests in connection

with the ilnanoial side oi mining. There rarely hits been a‘ case where amalgamation oi interests was so compellingly demanded by

competing Comllllnies could no: it be to your own hurt- in every

act as in every word I shall iind

The attempt to mine coal and you genuine,

The power oi statesmanehip -is

and in Newioundland by individual the power oi sincerity; the blight companies brought about a physic- oi politics, as it has been too oi-

ten shown in iormer days, is the curse oi sly and evasive dealings,

rnent. The experience oi the succes- oi around about trickery, oi any- sors ci the General Min-lug Associa thing and everything but candcur.

No solid work ior public good

out, with irrevocable logic, the or private beneiit can go iorward

with the minds oi liars directing it and their bands on its steering- gear. We must, whatever the en- terprise. have lenders we can trust. Thcss who tool us ior their seliish ends will sooner or later be set down where they belong; those

_.' '

not klwWll. blll- the? 8T6 llellevell o; g3 5m) 00 harm-e completion. the circumstances, or where it has _ to continue an. least as iar as it suchknkxpendlture could no; b8 been, and will be, so thoroughlwwho strove generously, with no u,

will be possible to mime the ore. lustmed except, it made possible instilled by the results. mercenary bins in their zeal, will lg

M m9 wan“ mm’ me mm“ o! the winning oi large quantities‘ oi ---<-a-m--- ‘he known in time, and remembered 35;, the British Elnolre steel Corrwra- ma, o“, a h,“ period o; “ma; .t laiiectionately by the race they t

tions are producing irom under the and’ m M115 particular instance, lneGrl y lslegveldahetiltt ‘sissy; 911:2; titlsézogéttltzoeyﬁ If:

Orlginally Abgorbina r. was sold Wily ll a paln reliwer an an ernbroca- tlon. lt was quickly discovered that the llnirnaat was poaltlvs death to all forms oi germ llie, and it is now used as a mouth wash, ior wound dressing and ior all dlainiectls purposes.

Aalothunar“ o? swaa gietdln ﬁtore. management oi ti: coal sireasnln um I lll- prin el an the 975M! ccal- eld an 9 age oi coal, the transom‘ 011 0 h t gg|_ ;. applied Abeorbine Jr. to a varicose vein iron-ﬁeld and the iron-ore areas at mall to and irom their work at the t gyingggngnisgges “c! the ancient. toll: we are and the real reasons ‘A to relieve the intense gain. Not only wabana was the compelling reason goal-lace, and tor the cutting and homely virtue, fundamental m iar what we do. T311085 wsoatclgtl-lat q i‘ did the kin leave, but e noticed WHY ior the formation oi the British pgmovnl oi coal irom the seem. ﬂmlzaﬂon. essential to the mam hoeigisglgréas ‘:3 13a kyaexo “new ma‘ t q l

alto tax“ rag‘ and, today,

ﬂqd ies will win and render ior mininl

sea 3,500,000 tone oi coal and 1.000.- 000 tons oi iron-ore annually. and there is every probability that these tonnages will be very largely increased in the years that are to come.

The consolidation under one

Empifg steel corporation and it has proved, and will increasingly prove as the years go by. t0 ha" been as wise a proceeding as ll wag an inevitable one.

At the present time three large undersea, collieries are projected in the Sydney coaliield, one oi which is‘ well advanced towards completion Each oi these collier-

large tracts oi coal. owned jointly by the consolidated companies.

c“ l? 700i (lift! todayilﬁtabl slble to mine ‘these areas with a

Unity oi interest has made it bos-

the sum named is expected to rend- er available ior mining "approxima- tely 1,000,000,000 tons oi coal over a period oi 120 years to come.

This cclliery is being equipped with electrical appliances ior ven tilation and pumpiIIB. l0!’ llle lllllll"

it is reasonable to eXDBl-‘li l! 01'9- viously suggested. that new in- ventions will come to the assistan- ce oi the coal-miner during such a long period oi time as 120 YQBPB l0 come. and it would be an interes- ting occupaticn to speculate on what the iuture may hold in this regard.

it is quite evident. however, that submarine deposits, no “ how valuable and how lasting they are can only be developed by consolida- tion oi interests and by the unity and continuity oi management,

minimum oi pets oi natural re-

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WI$lIvl|.'r~av_¢,;--..,, , .

and the iinancial resources that

‘ITTifZf’ 'v""'_"I._'-'~".""_"I"‘ﬁ ‘

A customary icrm oi leave-tak- ing in out. spondence is the prase "Sincerely yours." How citen does it mean anything? Usually it is as insignificant as the word "Dear" which correspondents use at the start oi their letters even when

tenance oi society on a plane above the cut-throat. high-handed. hard- hearted basis oi utter seliisbness. Unless nations and individuals are sincere with each other, they will get nowhere in their mutual deal- ing. Each will be suspecting l-llﬁ other oi sinister, hidden aim-oi keeping cards up the sleeve-wt spying and prowling ior advant-

est were prospering; but at the end the cheaters came to griei and men saw them ior precisely what they were, and aiiixed to them their value and their deiinition.

it is important to be sincere ilrst 0i all with ourselves; not to de- ceive ourselves as to the sort oi

the inner light and the monitor conscience is to make a right lbo- ginning in our dealing with our {tel lowmen. ‘. .

Power of Nature?

The power and majesty oi the

"tail-you are sincere with me, l nature oi things iail to receive may believe what l read ‘in your credit at all times. ii we merely

iacel I may be sure that you re loci: at its parts and do not eni- a

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what you seem. l shall know ‘t t brace the vast whole in cur con- you will tell me the truth. though captions.

.-_._‘_i