MAY 29. 1950

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N THE GUARDIAN CHARLUFPETOWN

CTHEED UCA TIONAL HORIZON

PRESENTING NEWS AND VIEWS OF INTEREST T0 TEACHERS AND ALL OTHERS SEEKING IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION

PARAGBAPIIING

To st;-955 the principle of unity In . paragraph after the children hue grasped the idea Q! what a M-agraph is, the following might

suggestive:

select from some standard work g Pu-ggraiph in which unity is con- Ipicuous. Compose a sentence that us nothing whatever to do with on subject of the paragraph. the more absurd the better. and read me paragraph aloud to the class ,,m1 the extraneous mntence some- where in it. In the reading. do not gall attention to the discordant Pom by any inflection of the voice. Hmng finished, the question -what sentence has nothing to do with the rest and. therefore. spoil- ”, me paragraph?" should meet with immediate response from the whole class. Through discussion, develop the idea that in a para-

aph there should be one central Eoughi. and that everything said I, ma paragraph should definitely relate to this central thought. pupils in Grades VI and VII should be able to divide a slmulc now into paragraphs. Ex. A 9...... ill Preparation; (2) Trip;

(ll) Bin at the picnic; (4) Con- clusion.

With older pupils the quality of a. good opening sentence in a para- grapb may. be impressed on their minds by having thorn study the contrast between sentences such as "My heart sank as 1 neared the school and realized that the last bell bad rung." And this one. "one day I was late for school." They will readily see that the first is much more forcible than the sec- ond. Pupils in the senior grades may be given guides for the writ- ing of a paragraph, and encourag- ed to check their work before sub- mitting it.

Guides for writing paragraph-

1. A good paragraph has one main idea. 2. Each sentence helps to develop the main idea of the paragraph. 3. The opening sent- ence challenges the reader's at- tention. 4.. The sentences vary in length, form and arrangement. They contain vivid words. 5. The closing sentence finishes the thought of the story by adding a comment, a surprise, or a na- tural conclusion.

SPINNING TIIE WHEEL

Material: Two pieces oi paste- hoard. Cut one piece with a dis- meter of eighteen inches. Draw man. and on each write a figure with a heavy crayon. The other piece of cardboard should be square and about one foot wider than the first. Fasten the two pieces together in such a way that the circle will spin freely. Paste a figure in the upper right-hand corner of the SqllB1'5-

Teacher: Divide the class into two groups. Keep the score on the blai-klxiard.

Chililrcii: A child frmn group 1 spins die circle. when it stops, the figure on .,the nearest radius must be acids-rl to the number on the square if he answeres correctly, his group scores 1. If he fails, his side receives a zero. The first player from group 2 then spins the wheel. The group having the

higher scoie wins the game. Unrlcriine the word or expression

in each group which has a simi- lar meaning to the word in brac- kets.

(Diversion) dislike. story, past- tlme. reform.

(Avert) avoid. change. return. woken.

(Vogue) variety. guess. fashion. greeting.

(Negotiate) deny, arrange, rule,

try.

((Massive) ancient, broken. huge. small.

(Consistent) humorous, annoy- ing, helpful. not contradictory.

(Vacillute) wait, argue, waver. stop.

iPemicious) crude. injurious. beneficial, terrifying.

(Impenetrnble) dense, hostile, fearful, faint.

(Emit) use, eject. contain, make. (Avarice) wealth, courage, greed;

pride. (Intrigue) invention, joke. secret. plot. danger.

TIME ZONES

Every place in the world really has its own local time. which is different by minutes or hours from that of emry place east and west of it. But when railways and tele- graphs come it is convenient for a country to have I uniform system of time throughout all territory. and thus throughout England, Scotland. wales, Ireland. France Spain Greemvlch time is observed

Not only so, but different coun- tries that have constant dealings-

Wllh one another find it extre:ii'F'-'1'

ly incoiirciiient to have differences of time that involve an odd num- lier of minutes and seconds, and the chief countries have. therefore. agreed to form time zones. in each of which there shall be all standard time based on Greenwich. and varying from it only by hours and half hours, and not by odd fractions. The whole earth is divid-l Id into twenty-four equal zones- of fifteen degrees ch, corres-I

Ilillng with the twenty-four

urs of the day, and at sea these Ire rigidly observed by ships. But on land the boundaries of the tones are irregular so as to in-l elude certain areas closely connect-l ed for commercial purposes. For; example. a city is never divided; even if it is on the line. Some) cguntries such as Canada. the United states and Brazil. are so large from east to west that they Ire divided into several time belts.

The convenience of this system; of standard time zones is clear. when we compare countries that have adopted it -with those that have not. Thus Peru with lone time. is exactly five hours slow of. Greenwich, while its neighbour Ecuador. with the some longitude. ls 5 hours 14 minutes 6.7 seconds flow of Greenwich.

The first man who tried to make the idea work was a distinguishcii Canadian engineer. Sir Sandford Flemlniz. In 1579 he published ii proposal to divide the earth into! time zones. The railway men of Canada and the United states ac-l

cepted the idea before other coun- ties, and zones were laid off.

Besides the Atlantic time there are the following divisions of time in Canada which correspond with those of the United States. The first of these is Eastern Time, the 75th meridian being almost its centre. and the time throughout the Eastern section is that of the 75th meridian, which is practically the sun time oi Ottawa. The next division towards the west is known ?aTCeiit'r'dlTIlfi!(The meridian run- ning nearly through the middle oi the central division is the 90th. The official time in the Central division is therefore practically the local time of the city of Port Arthur and is one hour earlier than the time in the eastern divis- ion. West of the Central division is the Mountain division of time. which includes the western part of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and part oi Alberta. the central meri- dian being the 106th. The Moun- tain Divislon is one hour earlier than central. two hours earlier than Eastern and three hours ear- lier than Atlantic.

Beyond the mountain division is the Pacific division. the men- dian of longitude which estab- lishes time for this division is the 120th. Throughout this division the time is one hour earlier than mountain time and eight hours earlier than Greenwich time. The Atlantic time is one-halt an hour earlier than Newfoundland time.

Later the Yukon zone was laid off in Canada and the Alaska zone in the United States. Alaska time is two hours slower than Pacific time. and five hours slower than Eastern time. Do you know in which time zone your home lies. and where the watches are changed for the next zone.

To find the number of cubic feet in it log multiply one-fourth of the average circumference by itself and multiply the product obtained by the length. which will give the contents in cubic feet.

NAMES 0F PLACES TIIAT HAVE BEEN IN THE NEWS

Wlmllimg ("Murky water"). Cap- ital of Manitoba. Canada. at can- fluence of R. Assihlboine and Red mm": Deal of provincial parlia- ment. In 1871 it had a population of 241. and was one of the trad- lbs posts of the Hudson's Bay 90- known as Fort Garry; now a centre of rail and river trade; chief llllln market in world: for auct- W: Brest grain elevators and 1”!” mllls: machinery. confec- lonerv. mcat products; workshops yfcsnadisn Pacific Rly. Populat- !"ll 350.000. Winnipeg is Canada's

"mh lllltest city.

Bl. Boniface. city Manitoba, can- "lt on use is. opposite Winnipeg. 01 which it is a suburb; Preach- :'WlIlns: one of the oldest settle- mgg in Manitoba. Population.

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Red River. Rises in Minnesota. U. 8. A.; flows north between minnesota and N. Dakota into Manitoba (Canada) and enters Lake Winnipeg: basin formerly a

great lake. now a rich region length c. 'i00m. Lake Winnip . Manitoba:

drained by Nelson River into Hud- son Bay. Area. 0,566 sq. in.

Grand Forks. city N. Dakota. 13. B. A; on Red River; in wheat district; sugsr beety flour mills.

The mander of the flood rs- llof in the Red River Valley is Eric. R. I. A. Morton.

Riinouslrl. port. Qllcbhc. 0 I . on I. bank 0! Gulf of St. Law- rence. no in. N. E. of Quebec: port of call for ocean mails.

Hon. James Ohalker. Minister of Health for Newfoundland. .

Browning puts this poem at the end of his last book of verses. It is his last word to his readers. In the first stanza he asks his readers ll. when they come to dream or him (awake or asleep) will they think of him imprisoned in death and if they will pity him. He is the one,meant by "Who once so lov- ed on. whom so loved”. He calls those who tlilnk that death holds those who have gone. fools.

In the second stanza he laments that those he loved and who 10.,-- 85 him. were unable to understand him saying that he had nothing to do with the lazy. useless, and unmanly and that he did not drivel like an aimless poet who writes for money. Browning was at first a poet of the common people, but was so liked by the rich that for a time people thought he wrote only to make money and some of his critics blamed him for this.

Quebec has been besieged five times but only taken twice. I. In 1629, the English under Kirke took the fortress from Champlain. 2. In 1690 Frontenac drove back Phips the leader of the expedition from Boston. 3. in 1759. the English, under Wolfe gained possession of

I. The stars appear to be all on the inside of a huge celestial sphere. They are really at varying and very great distances from us. A special unit of length is used by the astronomers to measure these vast distances. It is called the "light year" and is the distance light travels in one year. If you know that light travels 186.000 miles in one second. can you figure lhoiv grant it distance a "light yea:"' s?

1. Light travels 186.000 miles a minute, second. hour. day.

2. Stars are really quite small, cold, large. near.

3. Copy two words in the above paragraph meaning the surface of the heavens.

4. The main thought of this para-' graph is: (a) A "light year"; (in Units oi length: (c) How light I-l”llV8lS: (d) How star distance is mensured.

II Pascal. a famous scientist, stated that a mercurial barometer ought to measure less at the top of the mountain than in a valley. lfe filled an inverted tube with mer- cury carried it to the top of a mountain. and proved his statement ,to be correct. The rarefied air ex- erted less pressure and so could not hold up as heavy a column of liquid.

1. Pascal was a famous Preach barometer. scientist, mercury. 2. As the altitude decreases. the air be- comes more rarefied. denser, liquid. solid. 3. Copy one word in the above paragraph meaning less dense. 4. The main thought of this is: (a) A mercurial barometer; (b) Pascal's experiment; Rarefied air; A famous scientist.

Struggle not for rewards and re- cognition but for personal and genuine worth. Work is done well only when done with a will. spirit and enterprise are mainsprings of success.

Underline the words that make the statements most nearly true.

1. When Canada came under British rule there were (a) 1000. (b) 10.000. (c) 100.000 French Can- adians in the country.

2. The first group of British to enter Canada after the conquest were largely made up of (a) soldi- ers. (b) fanners, (c) merchants, id) workmen.

3. These English settlers pro- bably numbered about (a) 100. (b) 600. (c) 1000. (cl) 1500 persons.

4. The American Revolution proved of benefit to Canada be- cause (I) it gave her another kind of.government. (b) it gave Cari- ads an English-speaking populat- ion, ((1) it extended her boundaries, (:1) it separated her from the American colonies.

(6) These settlers from the American colonies came to Canada because (a) they wanted cheaper farm-land, (b) they preferred the Canadian climate. (c) they did not sympathize with the Ameri-

TIIE PROPAGATION OI-' PLANTS

A corm resembles a bulb in sen- eral appearance. but is solid throughout. New corms usmlly arise on top of the planted me. Around the base of-the new corm. small corms develop. some of the latter grow large enough to bloom the next year. The smaller one: must be grown for a year or two before they attain blooming sine. Oorms have to be lifted and stored over the winter. Plants that pro- duce corms include gladiolus, cyclo- men. ai-um, mobtbretls and crocus.

Rhizomes, or Root-stocks.

Rhizomes are root-like in ap- pearance, but are really under- ground stems, bearing buds and scale-lilrs leaves. They vary in size from the large ones of iris. and some kinds of bogonia, to the smaller ones of the couch grass. brome grass, and other similar plants. They mot readily and their buds an very tenacious of lifo Propagation consists-in cutting up the root-stocks and planting the sections in conditions suitable for growth; each section bearing a bud will ,. Juce a new plant.

prostrate stein terminated by I node which bears leaves and which is capa e of taking root under favourabl conditions. when the new plant is thus rooted it may be separated from the parent plant

the runner. Runners are

a common house plant. users. in sesse when lower out-

THE SIEGES

Runnea.- A runner is a slender I

also branches of certain plants are

EPILOGUETO ASOLANDO

In the third stanza he recalls his owir vigorous and determined life which was always one of hope and belief. that all things work for

Now the Philosophy.

"Never dreamed. the right were wasted. wrong would triumph." Held. we fall to rise. are baffled to fight better!" .

The last stanza asks us to work hard to greet the unknown fu- ture with I cheer. bid him come on, that we may fight him. putting all the strength of our bodies ino the fight.

It also asks us to carry on our work and struggle right up to death. for in death we will be the some as in life. He asks his readers to cheer him on when he is dead for he -will be working just the szlifne when dead as he was when a ve.

OF QUEEC

the stronghold by the defeat of Montcalm in the battle of the Plains of Abraham. 4. In 1760 the French under de Levis. made an nsuccessful attempt to retake it from General Murray. 5. In 1775. Montgo y was repulsed by Governor Carleton.

READING TEST can revolt, ((1) they had no where 1

else to go.

6. In their own country these Loyallsts had been for some years, (a) completely mi- ii, (bl left severely alone. (c) bitterly persecut- ed, (d) permitted to live in peace.

'1. The Loyalists who came to Canada probably ” ed as many as (A) 1000 (b) 10.000, (c) 50,000, (d) 100,000 persons

ll. Most of them settled in what is now (a) Manitoba. (b) Ontario. (c) Quebec. (C1) the Maritime Pro- vinces.

9. The English governor od New York who saw to their transpor- tation from the city was (a) Carle- tan. (b) I-laldlniand. (ya) Tilley. (dl Simcoe.

10. The American Revolution was ended in 1783 by the Treaty of (a) Ghent. (b) Versailles, (cl Utrecht, (d) Paris.

ii. It was (a) long time. (b) be- fore. (c) during, id) long after. this year that "the full tide.of immigration to Canada set in."

12. Two Canadian Provinces that owed their origin to the coming of the Loyalists were (a) Ontario. (b) P. E. I., (c) N. 8.. (d) Manitoba.

13. The American Revolution laid the foundations of (B) one. (b) two. (c) three, (d) four Eng- lish speaking nations on the American continent.

The Code of Good Citizenship

1. Do I try to fouow the miss of health? 2. Do I obey the safety re- gulations? 3. Do I do my best on every task I attempt? 4. Do I start and finish my tasks without wait- ing to be told? 5. Am I always wil- ling to help others when help is needed? 6. Do I courteously ac- oept help when 1 need it myself? '1. Am I careful of my clothes. money and belongings? 8. Do I use but not abuse public property? 9. Am I a. good sport at all times? 10. Do I always respect the rights of others? 11. Do I try to be a good friend? 12. Do I respect the wishes and opinions of others? 13. Do I use my spare time in doing some- thing worth while? 14. Do I show respect to the memo y of great men and women who have helped to make the world what it is to- day? 15. Do I try to do somc"” every day to make the -world a bet- ter place in which to live.

A first failure is often a blessing. Be careful, in judgement; the mind as well as the eye adds something of its own. The man who perceives his worth is better morally than he who depreciaies himself. without prudence and conduct there is no real value in talent or learning. and no virtue in genius. Dust on a dis- mond is more noticeable than dust on a. brick. l-ls whom prosperity makes humble and thankful. ad- versity has no power over. Those who have real merit are the last to see it in themselves and the first to see it in others.

CORMS

crowded to the ground by the central growth, roots will swear on these branches at the nodes when inolatuu conditions are right. Abnndirootedinthlsmannss-is a natural layer and is of common calms in the goosoberry. dog- wood. high bush cranberry. grape and many other plants. As soon as a root is established the branch may be severed. the new plant continuing growth independently.

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Do:arul.InIhuen- Intention

UITAWA. May I -(OP) m'1'ea" and coffee appear to be battling acy in the kitchen cip-

montlu of the your Canada rout- ed coffee output totalled 14,215,- on pounds, the lowest arterly production in two years. his was 2.007.910 pounds below the cor- responding period last run. out- put of blended and pasted too

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EASY. S-P-R-E-A-D our PAYMEN13 ARE A LlFESAVER...wiTHOUT

me.'h1ue coa1' auocsr PLAN coN'1' mow l-IOW web MAKE ENDS

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res, mo -rue SOONER we SFART -me

Foal

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sooner: we'i.i. have 0 NEXT WiNTER'S sumv ALL mp

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& 00., Ltd. 240

1949.

A Trade Department official suggested that the increase in the price of coffee might be one ex- planation. Tea goes farther than coffee.

Judging from figures in the Bureauls quarterly report on pic- cess foods, the housewife is lean- ing more heavily on her trusty can-opener than a year ago.

During the quarter 19,864,960 pounds of baked beans were pro- duced against 6,699,018 in the first three months of 1949. Pickles and relishes totalled 1.240.215 gallons against 911.9177; canned meat, 9.- 942,122 pounds against 9.331.994.

forces linificaiion Bill Hiis Enag

OTTAWA. May 2'7 - (CF) - Armed forces unification founder- ed Friday in a navy rebellion against an army and air force pro- pcsal to allow reduction in rank as a penalty for military officers A spirited navy spokesman said the fleet, wants no part of this "entirely new departure."

The Commons defence commit- tee. discussing a bill to consolidate

New Zeelund Apples Reach Montreal

MONTREAL. May 2'!-(Q).- The freighter Port Alma today began discharging I. cargo of so... 000 casas of upples, brought 10.- 000 miles from Wellington, N. z.,