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pr-if »JfANUaRr 1,, -1,915 , T _ _ , pi . ' 'ras cHA1;Lo'r'rE'roWn GUARDIAN _ PaGa.iNpfp,»1-`- f j“"f

i/A

or Parents, Teachers. Puprlp

N F'Dairymen..E`armers.

- ' I g laccurately apportioned to a given the result represents either a debt, an .from green foods to those which con. pax” ,, mg 9 ,ug vmtage png, | m r mum." _

. , |i`raction of income universally appii- even balance or a surplus. It is un- ` tain smell percentage of water fre-'strain of layeliss. Birch ‘gizdglrizggy gggiqatmbutable topv/ang :rf experiezg

1 'ro 'rss FARMER

1 ‘l*)i€*l*9i€*

Farmers and ot'-ers interested are

Invited to contribute to The Farm. The Dairy, The Turf. and Good roads departments of the Guardian glther by question. correspondence or otherwise. Answers will be given by experts to all questions of general interest and space will be given to any articles that will in any way help to advance Prince Edward Is- land interests. '

Contributors are asked to have

their articles at this ofilce early each week, as only a short emergency item can be handled as late as one p. m. Wednesday. All received after that hour cannot appear until the toilowing week.

.l.---_.---____

. . ~, ` . / W

\ .

THE 5gll;i00L

THE HOME ff

,slliiét

,\

Contributors for this department

should be addressed to

President Teacher‘s Association,

Guardlan's School and Home.

P. 0. Box 188 Charlottetown.

HiiiiSiHl]ii_iiiiiNEiS

(A. Ethcl Dunbrack. Supt. Wo|ncn's

institute.)

General speaking. the woman who

controls the expenditures of the house- hold is not thc producer of its means | of support, simply distributing it through various channels. However, her obligation to extract the full pur- chasing powcr from every dollar she expends is no less binding than that of her husband to provide every dollar that is needed. To fullli that obliga- tion she must constantly study values and market conditions and keep a sharp lookout for loopholes for waste. Her skill in these factors assures max- imum comfort at minimum cost ami produces the farcfrce mind and well nourished eody essential to the in- crease of every man`s earning capac- ity whether his work is mental. physi- cal or a combination of both. Her mis- management whether due to coreiess- ness, ignorance or sheer lack of re sponsibility, makes no less surely for general discomfort and dissatisfac- tion, and may lead eventually to bank- ruptcy of health, wealth and home.

The woman who has once served

even a brief apprenticeship in the gild of the World's workers, knows full wcli that every smallest coin repres- ents actual lahour and should there- fore be expended only in return for' full value received. Sho will before long encounter the very same perplex- itles and difficulties in household fin- anciesing that worry 'her less experien- ced sister unless she takes the trouble _ to verify the value ami to record re- I ceips and expenditure of that coin. Some day she may be obliged to ask her husband for money, and will be' met with the unwelcome response' “Whatever have you done with the last"? and curiously enough in direct proportion to her inability to account for the expenditure in a busincsslike way, will bc the extent oi’ her indigna- | tion at being asked to do so, and thc depth of her humiliation nt having to plead for that which sho deems to bo , hers by right.

icable. Each household must then de- vise its own budget since pesce and happiness are secured only when its 'especial tastes are gratified as far as the financial circumstances permit.

The arrangement of the schedule

expenditures calls for study. At first it may have to be adopted only ten- tativelY.i>ending th proof of its prac- lalively pending the proof of its prac- dollar spent for any purpose during two or three months should enable us to estimate approximately the annual cost of the household, and to this we must add a certain percentage for un- foreseen expenses. Should the estimate represent too heavy a drain on the ex- chequer, a careful examination of the various items will determine just where we may curtail expenses. Sim- ilarly a system that charges the cost of clothing, schooling, personal recrea- tion, et cettre, against each individual indicates where it is safest to econo- niize when further retrenchments are necessary.

Records such as these act as a

safeguard against the temptation com- mon to us all. to buy whatever we think we or our children need, with- out pausing to consider that the out- ay for it will prevent the purchase of things perhaps more necessary and to procure which wc may have to incur ,dcbt. A househild account book ac- curatcly kept, is thc pulsc that indi- cates our financial condition. it tells

living within our means; and that no one interest in our household ecenomy is being indulged at the expense of another.

There arc weighty advantages but

they are eithcr ignored or unknown in

'sumcs a vcry large part of the income thc heavy outlay can rately bc ac- ’counted for adequately. Do wc often cncountcr thc woman who can tell to ft dollar how much shc pays annually ‘thc butcher, grocer, thc dry goods merchant or thc dressinakcr? Shc who carrlcs charge accounts cvcrywhcrc might ascertain these amounts by studying the bills, but docs shc ever do it? Does she cvcr compare thc rc- spcctlvc totals one with thc other; or over add them togcthcr and substruct- ining their sum from hcr allowance, wonder what became of thc very per- ceptible differcucc,

When the month ot' January rolls

around cvcrywherc, except in private households hcads of cstablislimnts may be found preparing thc budget for the new year, scanning thc expense col- ums and seeking to prcvnt waste. it is right to cxcmptthc household from this annual stain for no visible reason other than that its chief buyer Iimis it troublesome to formulate a budget and cvcn more troublesome to ztdhcrc to it when formulated?

Analysis oi' any domcstic budget

would show three main lincs of ex- penditure which may hc designated rc- spectively ns?

General maintenance , (rent, light

fuel, food, servicc)

Individual maintenance (clothing,re-

creation, repairs and additions to the household furniture and equipment).

The higher lifc (iiducntion, bencvo-`

iencc.) f

The purchaesc for these accounts

may bc mot in cash or made on credit to be paid for at stated periods. ’l‘hc comparative advantages and disadvan- tages of thc cash credit systems of buying need not be touched upon hcrc. Suffice it to say that the convenience of charged accounts cannot be galil- said. Many people avoid them be- cause they tend to exfravsgance, ,but surely this ,need not bar their intro- duction in households where the buyer is strong enough to remain within the safeguards she herself has raiscd for each distinct avenue of expenditure.

The adoption of thc credit system.

at least in part, is imperative in large households, ami also in those smalier| ones where distance from thc shops ami markcts, or thc prcss of t.l\e dut- ics not less important, compels thc

Men ami women alike st-cm to for-|

get that thc money which is plnrcd in hor hands to defray thc oxpccnscs nf] the household is no longer his nor ycl. hers, but it is henzcforth simply n I trust fund and as such should bc pru- dently aul _iudiciously administered by its trusteo, and also bc accounted for in plain and acccssihlo iiguros. 'i`l1¢-so l, are plain business principles and tin-‘ sooner wo rcaiizo thc absolute uccd of applying them to our household mann goment. lilo clcarcil will bc our Ilnnn-I cial calculations. ami lose froqucnt tho painful sccncs ami accusations of oxtravaganccs now ull loo frcqucnt in our homes.

it is obvious that this trust fund. cx~

pressed in terms of dollars ami ccnts and payable to the trustee weekly or monthly. must no kept wiunn the fam- ily incomo umlcr all circumstances, and as for within lt ns is commensur- ate with the demands of ordinary com- fort. Furthermore it is advisable to have it include, evcry possible expen- diture in order to simplify tho house- hold bookkeoping, and to cnablc tho trustee to strike a comprehensive bai- ance sheet at short notice.

No doubt terms like “‘trustee, book-

keeping and balance sheet” are formi- dable to feminine minds unfamiliar with their meaning, but in reality they P0511! stand for processes simple in themselves and not nearly so difficult to master as the arithmetic of our childhood.

AB Sli thin!!! 80 in the average home

the wife is purveyor-general ge each member of the family of his or her equahle share of food shelter, raiment. home comfort. recreation and the higher life. She ls therefore trustee of the household funds. and It lg nel- task to divide the visible resources fairly and to establish ilxed limits to every channel of expenditure. ,in this work she is entitled to the aid and guidance of her husband who is pre- sumably better trained in business affairs.

General directions on this subject

have little practical value because families In the same circumstances differ widely in their standards of what constitutes happiness. That which seems esentlal to one is consid- ered sinful extravagsnce by a second; tllst which a third deems its highest wish. a fourth considers nonsensical. Again in one town, renfs are very high. in another foodstuffs and labour are exceedingly high, hence, notwith- standing the wide utterances of stu-

nouskccpcr to order hcr suppiics in- stead of purchasing tlionl in pcrsou.

Uut whcthor tho credit or thc cash

systcm prevails or n combination of both, specially adapted to individual iwceis, ordinary prudence would dic- tnto keeping an acurato tally upon ev- cry purchase. This is oasily donc by moans o_f at scparaio ordor book and n copy of it nrc simultaneously written out. 'l`h1» ordcr is dclacliod and sent to tho irndcsinan. thc duplica`t`c""mis" loft in tho book so that items may bc duly 1-in-_ckcil upon ilu- rcccipl, of tho goods, and comparud lntor on with thc montlily slatclncnt.

in liouscholds whcrc thc mistress

rclcgatcs to thc cook thc duty ofortlcr- ing thc food supplies, n triplicato or- cr-book with two carbon-shoots should bc used. 'i‘hc duplicate copy ()K'd by thc rccipicnl. of tho goods. is deliver- ed to thc mistress, who files it i'or comparison with thc bill when rcndcr- ‘od. Tile triplicatc copy, similarly ‘0l{'d, remains in tho book to form a continuous record that shows wheth- er morc or loss than thc average amount of groccrlcs or other supplies

ish being consumed within a given pt riod. ‘Household accounts are not hedged with difficulty when once the habit has been formed of recording every ex- penditure the day it is incurred. For this purpose two books are necessary; an indexed ledger and a cash book. at stated periods. weekly or monthly. the cash book entries of receipts and expenditures are balanced, and the re- sult written in red ink on correspond- ing lines at the foot of the debit and credit pages.

This easy method of bookkeeping in

applicable alike to the cash and to the credit system of buying. Under the cash payment system it is necessary -to record every purchase in the cash- book: under the charge system only the date, name ami amount of each ‘bill as it is paid, the Items appearing either upon the bill itself, In the pass- hook or in the order-book.

It is usually an unprofitable task to

keep track of the petty expenses like car fares, .etc.; yet unless accounted for. the cash book will not balance. -To obviate this difficulty it is a R000 plan to charge oneself, whenever neo- ieassry with a certain sum for pocket -money.

With all receipts from WUMGVBI'

source, duly entered upon its debit page, and all payinenta whatever their

nature, umits credit page, the cash- book wil s ow only two columns of

dents of economics. neither rent. table expenses nor any other item can be

figures. When these are cast up and their respective amounts compared

us when our money mattcrs require., regulation; it supplies us with tl\cI(;my-Mj1,»,e and Omori gelgmggraphs, comfortable assurance that we are'

thc average liousehold, whcrc, despite: the fact that thc annual expense con-

necessary to ask which one of these conditions is preferable. Equally needless is it to add that tho desired result can never be obtained wlthou' the order and method that attend th? introduction 'of well-kept accounts in- to the financial administration of a household.

THE METEORDLOGIOAL

SCIENCE OF FORMOSA

The Metercologicul Service of For-

mosa' was organized under an ordin- ance of the Japanese government in 1896, and placed under the i.‘urcau of Communications of the colony. In ad- dition to the central observatory at Taihoou, the service has observator- ieg at Taichu, Tainan, Koshun, Ho- kotg (Pessadores Isiandsl, Taito,en Sharvoto (at the mouth of Keelnng harbor.) Observations are also taken at 10 lighthouses, and there are 100 rainfall stations scattered over the island. Weather telegflms “T0 F85'-" lariy received at Taihoku from all the observatories of the service, as well as from numerous stations n Japan and on the China coaflif-. find from Manila. Weather maps are Com- piled, and weather forecasts and storm warnings covering thc whole island are issued daily. All observa- tories in the island are provided with

The service has just issued lt Compre- hensive work on the climate, Wilh- oons and earthquakes of Formosa. A novel fact brought out by this Work is that the station of Kf\Sh0l`Y0.n9B-P Kceiung hue the remarkable annual 1-ulnlall of 288.9 inches, and is prob- ably the wettest. place in the Far East. i

AT THE WASH TUB.

Ours is one of the houses not yet

equipped wits stationary tubs, and the heavy lifting incident t0 C0-l'l`l’llli§ 011! and emptying the wateradded greatly to thc burden of wash day. Now, how- ever, wc have solved the problem.

To bring the hose into the laundry

it was necessary in our casc to cut a hole in the wall, but usually it would bc necessary to only run it in through the door or a windo\v. The nozzle end of the hose in put in position to water the grass. but is held high by an arbor or a tree branch. From the indoor hydrant thc hose is filled with water, ami is then unscrewcfi and dropped into the tub to he ellip- tied. The lanndress then lowers the nozzle ond to thc ground, so that it will be lower than the end in the tub, and immediately the siphon begins to act. The suction is so great that scarcely it tcacup of water is left in the tub.-Lois M. Clancy. Claremont, California, in 'I'o`chnical World Magn- zine.

HORNS.

Horns are subject to disease as wcll

as hoofs, but they are not, however, liable to so many troubles. They are probably few, if any, diseases; but such things as abcesses in the core following upon injury, ami lacerations following upon thc brcak, are not un- known. The iiberation oi’ the pus should be sought, and a cold carboliz- ed lotion should be applied.

With regard to the formation of

horns, Nature plays many peeculiar tricks. There is nothing more unsight- ly than horns set at the wrong angle. and no matter how beautifully balanc- ed an animal is, and how well marked otherwise, its value is very scriously impaired if the appearance is spoiled by a badly set liorn.

The color of horns, Loo, is import-

tunt. Not so long ago, block-tipped horns which one finds in thc Sussex. Shorthorn, and other breeds, was con- sidered a bad fault; but it is not look- cd upon so scriously nowadays. The ideal horn is waxy in'color, and per- haps onc sces ii. in perfection in thc famous Wcst ilighland breed.

'l`hc spread of thc horn is romark-

ablc in some of thc races which arc comnierclally valuable because of their appearance. These decorative hrcods arc, howovor, not wholly or- namental. l'or in such typos as the Lonpdnirn. thc Welsh, ami thc West lllghinnd thcrc is plcnty ol’ cxccllont butchcring material, only in sonic cases ii. is rnthcr slow in maturing. A good sprond of horn is lift. from tip to tip. und this is only attained by tho Wcst Highland brccd,

A FACTORY METHODS

'l‘hc shelled corn in our barn falls

from the corn shellcr through ,t holc in thc floor into a barrel, which is .suspended from the sl.-coiul floor A [piece of pipe is used to carry the corn lfrom the barrcl to tho grinder. A slide made of sheet iron is placed in a cut in the pipe and when pushed clear in it keeps the corn from flowing down out of the barrel. When a small amount of corn is desired to be ground for use. this slide is drawn out part way until as much corn falls into the grinding hopper as is wanted. if a largge quantity is to bbc ground. the slide may be left open, allowing fthe corn to flow into thc hopper as fast as it is ground. f As the cracked corn comes from the 'grinder it contains a great deal of line corn meal which would be lost if scattered along with the coarse /grains. in the feed for the chicken. This fine material is separated from the coarse by a screen and fed into feed hoppers as a mash. The screen is merely a piece of wire fly screen arranged so that the cracked corn from the grinder passes over it. The coarse grains slide down over the screen through the opening in to one can. while the fine meal fails through the meshes and passes down through the trough and then into another can. --Technical World Magazine.

“Rexall Compound Syrup of ily-

pophosphltes will strengthen the run- down ayatem--lt builds bone and tls- sue, improves the blood. aids diges- tion, and is a splendid treatment for pulmonary troubles. Price 51.00. Mac-

` , THE FARM-

. \ t ,

1 . .

WHEHE THE VALUE OF FERTILIZ- ER SHOWS.

if corn were worth $1.0; per bushel,

then the average annual value of the corn crop of the United States for the past ten years would be equal to the average value of the total pile of man- | ure annually produced in this country. That is, the manure is worth more

with commercialmfwyp hrdlu mm mm with a. heavy annual application of farm manure has produced 35.5 bush- els of wheat per acre on an average for 55 years. Another field treated with cogierciai plant food withouti organic _ _tter has produced 37.1 bus- hels of wheat per acre on an average for the same time.

..,._._.._.__________.

FEEDING AND FERTILITY.

Two hundred and twenty-five dol-

than half e. century. Land treated 'Mil 011° Daft Of BliDD°l`Y 01m bark

iquently results in a derang_exr.»ent. of

the bladder or kidneys. Many times 'the urine becomes thick and turbid, and it is very difficult for the animal to urinate. If the trouble is allowed to continue for 0, very long period death may result. Juniper berries four ounces; boiling water, one gali- on. Let stand in a covered vessel for an hour and then strain. Give one pint: three times each day till the ani- mal is relieved. Another remedy may be provided without the aid of drugs.

with two parts of poplar bark and make a strong tea from the mixture. Sweeten with sugar or molasses and give n pint every five hours until re- lieved. If taken in the begznning ot the ditiiculty,this last remedy is ai- most certain to effect .it permanent cure.

Wate1°,loi' An-illlgis-The horse rg-

quires from 69 to 80 pounds, or 8 to 10 gallons of water per day, n gai- lon weighing 8 pounds. Cattle drink more than horses. Feeding upon dry material they require 83 pounds per

lars is the value of a pile of fresh farm I manure containing 100 tous. This is the value as determined by chemical analysis on thc basis of present mar-i ket value of plant food contained in , the manure. And it is the value asi measured by increased crop yield. If the Summer manure pile is exposed to fermentation, washing by heavy rains and leaching, it may be reducedvto a_ value of $100 or less. | Thcrc arc two,methods of handling

farm xnanurc economically. Ono of these is to haul and spread thc ina- nurc daily, or at least two or three times a week. The other is to allow the manure to accumulate in the stall or the covered feeding shed, where it is constantly trampetl by thc animals, and straw is added to keep the place clean-then to haul it and spread up- on the field when conditions permit.

If corn were worth $1.65 per bushel,

then the average annual value of the corn crop of the United States for the pest ten years would be equal to the average value of thc total pilc of man- ure annually produccd in this country. That is, the lanurc is worth more than double iii' corn crop.

i _...___

THE LQNEQUAL TEAM.

Often some writers say that they

have observed that the horse behind is always thinner and a harder keeper and so he does more work than his mate. But docs this prove anything There is justlas much difference in horses as in men. Some men are fat, work hard and cat little.

Did a lazy horse over go in the

lend? No, he has tried everything, and has found from experience where the easy plac is.

In driving wo horses on a wagon

\vith a. heavy oad, if one horse ls in advance the onguc will be inclined to move toward the rear horse, show. ing a side draft. Now the horse in the lead must be exerting a greater force to cause this draft.

Take a pair of balance scales and

put a weight in one pan; of course this side will go down. The balance

scale and thc evencr arc thc same., each is hung in thc centre. So which- over horse will exert the greater force on an evcncr will be ahead and will rmain there as long as he continues to exert the greater force.-Teamster.

WINTER CARE OF SHEEP

Shccp do not require much care dur-

ing the summer season. The more lib- crty they can have the bettr; but in

_necessitates saturating the food with

day,but on green food they require only about 33 pounds of water per dny. About three-fifths of the animal body is water, and while water is not strictly a io0d,no food con bc assim- ilated without; water, large quantities of it being required to carry on the process. The number of times an ani- mal will drink during thc clay, when allowed full opportunity, is not known, but. is indicated in 3- general way by the stomach. The stomach of the horse is small and, as might be supposed,docs not require much water at n time, but -often. The stomach in cattle is very large,and rnmination (chewing the cud) is performed. This

water before rnminntion take place, and probably explains the incl: that they require more water in the morn-

the winter season they may be kept in a_shed, open on thc sunny side if necessary. lt is usually better to ar-- rangc so that it can bc closed in cnsol of storm. if possiblc, sheep should have the_libetry of rangc on dry and firmly soddcd pastures in thc wintcr when tllcsc arc not covered so dcepiy with snow ns to mnkc il. impossible for tiiciu to got food by scraping for if ` with their fcct.

li, in not necessary that they should

be kept on anything eiso than an oarth floor. llrovirlcd thc samc is dry ami kcpt wcll botldcrl. lfrosh bedding _should bc addcd cvcry two or thrcc ilays. Coniining thc snoop in at small :md ill-vontilutcd building would soon provc fatal.

Sheep arc foml oi' n cliangc of dict;

conscquonlly th grcntor thc vnricty of fccd, linc in tho charactcr. Ihc bot- tcr thc rsulis. Whilc they arc in wint- or quarters tht-y should bc givcn u sinnll quantity of grain. in tho absence of roots. Usually one pound pcr hood bore thc season for lambs will bc cnough. No grain is better adapted for such fccd than oats. A littlc bcan added willmakc an improvement. Af- ter thc iambing sason the flock may be safely given about all the grain that will be eaten up clean. No kind of hay is better for sheep than clover or alfalfa.

The sheep has the most delicate

sense of smell of any domestic ani- mal. and the racks and troughs from which they ent ,wil offered more or less if not kept perfectly clean. They will not eat unclean food nor drink unclean water. unless compeled by hunger and thirst to do so. Ceanliness is a matter of necessity and must be kept in force, if the best results to be attained are dsired.

Another very important feature is

o keep the animals as quiet as possible at all times. They are very timid, ami dogs and boisterous men and boys should not be permitted to go about them.-W. E. Underwood.

Tl-il1i('ARE OF FARM ANIMALS.

Keep the Stables Warm-Ventilation

of the stable is important, but how to do so without treating draughts of air is really a problem to solve. The first. thing to consider is to keep the cold out, yet the air tbnt comes in flaring winter is often very cold. An excellent plan is to have the stalls roomy and to open the doors and

windows during the warmer portions' of the day and close them nt night. .The draughts along the floors will be partly prevented by an abundance of

Klnnon Drug Co.. Cor: .Great George

and Kent Streets. _ _ Mliltf.

.

vw

bedding.

Change of Feed-A sudden change J

ing than in the evening.

TIM ELY STABLE SUGGESTIONS.

Don`t ncglcct to glvc your stock

plenty of salt. it hclps

stimulating the appetite, assisting dig- estion and assimilation ami increasing

thc flow of the fluids of

Kept constantly before them, none of the animals will eat too much of it,

but if they are not used to

to begin gradually and feed up for an overdose of it might act as a poison.

Sec that our stables are

y

ventilated, not by loose boards or ac- cidental holcs in the windows, but by some system that is well construct-

ed and casily operated.

Make the work of handli

as casily as possible by having a silngc fork made especially for thc purpose.

Dcn’t tal-'c any cliancl-s

bull; flon‘t do it evcr “_1usL to smart." Nostrong animal is safc

handle without watching

u oil, but malcc him remember always -

that you`re boss, and be

securely fastcncd wlicn your buck turnetl to him. Your dearest and

r.cai'est friends will be less

1

to mourn for you, either dead or dis-

abled for life.

No better absorbent can

the cow stable than horse manure, land plaster and road dust. They not only take up the liquids, but p

vent the cscape of nitrogen.

Don't despise the grade cow. Graflcs

of Jerseys, Holsteins and

are always among the best.

Kecp some kind of medicine li,-_

stable Turpcntine, if nothing morc. is good to have. ns this will often acord relief in ailments among livc stock.

Don’t leave the care of

too much to anyone else. If boys have charge of' them, be

directing and giving a w

couragement \vrich means much to-

ward interesting them in

and insures tllc animals coming

all rightiu tho spring.

Good horsc blankets hclps to

good horses. l)0n'f. ict your horses,

thcrcforc, go to thc bad.

man. rcnwmbcr, is merciful to

boast.-ifrcll O. Sibley.

FARM NOTES

ilimc ,in sonic i'orm ':s uniispcnsnblc

to laying hcns, and most. poultry-

lfocpcrn prividc it in thc chushcd 0 stcr-siicll. But

Y

ial, it should bc homo in mind,

no use to male birds or to

are not laying. it mcrcly providcs material fo' shell formation, and docs not pcri'orm as many imagine, thc iunctiou of flint grit. 'The latter is in-

dispensable to fowls at ull

cnnblc them to digcst their food.

O U ll

To readcrs interested in

may :be of advantage to know

goose lay inorc. larger. and llablc eggs than young ones,that there is less risk in using young than old get se for breeding, and that thc proportion of fertile eggs by n goose in the second year of lay-

ing is alyways greater than

it is also worth noting that

which are :novod about

to place do not lay satisfactorily.

U H U

Many poultry keepers do

the necessity of giving

green~stufff in winter. it should be

f

remembered that greon fowls what fruit and vegct to us, correcting and

tem. Cabbage is particularly

D

because it contains a large

of nitrogen, and thus balances the

carbon of grain foods.

1 O 0

To promote laying. runny

spicy condimcnts, some of

most harmful. The following egg- producing mixture is. however, quite

innocuous and efficacious

ginger, 4 oz.; ground aniseed, 4 oz.; dried sulphate of iron IA oz.; powewr-

cd cinnamon. 1,4 oz.; and

cust meal. Mix well ami add - poonful to the soft food for each three

fowls.

O Q O

Many have failed in tryi

duce a strain of fowls pos combination of exhibition,

table qualities. it cannot

Y

The fowls must be bred year for one definite objec one has egg production in

them by

the body.

it you want

thoroughly

ng cnsilago

with thc

be

» LO (iso llilll

is is

sure hc

likely tl cn

bc used in

FU-

Guernseys

the

your stock

your there

ord of en-

thc work,

out

makc

A nicrciful

his

form of

this mater-

is of

hens that

times to

geese it

that old more rc-

ganders '

prod uccd

the first.

geese

from place

not realize the fowls

o

f od is to ablcs are

thc sys- valuable roportlon

resort to which are

: Ground

4 lb. of lo-

one teas

ng to pro- cessing a laying. and be done. ear after talone. if

more than those from haphazard l-sources. but they are the cheapest in the end.

t I U

Animal food of any kind, provided

that it is a wholesome and well cooked. is a valuable _ incentive to egg-pro- duction. It has the effect of counter- balancing a too starchy diet. Scraps of meat from the table are good .for fowls. but those are not always avail-' able in a sufficient quantity. . Where only a few birds are kept a little dried meat or meat meal may bel bought to make up for any deficiency in the home supply.

POULTRY

THE slzs AND SHAPE or EGGS I

'€‘l>>i$l?i€

than to anything else. I do not mean to inainuate (says a writer in an ex- change' that unless one has had a thorough training in poultry culture, one should not keep fowls, or, if one does, that failure is the inevitable end. it is only when a start is made on a very large scale, without knowledge or experience ,that failure is almost sure to follow. The man who starts with a few fowls and undertakes the work himself, gains experience _ day by day when his establishment de- velops, he is well able to face any emergency that may arise, and to overcome difficulties that would en- tirely overwhelm the man who had started on a large scale with little or no experience.

ROOSTER DAY

in the interest of the infertile egg,

the poultry specialists cf the Depart- ment of Agriculture have started a campaign for the elimination of the rooster among poultry flocks during

The Maine Experiment Station basl

recently published a very interesting' bulletin, 228. by Maynic R. Curtis,t denlin-g with the normal variations in' thc size, shape, and physical constit- ution of the eggs of the domestic fowl ns determined by observations mode of all thc eggs laid by twenty-twb Barred Plymouth Rock birds during their first two laying years.

With regard to the individuality of the eggs of the same bird it was found that the “individuality of a bird is expressed in each physical character of her cggs. This individual- V ity is more pronounced in respect to, the weigfht of albumcn and shell than weight of yolk. There is a tendency for the several egg characters to »be related to each other in such 11. wpy that when the eggs of an individual are klurge they are both long and ,broad and each oi the parts is large; but 'the hens which lay large eggs lay eggs with a smaller proportion of yolk than hens which lay small eggs. Also individuals may show a decided tendency to vary from the flock type in quite different degrees in different characters.

"The eggs of an individual tend to

bc either uniform or variable in all the egg characters, but certain inni- viduais may be variable in certain egg chgrncters nmi uniform in others. An individual is in general less vari- able than the race in respect to egg characters; buf. certain. individuals nz-ny show a variation in an egg char-

thc variation in the race. Also certain egg characters (particularly yolk weight, show a decided tendency to approach the race variation in several individuals. The factors which bring about the individuality in respect io egg characters are too complex for analysis from the data at hand, with regard to the correlation of egg character it was determined that "each egg character is related to every other egg character, but differ- ent pairs of characters show a decid- edly different degree of correlation There is lr general tendency for a giv- BH Pair of characters to bc similarly related in thc eggs ol the scvrral in- dividuals, but dillcrcnf. imliiiut-als may show significantly dillffirnt dc- grees of correlation in :my pair of characters. Length and breadth are Significantly but not oiginy correlated Both length and l.rc.iitlr :irc sign-fl °l~\11U.\‘ C0l‘ff¢lnl/2-1 with the \\-eight. of the \vholc cggnnd of t-,lull _oi the ' 08! Darts. Breadth is as a rule more] highly corre1atc<l\~'ii,l. tlicsc .vright characters than is lcnlgti.. The slime of the egg ns nieusured ;.y tr.c iulgtil- with the weilglit of the ogg and with breadth index is ne;~r.i.'»_:|y cotxclntco with thc weight of thc ogg l_;..1 with abd with the weight ol the ogg ports. The Weight of each wrt ..l the egg is positively correlated with the weight of both the other parts."