FOR Faafiafié’ STOCK BRIEEIDER

-are-sov—‘

s AND GARDENER'-Sill

P-:i_<=.E.1;IiI_RTl5_.E3._

Eacreriaz Blight of Beans

Experimental Faun: Note)

It appgars that VQl'y MW, if any. of rll those who grow the garden R3,. (scape from the well known and dfislfllcllve disease bacterial might. Under ideal conditions for .1... ,-.preafl of the bacteria causing Hm maihdy. which are carried in me cg‘-d planted. a complete f.-illute of fill‘ crop may result. As soon as the seedling appears the diseased

.m-as develop on the first leaves.

mi-r this. the disease will spread bg—~ nt high temperature. Also the s|\l'1ll(l of bacteria to other loaves. ,.r [you] p'aiit to plant, occurs by me »pi-altering of rain. and wind. and by men and tools in the culti- vat:on is carried out when the 1e3ye_; are moist. There fore. this shcu'd be done only under dry con- diilons. ‘

The early symptoms of the disease are easily recognized on the leaves. where the dLseaaed areas at first have a water-soitloed appear- nice. and later only the dry. parch- ment-llke tissue remains. or he- comes broken and drops out. The diseased areas on the have the water-soaked appearance.

Weeds and Plants Fight for Life

Plant competition is a. natural phenomenon in which plants of the same or unrelated species growing in close proximity develop at the expense or’ their weaker rivals. This competition is of general oc- currence in the plant kingdom both iimong native species under natural conditions and between crops and weeds in cultivated fields. In a recent issue of "scientific Agricul- ture." T. K. Pavlychenko and J. B. Harrington of Saskatchewan Uni- versity of Saskatoon give some in- teresting inforniatlon on the sub- ject. together with results of ex- perimfllts carried out at the weed Nursery of the University's experi- iocntsl farm.

Observations over I period of tevcral years indicate that cum- prtitioii bctwccn overlapping root §l'£lCnl4§ lakes place long before the lop. uf flit: plants begin to shade one another. In short. conipeititoii commences under the soil surface when the root systems overlap in their search for water and food. and manifests itself immediately in the retarded development of the top growih. becoming intensified by the top growth competition for light, oniy after shading of one Plant by another has taken place.

Moisture. the predominant limit- ing factor in plant growth on the anvil plains of Weslem Canada. is the merit important consideration in vxceds versus crop competition in that area. In one of the experi- ments it was found that the yield of Marquis wheat was 40 per cent lower in plots infested with wild mustard than in plots free from words. Plants of barley. wheat. and wild oats. grown alone in areas ten feet sqiiare. attained approximately ten lllll:‘S as large a growth in or- fllll.’ll‘\' six-inch drul rows. Plants of heu~.~.~. our mustard. common wild mu:iard. and Itusstan thistle. when grown alone produced from 100 to 1.000 times the growth they had when grown in ordinary six-inch drill rows.

In a weed-versus-cereal competi- tlrn s'.ud;.'. Hanncben barley com- i>"l.*d much more successfully with wild oats and wild mustard than did lilnrnuls wheat. Thl.s is due to the fact that Hannchen barley at fill‘. days after emergence usually “M ii large number of seminal fools. and 22 days after emergence ll (l‘\'1‘l0ilS also more crown root! lhmi Marquis wheat. Marquis wheat in the same study competed fairly succcssfuily with wild mustard.. ll!\\’lTlrz a total root system 30 per c~ni. lniigrr than the mustard, but was learlly doprcssed by wild oats llic inner having more than four llmii as large a total root length.

O‘ END PA|N—Sootho SORE HANDS

by Rubbingin 3

nTm:a’o~ s

but they do not become dark color- ed. as is the case with the anthrac- nose disease of beans. The bacteria pass through the tissue of the pod and became lodged inside the cov- ering of the new seed. where they Dérsist ready to infect the next crop. Thus. the first stage in grow- lni! a healthy crop is to plant seeds which do not COl’l‘r~1lfl the bacteria causing tcan blight. Treatment is not effective.

Annually much infected seed is handled by dealers. with loss and disappointment to those who grow the seed in their gardens. This loss could be reduced to the minimum now pomlble. if the fields from which the seed originated were in- spected and gusrantted by certifi- cation. A method which may be used on a small garden plot is to remove early and to burn all seed- 'lngs which have disease lesions on the cotyledonary or seed leaves. This method. although limited in the extent to which it can be ap- plied. has given good results in preliminary tests made by the Do- minion Laboratory of Plant Patho- logy. at the University of A‘berta. Edmonton.

How to III-iprove Home Grounds

Practically every householder in the country or an urban centre has a desire to have attractive sur- roundings and nothing will do so much in this way at so small a cost as the ptanting of trees. snubs, plants and vines. within the next few weeks is the best time for planting, but such work should be done on some definite plan in order to get the most pleasing results.

Then there is the question of just what to plant. This and I wide range of other questions is answer- ed in the handbook "Beautlf\iug the Home Grounds of Canada" is- sued by tl-ic Horticultural Council of Canada. 114 Victoria Street, ot- tawa. The opening chapter is on Landscape Architecture - Arrang- ing and Planting the Home Grounds. written so that the most junior tyro in gardening can readily understand. Tliere are pans to illustrate the arraiigeuirni of lawns. gardens and p’f|lli.lllg5 for the average small house with pic- tures of what engaging results can be obtained. There is also special chapter dealing with Planting the Farm Home Ground."

How to Establish and Maintain a Rock Garden is also fully des- cribed and plans are given to in- dicate how to get the most effective lay out. Every conceivable detail about arranging lawns. gardens and p'ant'ings is given in the book. wlilch concludes with ii ccmpleic list of trees. shrubs. herbaceous perennials and annuals that are suitable for planting in each pro- vlnce prepared by Provincial Horti- culturlsts.

Succession And Companion Plantings

The vegetable gardener is much like the factory manager when it comes to production. He likes to get as much produce out of his avail- able space as possible. To do this he resorts to two doubling up arrange- ments called succession and com- panion plantings.

He knows. for instance that rad- lrhes take only a few weeks to ger- minate and mature. thus leaving a whole row or more of space for an- other crop. In this case. a mixture of radish and parsley seed can be planted at the same time. the parsley being slower. and obliglng enough to give the radishes full away for the first few weeks. This is called companion planting. al- though one is harvested before the other.

other companions for radislies

are cabbage or peas between the rows. In this case two rows are planted in a space for only one. but as the radishes mature quickly and are used up. there will remain only one row. with sufficient room for oabbages or peas. Another sug- gestion is parsnips or beets between rows of spinach. The spinach is R. cool-season. fast grower. and is soon used up. ‘ In the case of succemlon plant- ings the gardener waits until a quick growing vegetable is harves- ted. and then replants with an- other crop. Here are a few:

Radlahes followed ‘by string beans.

Early peas followed by tumlps. carrots or beets.

. spinach followed by sweet corn.

-

II III! lilhrcats of all.

: ~ ._ CQQPERATIVE i ii ; Limited

Thu perpetuation

Beware of the

A bull that is known to be a cross fallow never does any harm, shnply because he never gets the chance. but it is the gentle animal. the one that has a name for doclllty that gets his chance when he has the “spirit” ‘to take‘ it. That being the case every bull should be handled and managed at all times as though he were known to be dangerous. He is dangerous. whether he has shown symptoms of it or not, and some day; may make it sorrowfully mani- es .

The wild nature inherited from ancestors still lurks in all domesti- cated animals. and the bull is the most formidable of all. All other species of animals only show the disposition to fight when badly used or irritated. but the bull will attack without provocétion. Forget- ting this fact and trusting to the methods of handling the bull in the past. as if he were a harmless ex- ccptlon to the rule. has cost many a bull owner or caretaker his life. Years may pass without anything happening to injure his reputation but all the while he may be waiting his chance.

The proper handling of the bull. from calfhood up, is of as material interest to the owner as the other duties of feeding. etc. The period to insulate obedience is in childhood. and the time to teach him this do- mestic duty is when he is quite young. He will rxent the treatment necessary to his training less at a. month o!d than at any subsequent lime. The hull should never‘ be leased. as this will surely develop the fighting instinct, and any 111;. erities on his part should be met with firmness.

Neither should he be petted, as this familiarity might one day be treated by him with contempt. Nor should anyone be allowed to handle the bull. young or old, who is ner- vous. as he will be quick to notice this weakness, and be ready to take advantage of it. Often an attack comes from this cause. which could have been overcome at its initial stages by a ccurageous man. The number of casualties every year dis- closes clearly the wisdom of taking all necessary precautions in the handling of these animals.

Bulls should be rung when only a few months old. and (milled in ‘earl with lllf‘ r'lll]:. \\'illl0'.Il liarslicr lrcalmont.

The first ring will be better if a i‘ght one. and then changed for is heavier one later on. If a bull is suspected to being inclined to be vicious his head should always be kerit high while leading him. some bulls. if they get their heads down. will prove dangerous even when well rung. To aid the man in charge. ll, staff with a heavy steel hock must be provided. It must be ri.pcr*duble and not the ordinary fork hancfle socket type. They are not safe.

It must always be be remembered that it is on the stability of the staff that the life of the care- taker. cr whoever may be aroud. de- pends. Perhaps the safest hock for fixing to the ring will be one pro- vided with a thumb screw.

The femperment of the bull de- pends largely on his training. "The boy is father to the man." and in lll:e manner the "calf is father to lhe sire." The care and handling of the bull is a. serious proposition. and the man in charge must always keep in view the fact that he is dealing with the most formidable animal or any in the history of do- mesiicated anlmals.—Ottawa I-‘arm Journal. tomatoes or beans.

Young onions from sets followed by eggplants or peppers.

Thcsc companion and succession plantings are interesting for the gardener. especially the fellow with n small amount of space. and he can often grow more vegetables on his little garden than his neighbor will do on twice the space.

There are a few exceptions which shcu‘d be remembertd. Root crops should not follow root crops. and the some is true of the leaf crops. Tiiriiipc. carrsis or becls should not follow ratilslies. or Swiss chard fol- low lettuce.

In practicing succession plantlrig, it is well to see that the soil is in ii fine. rich condition. so that the first crops may be liarvesterl as soon as possible. If necessary add a complsle plant food to the garden at the rate of 4 pounds for 100 snuarc foot of surface soil.

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For the Garden plant NOW

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5c each up to 25c each

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GARDEN PEAS

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NEWSY NOTES

II IOIIOU-I

Canadian Garden Service 1936i

i Interior decorators point outl

that it is quite possible. indeed it

GARDEN NOTES

As I write this. it is raining. Al- Nlidil» in the first half of the mflmh. there has fallen more than four times as much rain as fell in the whole of _May. I935. conse- quently it has no; been favorable weather for working up the gar. den» lIh°U8h the sprint; f‘owers seem to enjoy it. The scarlet and Yellow Duo van Thol tulip —the efilllesl '0 flPP€5,l'.~mako a brave patch of color. unfolding whenever they Be‘: a Kllmliise of the sun. Most of the daffodils are still in the bud stage yet. for this is a cold windy spot: only the short- stemmed “Golden Spur" is in full b'«0°m~ The English ccwslips are thrusting up their yellow heads: The stem §1°|'l8Bling right to the seedling ttage. They are a simple flower. but“ I just love them" for their frlizranoe. which remind.-i’me of the Auriculas in the old home garden. Both had the same per- fume. the Prlmula Auricula being the more fragrant; but while the Allflculfl. by virtue of i‘s superior flowers. dwelt in the front garden, the more plebeian cowsltp was rele- gated to the vegetab‘e garden where it flourtshd exceedingly and bord- cred all the paths. Son-ietlmeg the folk took a fancy to make cowsllp wine of the blossoms (a peek of flowers to every gallon); this when well made. was the most delicate of all the home-made wines.

A lady reader has just sent me a nice packet of G'adlolu5 corms, and I take this opportunity 0‘ 'hanking her. It is pleasant to know that one's efforts in the cause of Bardenlng are appreciated.

Pfant breeders are still at work on this popular plant; they are still trying to produce a "true blue" ‘.ladiolu:. I have several which are rata‘cgued as blue. but which have too much of the violet or purple to suit my "artistic eye." Then it ap- pears we are l‘kely to see. in the Heir future. I double Gladiolus. possibly of kinds and colors winch are already namcd. Whether a dau- ble Gladiolus is an acqulsl ion time alone will te‘l: in the case of the Lily iLlllumi family. double variet- ies of nearly all species have been Droduced——-and discarded. They were all clumsy morrtrosities. and it is doubtful if any, if’we except the double Tiger-li‘y. can now be found in florists lists.

It is only a question of time now. ‘ill a race of scented Gladioli are within the reach of every‘body's purse. .'or the European fragrant wild Gladiolus (G tristis) has been crossed with such varieties as Prince of Wale’. and Mrs. Prank Pendlefon. Ttistis itself is real‘y I winter-growing species and there- fore only suitable for the “green- house" (conservatory) there; but the lntercrossing has put, the bloom into the right season. It may well be imagined that it is harder to breed “scent" into a plant. ‘hair it is to produce a. specified color, yet it has been done succesfully in the case of the Paeimy and the Nas- turf/um.

Acclimntization. says the diction- ary. is a process of adapation by which animals and plants are gradual‘y rendered capable of sur- viving and flourishing in countries remote from their original habitals. or under meteorological conditions different from those which they have usually to endure. and which are at first injurious to lhem. This process has by some writers been called naturalization. and rt few have confused it with ‘ domestica- tion. Neither of the latter defini- tions is correct: a cultivated (dom- esticated) plant need not be ac- climatized in the sense that it needs no protection. The posts, for example. is "domestics ed" here. but never becomes a wild plant: without protection our weather conditions w'ou‘d quickly put an end to its "dome‘:f.lcati0n."

fNaturallzs‘ion includes acclima- tization—and more. The competi- tion of other organisms. says Dar- win. is a far more efficient agent in limiting the dlstr'buiion of most plants. than ilie mere agency of climate. We have plenty of “hardy" pants in our gardens but very few indeed "run wild." They can with- stand the vagaries of our climate.

is I common mistake to crowd too ite gnu me use, C¢1,,,d1m_b3m much furniture into a living room. buttercups: the Rmunculaoeae are! P‘“""°“1“']5' 1-5 ‘M5 ""5 “he” ‘hat hard to rear for some reason. The‘ "°°m *5 mcnmd "° be ‘man Campanulas, however, Latch on at Now the same is true of the once; But cu, of an the Varieties garden so it is said. To the casual that I have raised none tends to °'*“°"’°’ the Pzcuu” mmg ”‘b"“t become nugumuzed; me’, am an it is the fact that while the space domesticated. devoted to flowers. shrubs and out of 3 PM“; 0, hbumum lawn seemed ample in the first seed_ one plum 1, 1mn8_ find it sub years. later on the appearance of vived the win er outdoors. which 1 3 Jungle began cmepmg m‘ am wjd is unusual In Cmsdm This The, explanation . of course is 31.0“ to be 3 shrub or “mu me’ simple. Tender hearted and 15-20 feet in height. its scientific 33¢ name is cytisus aburnum. but one shmbbfly and ‘lines to Spreum ]_e_

of its popular titles is “Golden Rah”. became It is closely wvemd gardless of room. He has added W, h spmys of yellow pemnke more probably and the greatest.

fault of all. every little seedling has been encouraged to grow up in the hope that it will tum into some wonderful new flower or a rose that will take the world by storm. The Narcissus, no doubt. receiv- But’ the was are greatly "amt ed its name from Narcissus. whoi such &l:1‘“c:w1md5d an‘: klmlthe in Greek mythology was the soul 3:31’: e t’ ‘ gar an q C y was of the river god Cephtus and the‘ ar 0‘ spaflousness nymph Lelriope. dis lriguishsd fori lklis The seer Tlreslas told} is mo er that he would have a‘ . . long life. provided he never loofiedf Even the unfit now" must

, have ample room to develop into upon his own .ea:iii~es. I-lls rejec-' “on 01 the love of me lfull loveline=s and grace and the

nymph Echo draw upon mm me up . same is still more true of shrubs

‘ and trees The lawn should not be geance of the gods. Having fallen cramped‘ N0 mam. how um, we

in love with his own reflection in S _ pace at ones disposal. old ex- "h° wawrs °f “ ‘p’"‘5' he “med perlenced gardeners insist on a lit-

away ‘°’ killed himsem ‘md ‘he tie grassy turf in the foreground. fl°w" that bears ms mme sprang This provides a setting for the

up on the spot where he died . . . shrubs. Along gm fences and "'"°““5' “’p"°5°“““3 the ““'15' walls. these people plant all the 5'9"“? fl°“’" wmch 1°’ 3 brie‘ shrubbery wanted. but they strong- space beholds itself mirrored in the 1y Bdvyse against spreading n all waters and me“ ‘“d°5- 15 ‘"19 °f over the place Irregular clump the m‘,mY y°“"h-5 “'h°5° PWm“"““* planting rather than straight rows d:-ath is recorded in Greek mytho‘- 0,. odd beds here and mere are ogy. The flower itself was regarded m.ged_ "5 5 5Ymb°1 °‘ 5W“ 593'-31>" Tm‘ with perennial flowers. too. the ‘1“°t"'1°“ ‘5 “'°m 3“n°““ N°- 95*‘ average gardener is advised to be N‘-‘W 591155 Wlllth mil’ be 0093"“ rather hardhearted These things. ad free of charge from the Domin- emecmly those mm 1,-i5_ peony_ icn Dept. of Agriculture. Its title my.og_t,he-V511.9y_ evenmg prim- 15 "50""? F'1°W€l'1!1;' Bulbs" and it roses, phlox subulata. diantlias, and deals With T111195. Narcissus. KY5‘ such things are inclined to spread Clnths and 0 he!‘ SD71“!-fl0W€l'lnB out leaving the centre weak and bulb! 35 8T°Wl1 in Cafllldik A11 often a snug refuge for weeds. Be- flower-lovexs shou‘d have this ginne,-S are -urged to keep perm. D3mDh19l- , nlals within bounds and every W118“ the GEPYESSIOH WES 85 "5 few years to cut up clumps and re- Worst. the l0W11 of Tenllskam‘-DZ. plant. In small gardens one is also Que., was hard hit-—llk‘3 many urged to stick to one or two speci- cther places. The municipality had men; of each kind adding brand '0 D1‘0Vld‘3 191131 f°l' WW man)’ 01 new varieties rather than filling its c’tizens, and wl h commendable 9,11 space with offshoots of the enterprise it set them to work to original clumps beautify the town. An article in "The Flower Grower" of Calcium. New York. somewhere in the year