MARSIIFIELD.

PREFACE T0 "FISH-EATING BIRDS"

(By W. L. McATEE, Principal Biologist, US. Biological Survey)

It is very desirable to have available a Teaching Unit on fish- eating‘ birds. a persecuted group, the appreciation and protection of which should be furthered in all l-onsonablewnys. The very name _"fish-entlng birds" - implies en- croachment upon the food supply of mankind, an implication that is essentially false. The results of all comprehensive investigations of the food habits of these birds agree in indicating that under natural con- dltions the bulk of their food con- sits of fishes not directly utilized by man. The underlying reason is that these fishes are more available to the birds, usually because they are more common nod outer to mix-ii. '

Sometimes where fishes of direct value to man are concentrated, as at liatcheries, coiulderable losses may be suffered through depreda- tions by fish-eating birds. It is probable in many cases that some form of screening can be devised that will eliminate such damage and with its necessity for combat- mg the birds. Hatchery conditions do not reflect those in Nature, how- ever, and we may be sure that un- der natural conditions the general rule holds that fish-eating birds will be found to subsist chiefly on the more common kinds. They are more likely to prey on the men- naden rather than on the bluefish of the coast, for example; on tne gizzard-shad rather than on the bass in southern waters, and on minnows rather than on trout in the numerous areas harboring both of these groups. .

Fishing has gone down before the pressure of a growing human popu- lation, but the chief causes are drainage, desiccation, pollution, md overfishlng. Everyone knows this is true. yet due to the ineradic- able quaintness of mankind in eeking something outside of self to blame, we hear much about the destructiveness of fish-eating birds, the very factor among all that certainly cannot justly be blamed for fish scarcity.

To illustrate, we quote and dis- cuss part of a statement made by Herbert Hoover before a national convention of the Izaak ilifalton League:

"The history of our food fish- eries over the last fifty years is a melancholy book that would have taken some of lhe calm and optim- ism out of Izaak Walton. At one time our littoral waters tcemed with huge runs of salmon, shad, and sturgeon. But they were easy of capture because they come xight up to the fisherman's hands once a year en route to spawn in our ltreams.

"Despite some feeble limitations imposed by state law, we have wit- nessed the practical destruction of the whole of the salmon. and shad, and sturgeon from the Atlantic Coast. We have seen the destruc- tion of salmon along the Pacific Coast until finally there is but one large salmon fishery remaining- that upon the Alaskan Coast where we still take $50,000,000 a year in fish- But even Alaska, with the demoniac assistance of the tin can, will—unless it is vigorously res- trnined-hnvl! been lost in another ten years."

The lesson to be drawn in these cases, especially where the fishery is definitely exhausted, is that these fisheries grew up, flourished, and declined, in the continuous pres- ence of fish-eating birds. This is conclusive evidence that for all practical purposes the birds had no effect on any part of the process The birds still remain, they are feeding as they have always fed, but industries they have been ac- cused of ruining have vanished. What more complete absolution from contributing to that result could be desired?

T0 pass from great to small, we may consider the fate of trout fry in planted streams. It is realized that there is a high percentage of loss and in some cases birds have been blamed for all of it. While “my mny be responsible in part, there are mnny other factors that must bo considered. The matter has been rather thoroughly studied by Canadian authorities and they report losses due to such diverse factors as warm, stagnant, or peaiy water, pollution, lack of food. cannibalism both by larger trout Ind among the fry, the dispropor-

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tionate increase of enemy and competitor fishes clue to selective removal of the trout, and depre- dations by a variety of other cn-I emies, including birds. ,

There is prevalent among lay anglers the impression that by in- tensive stocking, a stream may be‘ made to produce as many fish asl desired. This is not at all true, for every stretch of water has in- dividual ecological conditions that set a limit on its fish population. This limit may be expressed in poundage, which may be shared by few or mnny fishes. 1f there are many they will be of smaller size. Indeed it has been reported by an expert that he has found "no way in which large numbers of good- sized trout can be grown on natural food alone". (Edward R. Hewitt, 1934). ,

When a stream has been stock-i ed up to its natural limit, unless- the habitat is altered so as to ac-‘ commodate more fishes and more food is supplied, continual pour- ing of fry into it will not result in any increase in the yield. In European pond-fish culture, it has been found that the introduction of “a small number of ra-pacious‘ fish may lead to such a reduction in the (total) numbers of fish, and' such a consequent change in the‘ conditions of competition as to servethe best interests of each and every species within the pond." 1R.‘ E. Coker, 1918). So in a trout‘, stream where escape of the fish is‘ prevented by screen or by ecolo-I gical conditions, there is a definite limit on fish production, and the presence of natural enemies nol doubt has a similar beneficial cf- fect in relation to the size and age groups of the fishes.

Thus both for reasons governing the fate of planted fry, as well as that of maturing trout. it is rash to lump to the conclusion that fish-eating birds are responsible for disappointing output of fishfirr waters. The real reason may be something quite distinct. Birds arc B85115‘ observed, hence are first to be thought of in accounting for losses. Most of the other destruc- tive or limiting factors are ob- scure and require study-a very unpopular thing. Study is neces- sary, however, for imderstanding of the inter-relationships of wild things and their environment, and only students or those utilizing the results of study can hope to achieve a type of philosophy that will in- sure rational dealing with wild life.

As a step toward that philosophy, it may be suggested that man of- ten spreads a, feast for wild life where it cannot fail to be accepted. yet is surprised and aggrieved that it is. This in brief is the story of crop damage and it applies as well to the managed trout stream and its associated fish-eating birds, The fact that man is the introuder. that he develops valued property in the very domicile of wild life and thereby actually invites depreda- tions, certainly should make for some degree of tolerance for wild creatures innocent of any intent‘ to do harm. ,

In further mitigation of the "of- fense" of capturing trout or other fish in waters planted and preserv- ed for angling. it Cllll be urged that the value of the fishes as food for man is not a consideration because they are not soufht primarily for food. Even if they were, they could not be claimed as an economical supply because in most cases the amoimt spent on their production and preserving is far more than their intrinsic worth. No, their value is in providing recreation, or "sport? or “fun", for those who catch them. Neither the fish nor’ the catching of them is actually essential to anyone, hence the tak-- ing of toll by natural enemies, while no doubt a cause of regret to the proprietors, is not an act neces- sarily calling for punishment. We may well, indeed we must, pause before we adopt outright or nliowi the gradual growth of a policy, thc implication of which is that “sport" or "fun” is taken so seriously in these United States that all wild things interfering or suspected of. interfering with it must be cli- minated.

This policy, and it is n. policy among strenuous advocates of "vermin" control, is untenable for a variety of reasons. As applied to the fish-eating birds. it may bel pointed out that thts classification embraces 1B8 species and sub- species or about 13 per cent. of the entire American avlgauna. It is in- conceivable that aggressive meas- ures threatening so large a propor- tion oi our bird life will even be seriously urged by extremists, much less permitted bv public acquiesc- ence. Again u large proportion of these birds are already protected by fodcral or state law and can be lcgnliy killed only imder authority of special permits, issuance of which surely will not be curried to such an extent as i0 mcnnce the reasonable abundance of these in- teresting forms of bird life. As a further consideration. destruction of fish-eating birds may clash with the desires of notable groups of thc population. as for instance the Na- tional Associntion of Audubon So- cieties, and various private and corporate preserve owners who earnestly strove for many yenrs and gloriously succeeded in orc- venting the extermination of egrets. Incidentally protection of the egret rooirerles savedmony aheron and. ibis. The gulisandtemisnlso were‘ beneficiaries of public OOTIdOIIIIIn-_ “on o1 the plume trade. These vlc- i terms were hard won and their. {runs will not be easily given up.

I ers’ Association this week, remain-

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Dr. A. K. Cameron, o! crmdom $35k, who attended the meeting of the Canadian National Fox Breed-

ed over in Charlottetown until this afternoon when he leaves for Summerside and expects to spend a week or more in that vicinity. While here he made many friends “m”; ‘he fflxmfill. who have been V"? Interested in hearing about his ventures in mixed fur farming.

Th8 DOCLOr 110$ only has a large ranch of silver foxes, but has also a considerable number of mink‘ and is experimenting with fisher fwd marten. He has been success- ful in raising many litters of fisher and has sold breeding stock to the United States, Norway and some in Canada. He says that the Whfllplng reason for fisher runs‘ from about the 18th of March to "is 15f 0f May. and that the fe- male fisher carries her young from 350 to 3'10 days. Litters are from two to four. He has had Very little difficulty in raising young fisher. His breeding stack first came from the wilds and he was fortunate enough to secure wild female fi1her with young, that on whelping he successfully raised. but wild female fisher did not prove successful breeders af- lerwards.

_ -—-__ ) His mink venture looks promis- ing and he believes there 1a mom money in mink than in fox farm- ing because they ilvefflgg m-ger litters and they only cost about one-third to feed. “The thing is," Fflld he, “to get good mink breed.

ing stock," close furred and good B0101‘, as pointed out in these columns. ltfartcn is the most

beautiful animal of all. in his op- inion. but he has not so far been successful in raising any young, However, he is not discouraged and he is successful. Those who meet Dr. Cameron will be delighted with his personality and will certainly find him a moot informative con- versationalist.

The January number of 'l."he Black Fox Magazine, published in New York City. has been brought out as n. twentieth anniversary is- sue, 1917-1937. It is truly a work of art. The cover is in seven colors and it carries many pages of artis- tic advertlsing and between fifty and sixty pages of reading matter illustrated with beautiful cuts. Our congratulations are extended to Mrs Gertrude E. Fox, Editor. and Earl K. Collins, Managing Editor. for having produced what is cer-‘ tainly the finest fox publication cvcr issued.

The contents include the follow- ing articles: “Where to Buyfl‘, “Highlights of Twenty Years of the Black Fox Magazine," “The l-Iis-, tory of Fur Farming." “Fashion Spins the Wheel," "Looking into‘ the Future of Fur Farming," "Lis-~ ten to an Expert Talk About Color," “Fur Bearers", “The Faun-i dation of the Astor Fortune and Laid by Fur," "The Evolution of] Demand for Sliver Felts,“ “Fecl-, cral Government in the Field of! Fur Animal Research," "What Mink Breeders Ought to Know.” "Catch- ing Device for Minks," “Fur Time Marches On", “Reviewing History with our Oldest Living Advertiser,“ “When Two Foxe-I Caused a Sen- sation," "Hints from Old Timers," “Do You Know That," “Ask Us, Another.”

While the Anniversary Number of The Black Fox Magazine shows the dates of 1917-1937, yet it is old- er by several years. It was first brought into being by Frank C. Kaye at Saint John, N.B., in the Spring of 1914. The writer was a member oi’ the Canadian Fox Ex- change, domiciled at Prowse Bros. corner at. thni. time, and I remem- bcr perfectly Mr. Kaye coming in to solicit an advertisement for the new publication, He had a very agreeable personality and went away with u good nd. I think he did very well on Prince Edward Island.

After keeping the publication go- ing with considerable difficulty and a tremendous amount of hard work in the Maritimcs, he decided to move to New York. The move was a wise one and The Black Fox Magazine in n very short time became widely circulated in the United States and Canada. In those days it was the__ principal medium for Prince Edward Island- ers who had live foxes to sell, and full page advertisements were carri- ed by leading breeders and deal- crs here. Mr. Kaye gave the vcry best that was in him to help along the fox industry, and carried on until some few years ngo when his health broke down. Mrs. Gertrude E. Fox then took over and has nob- ly maintained the traditions of the magazine and broadened its

foxes hcd young animals. he of_-

sphere and influence through con- nections with the fur trade.

The History of Fur Farming,| 1879-1937, one of the leading. articles in the above issue, has much i of interest to u.1 and we quote a small part of -it. “The summer oil m9 seems w date the earliest, de-I finitely recorded fact regarding the‘ raising of fur bearing animals in captivity. In that year, Mr. D. H. MacGowan, then a. resident

of Charlottetown, 2.2.1.. was fishing‘ for trout in the stream below Hay-

wood’s dam at Tignish, when a. man named George Platts drove across the road at the head of the clam. He stopped and offered to sell Mr Macflowan a male fox pup for the modest sum of 310,00, in. forming him that a man at North Cape had another, a female, which could be bought.

Mr. MacGowan explained that, since he lived in Charlottetown, '03 DUPS were useless to him and advised Platts t0 try Benjamin. HEYWOOd. who had a stockade at‘ the back of his barn. Mr. Mac-I Gowan related the facts later, asi follows: “Platts wok my advice and I returned in a short time driving a cow and a calf for which he had, exchanged the fox pup. Mr. flay», wood at once went to North Cape‘ and secured the female. He kept: the pair for two or three years‘ and actually raised two young ones the skins of which Mr. H: wood’ sold to Harry Leslie of Kensing-‘ ton. receiving $125.00 for the bestI Pelt and $75.00 for the other." ’ i

Then: skins probably were u'orih' on the London market at that iinu" about $1,000.00 each. This is the. first instance in which sllv fox skins were sold from animals rais- ed in captivity. However. Mr. Haywood. through lack of under- standing how to feed and care for the foxes. lost his animals through death. But he had “pointed the way." And the flicker of Mr, Play- vvo:>d's success was recognized by Charles Dalton as indicative of a Possible new industry. Mr. Dalton, later Hon. Charles Dalton in the government of Prince Edward I'v- land, began experimenting with red foxes in the ycar i887. ‘this was at the western end of lhe Is- land, which region will alw

Mr. Dalton kept his secret, and succeeded in keeping his foxes quietfy cnconced in p‘ small shed at Nail Pond. ____ _ | About the same time, Mr. Robert Oulton was pursuing Sllllllfil‘ ex- periments on Savagc- island with a pair of silver foxes, which he had purchased from a trapper on Anti- costl Inland. Alter being ridiculed and pointed out as a “no-gzod farmer" and a poor, shiftlcss fox fancier by mnny people living in the community, Mr. Dalton joined Mr. Oulton in 1895, and together they worked unmolested and sue- cessfully with their animals on the isolated area of Savage Island.

Two years later, in 1897, Mr. Dalton built n ranch of his own at Tigni/‘i. but still retained an m- terest in the Oulton ranch, At Tlgnish he developed into chief fur merchant of the Island, buying and, selling skins, and conducting the general fur sale business for the entire district. Previous to 1897. however, three other men. whose names are historical in the annals 0f fox breeding, became interested in the possibilities of domesticating foxes and cultivating their fur. These three were James Tuplin, James Gordon and Silas Rayner.

, and Stoney, why, that throws quite

Iillld amend the need.

Ii whose silvery grey and

They were busily engaged in the businesr in the early nineties. and were marvelously successful in rais- I ing a valuable litter of silver foxes, ivithin a short time of the date on which they established thrir ranch] The five men—Da.lton, Oulton, Gor- i don, Raynor and Tuplin~iormcd al gentleman's agreement not in scli live axiimalw to anybody outs-ids the “charmed circle."

So these pioneers in the fox rais- ing business retained about the same number of animNs euch your and killed the balance for their pelts, which Dalton shipped every January to Lampsons of London; and in this way, the five madc im- mense fortunes, An account of sales of twenty-four skins, as one example, netted the five more than six thousand eight hundred and thirty-five pounds, or approximate- ly $1,385.00 per pelt.

But the “chnrm" was broken on

, ties until the present day, the rais-

the circle in 1003. In flint year, F‘. F. Tuplin of New Annan. who was a, nephew of Robert Tupiin, managed to secure a pair of silver foxes from hi: uncle. It was a dis- asterous thing, so far as the IiV(" man combine ivas concerned-be- cause as soon as F. F. Tuillilffi

Morning Post was the fashionable society newspaper, a position which it maintained into the times "which I can remember. In this paper, then, appeared several articles from time to time, critizing the Countess’ poetic effusions, and what was worse, hinting that the young widow was not leading a life which would meet with the approval of the more rigorous moralists of the time. Then came replies de- fending the Countess, and this led to a duel between the editor of the newspaper and Lieutenant Stoney who posed as champion of the lady. The gallantry of the warrior was rewarded by the Countess marrying him four days after the duel. At first sight this may seem very much as it should be; but when it is known that the whole affair was a sham, that Stoney himself had written both the criticisms and the replies, that the duel was literally a “sham fight" and that an understanding~ exist- ed all the time between the editor

a different light on the affair. N0 matter, the aim was achieved, and Swncy had become the husband of the Countess of Strathmore.

But wily as Bowes (for Stoney at once nsaumed this name) had been, he had not been quite quick enough in this matter. The marri- é age was barely over when he dLs-y covered that the Countess, just a week before the wedding, had by a legal deed vested all her properties in trustees for her sole aenefii.» but with power reserved to alter This was} "i-iicrk“ to the wily adventurers play I

fcred the pups for sale to the high- cst bidder. Thus a combine was broken-mud a widespread indus- try was born."

Reginald E. Chapman of Ingle- .uod, Cziliflrnia, has a three page .d in the January Black Fox iagazine, devoted to the sale of ninchiila breeding stock. In thc ntrcducilan it saysi “This adver- scment i~ addressed to those fur .'armt-rs uhu are looking for a new type of breeding stock. The in- formation contained in the next two pages will give you, we believe, an ides as to the possibilitltxs in raising chinchiilas. The tiny chin- chillas are rare fur bearing animals extremely iinc and light fur in one of the most high prized of commerce.

While chinchilla raising is not yet on a. pelting basis, the letters we receive from fur auction mar- kets who have handled chinchilla pelts when they‘ were plentiful, pre- dict that these pelis will bring ex- ccllcnt prices when the time ar- ri‘ s that enough matched skins can be offered to make a coat or cape. animal for its fud. They are far ico valuable for breeding purposes; to sacrifice for Miludys adorn- ment. Honlever, our mother colony of clilnchiilas has now grown to a: size which periniis the sale of a, limited number of breeding pairsI They are guaranteed to litter within six months or they will be replaced with a pair of animals that have littered within that per- iod, along with at least one of the young" of flilCh litter, upon the original live pair being returned to

our ranch. Our animals are pedi- greed, tattooed and scientifically fixated.“

Continuing. the ad. states: “Since 1923, the year M, F. Chapman, an American ruining engineer, ar- rived ln the United States from Chili with eleven little chineliiilas, the result of years of effort to bring these little creatures out of their cold habitat in the high An-

ing of these olinolt priceless little animals has neat years of study,

experiment, (liupiwintment and final triumph. At the world's ori- ginal South American Chinchilla

Farm, Inglewood, California, where there are over eight hundred henltlzy, robust chinchlllas, the questions of habit, climate, dict, breeding and all the rest of the (lisiurbing factors which confront the breeder of fur-bearing animals are matters of record.

Breeding chinchilias is like rais-

residuo of her income, utter |>l'u—-‘ viding for certain debts and raising some ready money. The eizntrva- gant living of Stoney-Bowes at length forced the family to leave Gibside, but not before he lied cut down much valuable timber, ‘.\lllL'Il nobody would buy from him: lit now began to treat the Countess u.) ‘ report said he had treated in. first wife. Strange stories I have 110W about bim—hew he locked in up in a closet and fed her with an cue

and a. biscuit a clay. He zuoi; away the Lady Anna M, u. one 0f her daughters by hcr fol-filer

marriage, to Paris, merely to (‘F.- ercise his cruelty in SCPZIFHHIT,’ the mother and daughter; but the_ young lady being a ward in Cll1lll~ gory, was brought back by tllt‘ Court.

The following year 11785) tho Countess fled from his Custzlflj.‘ says one account, while anothci- says that her friends came iu force and freed her. However that may be, it as matter of record that she immediately began to instillin- proceedinga for a divorce. In flu" evidence for the cane she related‘ that shortly after her marriaigc she , had been deprived of her liberty in I every respect. She might. not 0r- der out her own trnvcllur; (om-h without Stoney-Bowesis special per- mission. Her own servants were dismissed, and new ones engaged. who were ordered not to attend to her bell when s-hc rang for Lhr-m. She dared not write nor rccvzvc u letter" without his knowing tllc ton- tcnts, and she was driven from hei- own table. or forced i0 sit at it ill

Chili from 1895 to 1918. In 180.3 there were 184,548. In 1017 ih._ had dropped to 4,380 and i918 ex- port was forbidden.

In January iusue of the Fur Trade devie-w, published in New York, is .1 photo engraving of a yoluig lady wearing a beautiful silver fox wrap as she appeared at the fashion show held by the New York Auc- tion Company for the Mil ignn 2e vlorrison Associates on January 4th. It is certainly a magnificient gar-

ment and the skins look to be; clear and well-furrcd. Parixl houses are using fox fur‘

heavily as trimmings on suits and

cloth coats. 'I'hesc trimiziiiiggs, even start on the shoulders and, continue down the front or sides" of the garment. There is a plenti ful use of black Persian lamb, espc- I cially on the black coats. Mink and‘ ermine sell freely and are the friv-

orite evening flus. Wolf is lrcd

extensively as a trimming fur on

the new garments in natural sil-

ver and platinum shades.

‘The January New York Fur Trade

entitled "Silver Fox Looms out in London Raw Fur Seailon", from which these extracts are taken. "We learn that the 1936-37 pro- duction of silver fox should be in the neighborhood of 600,000 skins ‘ This seems quite a reasonable ins-- sumptlon to those who follow de- velopments in Canada, Scandinavia and the United Staten. The latter have a steady increase from year; to year as new countries add their

quota to the total and sucecssfuli ranchers everywhere extend their

holdings. It is predicted that be-

fore maifl/ years, world produciiozi

will reach o. million skins, and it

should be P05611310 to absorb this

tremendous quantity, providing

breeders concentrate on good qual-

ity and suitable markings.

London brokers, through ivhose hands pass the majority of tl1e' world's silver foxes, are not stimuli of disposing of a million skins a year in future, but they are i ' - tent that the quality must bc rigtlitl Pricesoare bound to decline owing’ to the heavy quantity involved, but! this decline will be mainly on the,‘

lower grade skins. They have preached this doctrine of quality

ing orchids or mining diamonds. The animal is almost extinct in Chili due to trapping and its na- tural enemies, and they have be- come the bearers of the costliest of all furs. The average pelt is l2 inches long by 8 inches wide. A chinchilla coat, of average length, requiring from 120 to 140'of these pelts to make, cost upwards of $100,000. Chinchilla fur is there- fore considered the most exclusive fur in the world today."

Ssiatistics are given showing the

I I .

best results.

3 2 1 4

1 l 1 l 1

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(continued on om "l

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1.1.236 SUNGLO FED VIXENS PRODUCED 43,678 PYPS AVERAGE 0F 3.3 PFPS PER VIXEN RANCliiil). Reports we have i0 dale from 52S Ranchers using SUNGLO during iilllfi-Iifi exclusively, show an. Average Production 0n ._u|| tag-Q“ ranched of 5&3 Pups to the Vixen, which is fully l l "P 1° ""3 ‘h-“m a ' the Average of Production in the Industry. DI‘ . . E I G QRDER YQUR REQUIREMENTS FOR YOUR BRE FOXES TODAY FROM YOUR NEAREST DEALER-

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JANUARY 13- 1937 11w fYiiARi 011-1511 lWN fiuaaoran _E/’-S?lf_. T1"""? ._.._, l ... ' I TIMEL ~ CONSERVATION °“ NE W5 Y "MES v-t - crap WITH u “moon 1 31111113 i ‘- Silver Fox Farmi ~ ' ' ' wee-nu: COLUMN or ruacrrcxr. or n8‘ , . , ,. ‘ vrr/u. ISSUES Arracrnvo m: vSaTIIISSiBZIESTI-f l “J y my Strathmores Lawsuit o) 22x3}; 12am: iikflefiiiioflgilliéaffzytxlé" glVfi V1 tall xerox-u. nssouaces av m. wnnow JENKINS, at that time (elm 1716) the deed and to invest him with the‘ “it...

Vitamins-are they definitely present. and active in vr-ti f .1‘ AT TIIE TIME IT IS GIVEN T0 YOUR, ANIMAL. bcrullst‘ ., sential vitamins escape rupidlv from ordinary feeds. we suggcs. iii-u you will find it profitable to vimllw your ration by cddlm:

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We offer two distinct vitamin products-regular "Fox Y-i)" c n- taining vitamins A, B. D. and (i. and "Fox Y-O with vitamin L the vitamin E being included by adding IIIJIIJIIIOFIPS pure c pressed wheat germ oil. Y-O is a l'A'l'Ei\"l‘IID, SEALED VIIAAIIR PRODUCT, fully tested and proved over a number of ye- rs, in \\‘I\l('Il the elusive vitamins A and D nf cod liver ull, and Vitamin fr) of IVIIcat Germ Oil. are scaled and held intact at their full noil-mgv - prou-eted ugoillSI. oxlJaiion and defer oration. Y-O rombinos, iou, tho other vitamins which are so vital. It lakes only a tablespolmiui per fox per day to VITALIZE any ration-a cost of only ii iu 12 tents per fox for 30 days.

fi Wheat Germ Oil

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Du not confuse the use of Wheat Germ Oil with the feeding of Wheat Germ Meal, for the meal can and docs spoil and lose its potency (loses over 90‘, of its Vitamin E content within l5 days irum the time it is removed from the wheat bcrrvl, and further- more only a very small percentage of ihc wheat germ is OIL.

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for the past ten yenrs, especially inf ihe Scandinavians, whose indu-ii stniicd only after the war.

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The seed has fallen

on good since Mr. Fromm decidl-d to iillCtlfJil

ground. hounver, for lust year until hi‘! crop on the spot. The oicicst ' in ill!‘ present pcltiiig sl-u- c wllclc tnlv

, Norv. min skills have IlCUllL h - been breeding ‘r foxes lnr praised esit rally for their coloni some time and putill a imv o‘ and they have actually command-l them into the catnle. u-s of the ed a Ililjllfl‘ figmrc than the Can-i London auction». ‘lllu-se skins zuiiuu. The rl- lIL i- that n (listincf ‘ have not been $ii(‘(‘:'.\.‘.llll, for al- ll iziritv compW-x is apparent on though of good .1120. slroilg (Uifi full, Prince Edward Island. they are rusty. 'I'l1is u:

brine,- ‘ back zigain to the univer..l in- Which is best? The compara- fence on quality, ciuukty me. five vafue of skins from Canada time. However, it is not COfiSlCICl‘: and Norway, the two principal ed likely that the export of Rus breeding countries which are now sian furs will increase vcry marl: Kiri equal in importance, ll'l- ediy, because the iluuznn ywori. variably l~z=zl<is i0 heated discussion have WOT‘. their way lo a hzelze: in London fur circles. Although standard of living and they 0-;- Cnnndian breeders assuredly must mand furs for their women roll-z. Ivok to their laurels and see to it that the leaves are not allowed to ivithcr on their brows, they sccm lo be hoiding their oun. Onc ex- perienced merchant estimates that on inspection or coiicction oi‘ 10,000 Canadian foxes will yield 7O to 80 per ccnt. of good skins, but with!’ the Scandinavian the reverse will‘ skins." he the case. Another man. one of. ihc Judge-I at British siivcr fox By illf‘ way. ilic \\'l‘l1f‘l‘ i.’.)’ti\l"<l uhumpioiisiiiii shows, docs not an article recently from ihc pen of so far as this. but while he is an American l _ who hall v - ready to give full Justice to the ex-i ed various fox ranches in L cclicnt blue cost of the Scandina-I land, and gave it as hrtr Ollilllflli vinn pelt, 11c feels that this high; that they ivould soon offer u con- lcvcl cannot be maintained from‘ sidcrablc amount of compciziioii to F881‘ l0 year. Canadian and NOZI“_I.IIJ>AIE foxes, | She said they were media-ing skins of good quality because of the natural aptitude of the Brat .-b as breeders of fine cattle, shop, ‘poultry: dogs. etc. People like m visit the ranches, plll'i"l'lll rly F‘)- cicty people, pick our. 1i Nev like and OTdPYlfflSilbPll. "I7 f’, .'v at Home" cry is being largcfy nsrd too, and no doubt if there were enough lwlifi offering at prcscn‘ it would make C’\ll.<l(If_‘l'lll.ili’ flllfil'f*l"'fi in prices, bllt the efforts of mnn- crs there have bccn zlircricd lo-

Apart from Scanriinn pean production of siivl .. France, Swiizcrlaiirl and Gcri

It is small in each case, und no doubt is consumed by the dorm ac market as is also true of Brl

First come—first bought! The rcnwn why the Scnndiw 'i."n skins

ply because they reach the London nmrkct first, having on.“ n short way in conic. Vvhcn the IllNI skins

carry-over skins look very sick. faded and rusty. so merchants and nxanufzieiurcrs are ready to pay anything for fresh goods-and thr-v do! Later when the Canadian shipments arrive the market finds its true level at the January auc- tions in London.

wards making salcs of live sit .-lr, tuof course, vcry profitable fizurrs.

ER TIP BISUIT c0. II ——- monclon us.

._]N_'_ form- and 70'; meals,

in our circulars) for

A N

LIMITED

.S_ .

makes no impression on London