' ‘ insets of Circaesiiin history for the last twenty years.

SIIAIYL.

ed by some comrades; but nltho h his life was endangered, he continued to what had hep ned. because he would not consent to admit that b: had been vanquished even y anni

I-‘or-a Bhainyl occupied a comparatively subordinate position as one of tlio Murides, or bod - gasrrb of Hamid Bey. the Imam. It was ony after the assassination of that chief, in one of the Ii" OOIGIII. I ' weakened Circassia and favour- ed the advance of Russia, that the celebrated war- rior made himself known. He was elected to sue- eesd the fallen Iinani by general acclaniation. and bar ruthlessly avenged the crime that had been coinuiiued, began that career which has since eb- tsised for him a world wide renown. The means

a yet. we are in possession enly of frag-

But it appears certain that Sbainyl. though stained by many grievous faults, possesses noble qualities. a is emtncn y fitted to rule over a barbarous

P” ‘- . lIe is of middle height, with gray eyes and red hair. Hie complexion is white, and as delicate as that of the Circassian beauties who are sometimes _ for sale in the private Issuers of Constan- tinople. Perhaps the contrast of his feminine ap- pearance with his extraordinary courage and impas- sibility in the presence of danger, may have strongly contributed to excite admiration among his rude and awnrtby countrymen. All reports speak of but as ent_le even when ordering acts of the greatest cruelty. a is sober in food; and scrupulously obeys the in- junction of the Prophet. to drink no winc—sllowing his followers. however. full liberty to intoxicate themselves. ew hours of sleep suffice for him; s_nd whilst hie full-fed body-guard snore around, he rises. and somewhat oateiitntiously employs himself in_ reading and pra er. A poet of aghesiun has sanl, that ‘ he has lightning in his eyes and flowers on hie lips? for, like all popular leaders, he has the ift eloquence. and gains hie victories as much by oratory as geuerslship. All his gorgeous lszansge; and it is said that nothing can, equal the e t of the short orntiona he delivers to his troops before he leads them on to victory. 'l‘he first residence ef Shsmyl. after he was raised to supreme rank, was Achulge. where he built. in the

asking hiin e'ulier to

roclrimutious are in .

HASZARDS G.tzi«:"i*'r'r: JULY 5.

extremity of despair. 'l‘he Russian general. Worce- xoff. by far the nsost formidable enemy ever lent Circsssia. cut roads through the country; and

iselring periodical attacks on _s gnnd scale,‘

submit; and at length the Tchstchee found tlieni- selvas unable to maintain their independence. The

rasslved. tlserofore. to send ambassadors to Sbamy ,

cease assist , which

the knew he could not. or to allow them to submit

K i No eua. however, would venture volun-

tarily to carry sue

a niessage; and ‘four men were chosen by lot.

h

THO‘, set out for Dar and deter- mined by means 0 gold to buy the intercession of the mother of Slisniyl. that he should at least hear what they had to say, and accept or refuse. They eeeil succeeded in inducie r old woniaii to VVhnt passed at the interview was kepia secret; but horriblo results were feared, for the prophet immediately afterwards retired to the mosque to fast and to ray. He remained there until late next morning; and than appearing amidst II general assembly which he had ordered to he called it tlier. announced. wit ntany circumlocutioits. that the Tchetchcs had formed the infamous proyect of submitting to the Giaours; that they lied sent messengers to plead their excuse; that these messen- ers had euborned a woman to make him the dis- graceful communication; that he had asked counsel of the Prophet; n that the Prophet had ordered him, front Allah. to give a hundr lashes with it whip to the woman who had been saborned. "l‘liat woman,’ he added in a terrific voice. ‘ is my mother!‘ There was a thrill of expectant horror. and the mother ofSbamyl. with n shriek. fell upon the ground. The stern chieftain continued: ‘What wee _my amazement when I heard this order ! I wept bitter tears. Mahonimed then obtained from Allah that I might substitute myself for the sinner. ' I am ready!‘ So saying he descended from his position. and ordered two of his guards to perform the otlica of executioner upon him. They refused at first. but were compell- ed to obey. At the fifth blow, the blood started; but the people now rushed forward.‘ snatched the whips from the hands of the men. and insisted that so pairi- ful a scene should not continue. The Tchetcbs ani- bsssridors now expected that their time was come; but to their surprise, and that of every one, Shaniyl pardoned them, and said: ‘Go back to your cow- ardly countrymen. and tell them what you have seen !'

It would be impossible, within any reasonable cc. to give an outline of the various operations which Shaniyl has directed against the Russians. Indeed, accurate details are not at known; and it is to be feared that tradition alone will hand them down to posterit . at it is not only as a warrior an enthusiast that Shamyl is distinguished; is re-

centre of the fortress, a little house in the European elyle. with the assistance of Ru ' risouera and

. Here he lived in the liumblest possible]

niarkable also as a legislator. By his influence. the people of Daghestan, previsuely divided into rival sects and tribes, have been melted down into a mass

*7“! ‘I’ “ll”! °'°“ fl" ‘hill 5'9“! °“ “'3 'P°“"' almost homogeneous; and he has eetsblislied many

naoas o eriags of his people. The fortress is built of the rudeat rocks; and in I839 wos surrounded by defences ofarth, with passages. covered-ways, and meats, according to the best rules of science. The eo' wooden towers, useless against artillery, had been removed, so that when General Grabbe appeared before it, after having taken Arquani and forced the pnaaage of the Koi-sou. he at once understood the necessity of a regular siege. Hie first impulse, iii-

end. was in retreat; but remembering the orders of the emperor, ping. too, to terminate the var wit glory by the capture of Sbamyl, be determined on an attack. The difficulties to be overcome were immense; but the troops under his comrfiand were numerous. and accustomed to passive obedience. The mountaineers by degrees found their coinmuni- caions cut off. ey were completely surrounded, arid hunger and thirst he an to tell upon them with more fate$ effect even t an the dreaded cannon of their enemies.

It was on the 28d of August. 1839, that. the ad- vanced rainpsrts having been is en. the Russian general orde his men to storm the citadel. 'I‘lie Circaesians now disp y almost supernatural

Even the women took part in the struggle. sword and pistol in hand. ‘Never,’ esysa Russian eye-witness. ‘ have I beheld so horrible a spectacle. We Israel in We climbed over barricades of men. The death-rattle was our’ martial music. was clanibering at the head of my bsttallion. already decimated. up a steep ascent; the cannon had ceas to wind blew away the sombre curtain of smoke: we suddenly behold on a platform overhang- ing an abyss, a number of Circussian women. They knew that victory had declared against them, but

i resolved to perish rather than fall into the ban of the ltussiane. The rolled enormous blocks ofstone from the summit o the precipice. uge nines whirled st ms, and carried sny soldiers. tho ht of the Eunienides. In the heat of the ceolict, they had thrown away their tnnics; their hair streamed wildly over their bare shoulders. I saw a young woman sitting down quietly with her infant in her artiis ; suddenly. as we approached. she arose. dashed ‘her _infunt's head against a rock, and then leaped with it into the abyss below. The others followed one by one, and all were dashed to ‘pieces.’ _ _

The great obyect of this sanguinary attack vves to uh ghgmyl; but the prcph was found neither gmon‘ the dead nor among the wounded. A whis-

r went abroad that he was concealed In a cave. and every trick was searched without success. I‘o- ,,,,,,¢. midnight. some .IO.IIlInOll heard a noise. man descended a precipice by means of it ‘cord. When down. he examined the ground, gave a signal, ‘my immgguiely came is second. an n u iliird wrapped in a white cloak. such as shaiiiyl was accustomed to wear. Ihe Russians now disclosed ,g.m..|y.., and took pll three. prisoners. IiIIllh;l‘lBIll' joy threw them off _their guard, and the res 8 my ..[m» be in the white cloak was only a decoy-darted by, leaped into the Kui-sou. and swtpm hIIl.‘f0II' pri. touched by the shower of balls sent a tar im. “I'll wonderful escape o course added to the ‘prophet s ,-. uution; and it is not surprising that bier peltllp behave him to be the on tel fiivmirite o A uh. The lovers of the marvelous rctend that on one occasion Bharnyl allowed hiinsef to be taken pri- soner under snpther name, was conducted to St. Petersbnrg, obtained the rank of colonel in the army} and having learned the art of war and the secrets o

pod back to his own country. Pliis extraordinary irian. however. hs_s no need of fiction ‘. ‘uh M. ‘um “ . P.mof-cAhIhr-lg Sl I ||.y' been driven out o c u o, iamy rc- snoved.h‘ie rmideiice to a place called Drsrgy We- ¢.,,,,¢, in the. midst of_ dense crests and fgigmtgl pueipiees. It is frcm_this place tbsthe_hss eiaee, with various success, directed the operations or the war, inning fcrtli at critical periods and ex-

:*."..fi.:'.7,":.r'.':.!’.’.."‘;.*";.':..f°: :.“..:':::.i.°.:.'.° 5?.‘ - of |.'. “me by ice frequent appearances. flfim 3.. 5.. been reduced elaicst totlielest

>

away several of

useful institutions. His country is partitioned into twenty provinces. each under its naib or governor. ‘our of them are invested with absolute authority ;

ltlie others are obliged to give periodical reports of‘

their actions. Each nsib is obliged to raise 300 horsemen, one from every ten fainalies under his ' The soldier's family is exempt from all 2 the others pay his ex uses. lvery man. however, from fifteen to fifiy. is, properly speaking. a soldier. ready to act on any great eoioisrgsucy.

under rules of monastic severity. By their niesns he restrains the insubordination of such amongst his

cople as occasionally grow impatient of his iron yoke. ormerly, all contributions were volun- tary; at present a regular systeui of taxation has been introduced. If, therefore, at any future period Circassiri is relieved from external pressure. it inn be found that the foundations of a durable state have been laid. For the int time has any organisation been successfully introduced. Yet it is possibln that w an the immediate motive for union has been re- moved. discord me again reign. Some incompetent person may aucceo to Shauiyl before the people have liecoine corn lately accuatoiued to order; so that we cannot foretc l with any degree of certainty what may be the future fortunes of Dsghestan.

GLEANINGS PRO! LATE PAPERS.

RECIPROCAL TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

Quiiiicc, Jutic l'l.—The following em- brace the leading features of the reciprocal treaty between the United States and Canada, now under legislation of the Ca.- nadian Parliament.

Article l—'l‘hrows open the Fisheries of British America, except Newfoundland, to American citizens, and. also, excepting at the mouths of the rivers, Salmon, Shad and Shell Fish.

Art ‘.2—Pr-nvides for settling Fishery dis- putes by arbitration in case of disagreement, is third arbitrator. to be chosen b lot, gives the British right in American I‘ isher- ice to 36 Parallel, North Latitude.

Art. 3—Provides for free exchange an Hour, breadstuffs, and all kinds offresh, smoked and salted meats, cotton, wool, seeds, vegetables, undried fruits, dried fruits, fish, all kinds of fish, and of all other creatures in waters; poultr and eggs; hides, furs, skins and tails, nails, undressed stone or marble in its crude or unwrought state, slate. butter, cheese, tallow lard, hams, manures, ores of all kinds, metals, coals, pitch, tar, turpentine, ashes, titnber, lumber of all kinds, round, hewe , sawed manufactured in whole or in part, firewood, plants, shrubs or trees, eels, fish, oil rice, brooms, corn, barley, gypsum, ground or unground, hewn or rough, wrought or un- wrought, bur or griiidstones, breadslulfs,

flax, tar, unmaaufactured tobacco, and rage. Art. 4—Throws open the St. Lawrence

and Canadian canals to American vessels. 'l‘he American Government undertaking to urge the State Government to admit British vessels in their canals; both nations en- joying navigation terms. =

accelerate the operations of war, es

Shnmyl himself has n body-guard of I000 men, kept 1,,

Art. 5-Provides ratification of within six months, sooner po

Great Britain may withdraw from Ameri- cnna the right of navigating our waters, in

which case Americans can anniil article 3d. Art. 6-Provides for including New- foundland with her consent.

the army from one portion to the otlirr. isiiow ncsrly completed at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwicli, and will Ilt0l’lI_\' be ileapntciied to the seat of war. Each portion is fi iii a light fiiiir-wlieeled Waggon. which holds sufficient wire for a length, of twelve miles.

A contemporary remhrks that the art of war is in great part the art of watching opport_u_nt- ties, as wel as of using those opportunities when the occur. Admirals as einiiient as

rd Coiingvrood have literally c_t-utaed for years before the ports of on enemy, in expecta- tion of the critical moment of fortune rind victory ; and overy page of the Duke of Welling ton's despatclies show how impossible it is to

' cially where they reach over it large extent of tour tory.

A new history is related illustrative of the well known Russian peculutioa. Sveoborg fortress was formerly covered with a valuable roof of cup er. Some time it this was removed b tlie local dignities. and transferred into roulies for their private use. It was replaced by into paper.

Ai.vsiir.z.-—'l‘lie rebel ion headed by Alvarez is a vital movement of dignity and iutporttince than is usually attached to it Mexican pronun- cinmento t is a movement in favour of the restoration of the Federative Republic, and the overthrow of the system 0 centralisation, established by Santa Anna. Alvarez, who

code the movement, has been for many years the Governor of‘ the State. of Guerrero, in which Acapulco is situated. lie is the owner ofliirge tracts of the richest cultivated lands ; it iiiuii of out nstivo qualities but uncultivated ; a pure ndisn by blood, and enthusiastically beloved b the people of his state, who are mostly of t at rc.ce.—[Alto California.

THE BLOODSI-IED FOR WHICH NICHOLAS IS IVESPONSIBLE.

The consumption of liuumn life during the regin of the Emperor Nicholas has been enor- mous lle has carrie on it war with the Circassians uninterruptedly for twenty eight

cars, at an annual cost of 20,0 ivcs on the lussions side alone nmlringn grand total of nearly 600,000 Russians who have perished in attempting to subdue the independence of Ciroussians. In the two caiiipot us against Persia, as in the lluiigarian cuiiipoign and the two Polish campaigns of 1831 32, there are not sufficient data to enable us to form a correct estiinate of the Russian loss. which was, how- ever, in the Persian and Polish wars, enormous. the two campaigns it inst Turkey of 1828-‘.l,300,000 nien, fellol wliom, however, 50,000 perished by the plague. The loss of the Russians, in various ways, since the entry of the Dauubian Principaitics, is uitdersboodo 30,000. In these calculations it should be borne in mind that no estimate is attempted to be made of the sacrifice of liuiiitin life on the one side of those who fought for their liliortics against the aggression of Russia. If this calculation were attempted. it is pi-oliolile that the result would prove that neither Julius Yaasar nor Alexander. nor even Tnmerlaiie, has

the present Emperor Nicholas.-—NaIion.

Sir Pergrine Maitland died at London on May 30th. He was formerly Lieutenant

‘Governor of Upper Canada, also of Nova

Scotia.

Under the Moors the population of Spain was thirty millions; it is now only fifteen millions.

The late Emperor Alexundc used to call Croiistadt "the lock of his street door, ” Admiral Napier is about to attempt picking it

The new screw steamship City of Phila- delphia, 2100 tons, intended for the Liver- pool and Philadelphia line was launched on the 23d ult., iii the Clyde, Scotland.

During the past winter the Indian hunters in the vicinity of ako Superior have found the red deer quite numerous, where scarcely one was killed in winters previous. The Caribou, or reindeer have been found more often within two or three years past than formerly.

Tiii: Fti.iiius'ri:its.—.N'eto York, June I9-— The Wrisliington correspondent of the Cou- rier and Enquirer writcs—‘ Yesterday rt conservative meinlicr ofCongrcss from Ge- orgia, related us It fact of which he was per- sonally cognizunt, that 2000 men were arm- ed and organised in his districts, awaiting the signal from Washington for It descent on the Island of Cuba. They expect to receive the authority ofthe Government for their enterprise, and to be aided by its co- operation, but they are none the less resol- ved to act, ifthey do not obtain its sanction- Gen. Quitman has sent a telegraphic dea- patcb to one of his friends in Congress declarin that he has not authorised the dist-laimeiloffilihustcringinterventions which some person has publis ed in his behalf in the iiiou. The deepntch further unnoiin- cea that he is proceeding in organizing his force, and shall take Cuba whether the Go- vernment o use or assist his designs."

yesterday made to the President by a South- ern member of the House.

An electrical telegraphic apparatus, to be em- n.|..i..i,.i,..i;,,., or j...ic.,,

l'l°l'°d °“ "'3 fillld "I miller I-‘“' ll” l'“"l?"5° ‘ll riot quitosoeasy tesmend thcin.orto renseve unburne- nrwardiiig coiniiiuiiicritioiis of the operations of,

been a greater scourge to the liumanrace than |

"'9"! HASZA-KID'S GAZETTE. ssilile. _, _

Wednesday, July 5. me

THE JURY AC1‘.

Titans: is no part of our Legislation that requires

such careful loiridling. as that which relates to the It is easy to see defects,

lions that have been sanctioned by time. or have

«come so incorporated with the framework of our ijurisprutlonce. as to reiiili-r it dangerous to meddle ‘ with them, lest in stoppidg one gap we should make two or three others.

'I'liere seems to be a fatality attending a elisnge in the law respecting the attendance of jurors in :courta of justice. In Nova Scolia the business of ‘ two or three courts hits been suspended on account of

the returns made by the Sheriffs in conformity with

this new Acts. So it happened here in the past term as we noticed in our luv. and the error arose as almost all these errors do arise from over hasty

Ir.-gislntion. 1-'rslr'iia (mic is not the motto of those

who rejoicu iii the self-appropriated cognomen of re-

formers. On the contrary if any thing hnppenslo Estrike them as calculated to attract popular applause and to afford nri appropriate theme for hustings oratory, is seized upon, and as the slang goes. made political capital of at once. 'I'lie consequence is crude ntid imperfect legislation upon subjects that most of all require care, deliberation, and attention- ‘The inodo of providing juries iind ensuring theat- tendance of jurors, has long been a subject ofcoiii- pltiirit. the selection having been left entirely in the '|IlllI'ldI of the Sheriff for the time being. and tliougb ‘we are not aware that any improper use has ever been made of the privilege, still, it was a dangerous power to leave in the hands of an individual; the very suspicion that partirility might ensue was suf- ficient to warrant the legislature in taking it out of illli li:inds. The new llill, therefore, very properly provided that 300 nnnics of persons fit to serve as petit jurors should be furnished by the Sheriff Tickets containing theso iisiiies were to be put into I] box out of which the presiding judge. assisted by the Prolhonotery. should. on the last day of term—drsw 48, which tickets when so drnwnebould be sealed up and the names entered on n ptincl to be attached to a vcnire and given to the Shoriff, in order that ho might auiiimoiillit-_ ' ' intlie " “ ‘ ' Court the first day ofthe ensuing issuable terin. So far all was well enougli.liut it sci-.iiia iieverto have entered into the head of the fiillicr of the bill, that ofllie 48 thus selected on the last day of the term. some might be dead, some absent. and sortie too ill to attend at the time when it wiis necessary to summon them. Accordingly when the last panel was summoned, only 38 out of the -18 could be found upon whom to seivs the necessary sumiriotis, the consequence was that ten of the requisite number were wanting, so that 48 names could not be put into the box out of which to draw the twelve to serve on the jury who were to try the criiiiiual or the civil issue. Proviously to the act the Sheriff if he found that any were wziuiing, could luive supplied the deficiency and nttnclicd tliciit to his return, now he can only sunt- iiiuii those whose names he lins given to liiiii,nnd ifone be absent from whatever cause the whole array may he clr:i|lenged' The providing against this contin- gciicy is it very iniportiiiit oniisaion, and has already been productive of very serious consequences and might have been worse.

Setting aside the iiiconveniencies felt by those who tad suiiiiiioncd witnesses at a considerable ux,n.u-u to attend at the trial oftlieir causes for which they my never be reimbursed. perhaps the case of the unfor- tuniite criminal, who, guilty or not guilty. may have been already confined for two or three iiioutlis. is one of peculiar litirdsliip. ntid iiivolveii consequences that alike liarrassing to him or dangerous to the commu- nity. lie is deprived of a trial, at which, if he be acquitted lie is it free man, and if guilty en- cnters at once upon the oxpiation of his crime. citlier case the court riiust either discharge him or his own recognizance compel him to find bail or keep iini still in prison. Always disagreeable, and aortic- limes dangerous alternatives. for.if a criminal is dis. charged on his own recognizance it is not at all iiii- probable that lindiiig himself at some inconvenience in getting a living in consequence of the suspicion attached to his character. he gets reckless and coin- mits a greater and more serious offence in the'hopes of securing immunity by flight with the proceeds of his ill gotten gains. On the other hand, we know iliut although the acusation seems to be well support- ed by ex purfe proofs derived from examination of witnesses for Ilia prosecution, on the trial these break down from their own weakness and insufficiency, or are rendered nugatory by counter evidence on the part of the prisoner. How hard is it then In confines pairly like this bccxiuso not alile to find hall, or be- cause the crime of which lie is accused is of such ap- parent niiigiiitutle nnrl atrnr.ity,as to render it unsafe or improper to aullisr him to go nt large without linving gone through the ordeal of a trial. The remedy is not, however. difiicult. After the panel has been drawn as contemplated, let the Sheriff make his return it suflicient Iinie before the meeting ofthe court. when if there were niiy deficiency, a corresponding number could be drawn before a judge at chambers and a new venire awarded, and the deficiency uiade 'I‘licre on: various other improvements that inav be made to facilitate the business both civil and crimi- nal. oftlic Supreme Court.