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PAGE 4 WEDNESDAY, NOV. 5,. 1958.

DemocratIc VICIOI'Y'

As generally anticipated, yester- day’s 86th Congressional election in the United States resulted in another Democratic victory. While the voting had no direct bearing on the Presi- dency, which is decided every four years—the last time in 1956—its in- direct bearing is- important enough. The President will have to do busi- ness, as in the past, With Democratic leaders backed by‘ large majorities in both the two Houses. So far he has managed to work reasonably with Democratic Congresses for four

of his six years in the White House, '

but this success was due partly to his disposition to stand above the strife of political factions. This time it will be different._In their efforts to revive the fortunes of their party ‘ the Republicans prevailed upon Mr. Eisenhower not merely to campaign but to fight as an out-and—out par- tisan, flaying the northern Democrats as radicals, centralizers,' socializ‘ers and debasers of the currency. His speeches, while they roused the en- thusiasm of conservative Republicans, angered those Democrats who had supported many of the President’s , most cherished programs in Congress. f' At stake yesterday were 33 Senate seats and more than 430 seats in the House of Representatives. One Senate seat, in Maine, had already fallen to the Democrats. From the outset of the campaign the Republicans were at'a marked disadvantage. They had 20 seats in hazard, most of them in states of uncertain political alleg- iance. The Democrats, in contrast, defended only 13, a good many of them in the South or in normally Democratic areas. ,

Canadians will 'hope that politics

will not be too rampant in the new .

Congress, and that‘ a spirit of co- Operation will prevail where other

than domestic issues are concerned. .

The hope of 'a‘Ver‘ting a deadlock ‘wiil' rest largely on the character of the Democratic leaders, 'many of' whom are conspicious for their .moderatiOn

and sound judgement. But from now ‘

until 1960, they will be campaigning to recapture the White House, with a confidence they could not feel two years ago. ' '

Educational Conference

Community concern over educ- ition is always a healthy sign. Whatever our shortcomings educ-' ationally, it cannot be said that this concern is lacking at the present time. All across Canada challenging questions are being asked, meetings are being held and ways and means discussed of solving , the problems which this fast-moving age pre- sents in fitting thegyounger genera- tion for the responsibilities of citizen- ship. Education at any level is not

something that; can be mass pro- duced—a fact which reformers sometimes forget. On the other

hand, there is no reason why mod- ern techniques should not be fully explored and utilized, along with other means of promoting educat- ional ends.

In Charlottetown on Saturday next, representative citizens from all over the Province will take a look at our educational system and examine the situation from many angles, particularly on the element- ary and ., secondary grade levels. The organizations sponsoring the conference are the Provincial Home and School Association, the P.E.I. Teachers Federation, Women’s In- stitute, Federation of Agriculture, Provincial Boards of Trade, Council of Labour, I.O.D.E., Canadian Leg- ion and representatives of school trustees. This is an impressive list, assuring a cross-section of public opinion which cannot fail to carry Weight. Chiefly the conference will concern itself with school adminis- tration, school finance, and teacher supply—matters considered by many laymen and professional educ- ators as the regions in which our major rural problems lie.

As pointed out in material pre- pared by the advisory committee of the conference, this Province has 468 school districts, operating 354 one-department schools and 99 graded schools, varying from sixty- two schools in two departments, to

one employing 46 teachers. Twenty- one districts do not operate schools; three have no pupils and the re- mainder arrange for their pupils to attend school somewhere or receive instruction by correspondence. For the most part each school district is administered by a board of three trustees and a secretary, and there are approximately 1900 school of- ficials.

The schools are financed by local district assessment and pro- vincial government grants. Of the

total expenditure on education for.

the Province of $2,652,000 in 1957, local districts raised almost 42 per cent, the Government Contributing the balance. The, amount expended per pupil on education isflamong the lowest, if not the lowest, of any pro- vince in Canada. Similar inequalities exist among the districts of ' the Province. Other Provinces, it is pointed out, endeavor to level off educational "costs . by .means of equalization grants so that all units of administration may have a mea- sdre of equality with one another in respect to finances. No doubt the equalization of costs all be fully dis- cussed at Saturday’s meeting, as well as the lag in salaries and pro- fessional qualifications of teachers which is a source of perennial con- cern in this Province. Detailed statistics have been prepared by the advisory committee relative to the latter question. ,II

The conference .is being held at the Birchwood High School and no doubt will be followed with close in- terest by our educational author- ities’ as well as the public generally.

Playing To The Gallery

Three cheers for Dr. Charles Malik, this year’s President of the United ’Nations General Assembly, for speaking his mind on the childish tactics of the big powers on the subject of disarmament.

Speaking at a service club lun- cheon in New «York, Dr. Malik de- clared that “the matter‘ of disarmi ament at the United Nations has steadily become a theatre of pro- paganda in the cold war, so that one does not really know whether what the nations say on the question is selrious and sincere", V .

That’s putting it mildly and overépolitely; There has been scarce- ly a word said by either side to in- dicate that it really ,wants to end nuclear_tests or come to any prac- tical agreement on arms limitation. The whole debate so far has been in. the nature of “playing to the gallery”. - . ‘

EDITORIAL NOTES

A prominent Ontario newspaper man, Herbert Benson Christie, died in Brantford a few days‘ ago at the age of 88. IMr. Christie took up editorial writing after serving 23 years as- a Methodist minister. At his death he was Editor-Emeritus of the 'Brantford Expositor.

1% C 0

.The chief examiner in the On- tario Motor Vehicle Department re- ports that handicapped drivers, such

. as amputees and deaf mutes, are

drivers than the unhandicapped. The reason, ‘of course, is that realizing their physical defects they take special care in driving. it

generally better

I l

A report from Kentville, N.S. says that “Conservative candidates Won a majority in the County Coun- cil elections”. Civic elections in the Maritimes have been traditionally free of party labels. It is a little dis- concerting to hear that in at least one instance this tradition has been broken. It was much better the

other way. i i. . i The new shipping service be- tween this Province andq'points in»

Western Newfoundland: and the.

North Shore of the St. Lawrence fills a real need. It is to be hoped that it will be able to continue and that the agricultural products it carries from the Island will be of the highest quality, properly graded and in full weight. aI: ck aI:

Three prominent Roman Catho- lics represented President Eisen- hower at the Coronation of Pope John XXIII. They were James Mit- chell, Secretary of Labor, Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy and Mrs. Clare Boothe Luce, former U.S. Ambassador to Italy. The United States has no ambassador at the Vatican; but that did not keep it from being re- presented officially on such an im- portant occasion

5 our federal civil serVice are those

, tries as well as the‘headquarters

, of the Department is about 2,000,

clerical and technical help who (smooth the way for the front

lthe candidate must have the

. old may seek admission, provided

CHANGING THE GUARD A

"OTTAWA REPORT

Those Diplomatic Jobs

By Patrick Nicholson

The most sought-after jobs in

as diplomats, who represent our, country abroad in the various grades from Ambassador to Third Secretary. These are also the hardest jobs to attain on the government payroll.

The $70,000,000 budget of the D‘pa-rtment of External Affairs provides for the operation of more than 70 missions in foreign coun-

here in Ottawa: The total staff

but the elite are the less than 350 Foreign Service Officers who are the working diplomatic staff. The others are administrative,

men. '

The Foreign Service Officers normally join .“Externai” when they are about 25 years old. During their 40-year career, the" have the opportunity to work. their way up steadily from Grade One to Ambassador—if success ultimately crowns their ability and they keep their social skirts clean. ' COMPETITIVE TESTS

To, get Into External as an embryonic swiped-pants worker,

basic qualifications of youth, cu: izenship and ‘educ-ation. A man or woman not, more than 30 years

he or she has British Common- wealth citizenship, has been res’. dent in Canada for ten years. and holds a university degree.

If the candidate meets these

requirements, there is then a stiff exam in two parts, written and oral. Finally, each candidate who passes the exam must hope that there will be enough vacancies to reach down the list as far as his name. Normally a vacancy only occurs through retirement, at the usual normal age of 65. But there are also voluntary Ire signations, transfers and the crea- tion of new posts which enable the ambitious to enter our for- eign service.

The exam is in two parts. First there is a written test lasting two and a half hours, designed

to reveal the degree of know- V‘

ledge and interest which the candidate possesses in the field of Canadian and international af- fairs. Then there .5 an oral exam. only for those who shine in the written. This is largely an inth- view designed to explore whether the personality and presence or the candidate measure up to the required standard for officials who will represent Canada in oth- er countries. I

To show the kind of probing carried out by the examiners, the Department has just published the latest examination paper. The following were some of the tWelve questions, to two of which only the candidate was required to write essay anSWeI-s.

“What would be some of the re- sults of the application to the con- temporary of the principles of Adam Smith?”

“What features of Canadian life should , a government-sponsored

‘entered this year’s exam, and of

information and cultunal program try to project abroad?” ‘

“Is Canada a "Welfare State"; should it be?”

“Suggest means by which inter- national law could effectively make for a more orderly worl FEW ARE CHOSEN , That prominent Montreal jour- nalist James Oastler, who has long been one of Ottawa’s best- informed writers, has just dnawn my attention to the unusually small percentage of successes achieved in this exam. No less. than 273 young men and women

those only 47 passed the test. Less than bah" of the successful ones were admitted to vacancies in External, and the 25 unlucky ones can only wait patiently and hope that further vacancies will arise to admit them.

Any candidate for our civil ser- vice of course has to meet the requirements by examination. But the general C.S. exam is not com- parable to the tough External test; it mightbe said that the Commissioners of the Civil Ser- vice don’t test a candidate’s head, they only count it.

The rewards in Enter-pal how- eVer are high enough to attract the best of Canada’s youth, and the job needs that. Starting at $4,200 a year as a Grade One for- eign Service Officer, the yoiling diplomat can aim to rise to a Grade Ten at $16,000 a year, to be Under Secretary of State in. Ottawa at $18,500, or to be top- ranking Ambassador say to France, at 14,000 plus a tax-free “living and representation allow- ance” of $28,000 in that country but at lower rates elsewhere. Re- tirement normally comes at 65, with the usual generous civil ser- vice pension.

Military Coups In’ Asia

By Joseph

MacSwecn v

Canadian Press Staff Writer

Western-style democracy is tak- ing a beating in free Asian enun- tries—the soldiers are taking charge.

Military takeovers have oc- curred in Thailand, Pakistan and Burma, and the prime minister of Ceylon has issued a sweeping warning. ‘

“I have always had doubts whether the system—the party- cabinet system of democratic gover ent—is quite suitable to some f our counries,” said Cey- lon Premier. S. W. R. D. Ban- daranaike.

It cannot be ignored that Red China, a country of 600,000,000, people, exerts a tremendous in-' fluence on its neighbors. It’s equally apparent that Asian peoples are not taking naturally to imported democracy from the

est. .

MILITARY PATTERN

Gen. Mohamtned Ayub Khan, has taken over full control of Pakistan, 3 member of the Com- monwealth, while President Is- kander ,Mirza has retired from the scene. The two men calla-bor-

PUBLIC FORUM

This column Is open to the discus-

sion by correspondents of question 0.

interest. The Guardian does not nescs

Iarily endorse the opinion of corrcs pondents.

THE SOCIAL REGISTER

Sin—Recently, many of our people were solicited to have their names appear in a Social Register, published in one of our large cities in Central Canada. The catch was the sum of twenty-five dollars to be paid for the volume, which no doubt m a n y considered somewhat steep, and rightly so.

In the hearts of countless American visitors to our hos- pitable shores. stopping year after year in private tourist tomes and in our city hotels, motels. and National Park re- sorts. the names of our kind hearted and most gracious people require no further publicity. That constitutes a Social Regis- ter of which we can all be proud.

I am. Sir. €l'.. I

KENNETH BRUCE STEWART i Charla tIeLoVI n. l

ated on the coup that overthrew the government, but it soon be- came clear where the real power came from. AyuIb is commander- in~chief of the armed forces.

In Burma, Prime Minister U Nu has resigned and handed over the administration to the army chief, Ne Win, who will take care of things until an election that is promised for next April.

U Nu announced defeat last month, saying he could not en- sure_that the proposed elections would be free. There was little element of force in these develop- ments—the leaders merely de- cided with oriental philosophy that, as the saying goes, “they had had it.”

SHORTCUTS BACKFIRE

Thailand has passed under open military rule although, actually, it has been under such control ever since the Second World War. Marshal Sarit Thanar-at has pro- claimed military law but is still considered friendly to the West.

The developments — especially

strongly nationalistic

the events in Pakistan—agave rise to questions about what might happen in India. Prime Minister Nehru took note of this with a statement calling attention to the Indian people’s abhorrenoe of die- ators‘hip and the long tradition of democratic self - government through village councils. V

, Off-stage observers were able to form opinions about the Asian trends. The arm, it is thought, is vulnerable because many newly- independent countries are tech- nologically backward. eager to find short cuts to political, ind‘us. trial and educational progress, sud fre- quently suspicious of the West which in the past imposed ,an alien culture.

CEYLON ,HOPEFUL

Bandaranaike of .Ceylon says the Western - imposed system, which works “so well” in some countries, is basedmn having two major parties in a nation. Splinter parties are giving rise to dangers in Ceylon.

“But I am hoping that if things quiet down in the next two or, three years, then there is' at chance of a party getting an} over-all majority in the next elec- tions," he said.

The Value Of Eel Gross

National Geographic Society

The comeback of a succulent marine plant means new quarry for sportsmen and fishermen 0’ North American coasts._ Beds of eelgrass once supported vast numbers of waterfowl and sea animals. In 1931 a catastrophic fungus made a wasteland of the. rich, underwater pastures. The ecology of some coastal sections was so upset they have never fully recovered.

But there are signs that eel grass is overcoming the blight The U.S. interior department‘s

Fish and Wildlife Service has1

found eelgrass abundant

in:

places, still scarce or absent in 1

others. Growths of it in Chesapeake Bay are up to form. er levels.

Eelgrass is a favorite habitat of bay scallops. In the 1930's the mollusks virtually disappear- cd from their home in Long Island‘s Peconic Bay. Rcccntiy high winds drove drifts of then) onto the beaches.

Cape Cod’s Pleasant Bay is and new life~has returned. A: fronds of celgras: began to thrle up from the graveled bottom

the '

clams came back to cavort. Crabs

and pipefish reappeared. Wild~ fowl again found the quiet wa- ters a pleasant spot in which to : wade, swim, and hunt for food. OTHER REPORTS

Large increases in eelgrass also have been reported dur- ing recent years in New Jer- sy’s Barnegat Bay. There the New Jersey conservation depart- ment has experimented with transplanting stands of it.

“Zostelra Marina" is various- ly known as eelgrass, tape grass, barnacle grass, wild celery, and

To I'slp Child Who Stutters

By Herman N. Bundesen, M. D.

IF YOUR CHILD stuILers. chances are you Iiay be at least partially .to blame.

Stuttering probably is our most puzzling speech disorder. Even after long years of inves- tigation, doctors still aren’t in complete agreement about what causes it or how best to treat it. START EARLY

Just about all cases 0 stutter— ing begin before the age of six,: although some children aren't af- fected until the seventh or eighth year. First symptoms in virtual- ly every case is an involuntary prolongation or repitition of sounds or syllables. 0r there may be periods of silence when it ap- pears that the speech mechan- ism “freezes” in its attempt to produce sounds.

Now the child himself, in al- most vall such cases. is unaware of his difficulty. Moreover, be- cause he is unaware of it, he is unconcerned about it. The repe- titions are easy and effortless. SIGN OF DISORDER

Doctors will tell you that a speech disorder exists when the listener pays more attention to how an individual speaks than to what he has to say. And this is precisely what most parents do the moment a child begins to show signs of Stuttering. Right away they begin to try to “cor- rect” the difficulty.

They persistently interrupt a child to advise him to “Talk slow- ly”, or to “start all over again.” other favorite bits of ,“advice” are “Take a deep breath before

speaking," and “Think before saying anything." PARENTS’ WARNING

Some parents are even so un- thinking that they bluntly warn their youngster to “stop stutter- mg.” I

Thus the unconcerned young- ster consciously becomes a “stutterer.” His speech is unsat- isfactory to his parents and this hurts bitterly.

His obvious reaction is to no- tice the previously unnoticed hesi- tations. In an effort to stop them, to cover up this h-esitancy, he exerts more muscular effort, he. tries to get on with the word more quickly.

BECOMES WORSE

He becomes tense, insecure, he's anxious about his speech. But the more he tries to‘ control his speech, the Worse his stutter- ing becomes. Soon it is a real struggle. He begins to fear words and even speech itself.

Not only does he try to avoid Speaking, but eventually he tries to avoid situations Which will re quire him to, talk. - QUESTION AND ANSWER

A Reader: Is coconut milk good for the eyes? .

Answer: Coconut milk is rich. in Vitamin A, and Vitamin A is necessary for protection of the eyes and skin and to help guard against infection.

If. yoefié’o’wml

WIND-BELLS

Though ' it be music that they make, -