SEPTEMlBLI-QR 2o. 1936

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7.1m

THE CHARLUTTETOWN GUARDIAN

_ _!Z‘-_°l5_'£1-_E!E1X -

FARMERS’ STOCK BREEDERS AND GARDEN ERS

Biackflies Are ;., Annoying Pest

1g i; common knowledge that bmkmes are among the most ‘nngying and injurious insect pests {hat afflict wild and domestic n-mnnls and man, but it is only recently the investigations carried out by certain officers of the Entomological Branch, of the Dom- lniou Department of Agriculture, have thrown light on the identity 5nd number of the species in Can- ldﬂ, and their distribution, breed- [pg places, and habits.

Like mosquitoes, only the female blatkilics are bloodsuckers: but un- like mosquitoes, their attacks are confined to the daylight hours. They are usually most numerous in the early part of the season, in late May and June, but may persist in smaller numbers throughout the gummer. and often are abundant ggaill, in some localities, in late summer and autumn. Although their worst attacks are usually experienced in wcoded or forested rouninv. they are sometimes a gar-ere pest in more open regions 1n which satisfactory breeding places occur.

A recent study of the species in Eastern Canada, by an officer of the Entomological Branch, at 0t- tawa. showed the presence of twenty-three species of these troublesome insects in this region. twelve of which are new to science. rm- majority or‘ them were reared in Ontario and Quebec, in the Ottawa, district, from fast-flowing rivers, streams and rills in which the insects pass their larval life, or were collected on the wing, or in- the act of sticking blood. It ls pro- bable that most of them are wide- ly distributed in the eastern pro- vinces. A total of thirty-eight species of blackflies are now known to occur in various parts of Can- ada. and it is probable that fur- ther study will bring to light the existence of additional species. Five of these species are widespread throughout the Dominion; fifteen of the others have been found only in the West and eighteen only in

the East , The importance of blackflies as

bloodsuckers has long been recog- nized. not only in Canada, but also in other parts of the world. Among th," most famous and spectacular outbreaks of blaokflies, or buffalo or turkey gnats, as they are some- times called. are those that have occurred in the lower Mississippi valley of the United States. and in parts of southeastern Europe. In both regions, at various times. blackﬂies have caused the deaths of many thousands of wild and domcstlc animals. Recently black- flies have been shown to carry certain disease-producing organ- isms. For instance, in parts of Africa. and in Mexico and Cen- tral American, blackflies were found to be the transmitters of a Dtiraslilc worm (filaria) that causes disease in man. In Canada. and other parts of North Americafa V011‘ common species ‘is the carrier oi a serious and prevalent pro- tozcan blood disease of wild and dcmrstic ducks, which is frequent- h‘ fatal to young birds.

It is possible that further studies mil show them to be of greater importance as disease carries than is at present known. but whether this proves to be so, or not, their blood-sucking procivities alone Dlace them in the category of in- "Ct Pests of major importance in Canada

Keel) Eggs Cool

1h Warm weather eggs deteriorate iffy quickly and this necessitates iaihrrins thcm rcgulalry and hold- mil ihcm in a cool place. A stale ts: 0r one that is spoiled decreased mn-Wmbtion and is refiecled in ifﬂicr market prices. If a person m‘ “n9 bad 98K it spoils the ap- mlie 3°!‘ Nils for several days or maybe for months. The ﬁrst re- "’°""1b1lity is upon the farmer or muv-tryman W Dmperly care for the Pills at the farm and deliver them to the trade while still fresh and iW-i. The retailer also has a re. ‘Dvhsibility, Eggs in baskets in a fiﬂmi store do not keep fresh (o; ﬁhsbgProducers should insist thug,

Nature Notes For September

(By E. W. Hart. Division of Botany, Central Experimental Hm)

September, the beginning of autumn, when, perhaps, the most beautiful‘ and conipicious wild flowers are in their full glory, brings to mind the words of the poetic naturalist Wordsworth, who said in his “Thoughts on the Seasons“:

"What pensive shows, Before she hears the sound Of winter rushing in, to close

The emblematic round!"

beauty autumn

Golden flowers are the emblem of September. Goldenrods transform whole acres into “Fields of Cloth- of-Gold" assisted by sunﬂowers, black-eyed susans, ‘toadflax. rag- WOPt. JOW-thistlee, and hnwkweeds. The purple Michaelmas daisies add the final touch of imperial splen- dour to the September landscape. This riot of gold seems as though it had come to stay forever when Keats reminds us that:

“- - - - - -to' set budding more

And still more, later ﬂowers for the bees,

Until they think warm days will never cease."

yBut even the imperial purple of the rnichaelmas-daisia has a. rival in the incomparable hue cl depth and brilliancy of the cardinal ﬂower, I. red richer than that o! tho bi.rd which slmres its name can boast. Because the vivid beauty ofthocer- dinal flower or red lobelia cannot be hid, and few withstand the temptation to pick it, extermination may be the result. However, it is fortunately easy to cultivate from seed. -

The other wild ' ﬂowers whic cla’m attention this month are the turtle-head and the Joe-Pye weed.

Most persons are familiar with the inch-long pink and white turtle heads, and have watched with much interest and amusement the way in which they appear to eat bees.

Even so strong and vigorous an insect as the bumblebee must stniggle to gain admission to this flower before maturity. He will try and try again until the pollen is ready to dust him over, whenhe is admitted. At the moment when he is forcing his way in, causing the lower-lip to spring up and down. the eyeless turtle seems to chew and chew until the most sedate be- holder must smile at the paradoxi- cal show. Of courscitisthe bee that is feeding, though the flower would seem to be masticating the bee with the keenest relish.

The gorgeous magenta Joe-Pye weed is often seen gToWlng together with turtle-head or near it, as it favours thesame damp situation.

Towering above the surrounding vegetation of low-lying meadows. this vigorous plant spreads clusters of sofe fringy bloom that, however deep or pale of tint, are ever con- spicious advertisements, even when the goldenrods, I sunflowers and rnichaelmas daisies enter int/o close competition for insect trade. slight fragrance. which is doubtless heavy enough to the delicate perception of butterflies attracts crowds of them. Thus a. patch of Joe-Pye weed in September is an excellent place for the collector. Joe Pye, an Indian medicine-man of New England is said to have earned fame and for- tune by curing typhus fever and other diseases with decoctions made from this plant.

the grocer keep the eggs in a oool place. _

Eggs should also be kept clean and this means keeping fresh litter on the ﬂoor and clean straw or shavings in the nest. Washed eggs do not keep as well as thou that have not been washed. If $86 let dirty they must either be washed or dry cleaned, as no one wishes to buy dirty 083a. The producer's ru- sponsibility doe: not Ontlitlyrmf} when he sells his eggs. He should be interested in how they are handled until they reach the oon- sumer. Eggs may spoil in the 00n- sumers‘ hands by being held in too

high a temperature.

following season.

LIME

“(It Brings The Clover")

Fall Liming means increased grain crop the

Use “Brookville Lime” for beet rggullg,

Write for price delivered

Brookvillo Manufacturing 6a., Ltd.

BROOKVILLE, St. John Co., N. B. H- G- S. Adams, manager.

l

‘ times a day.

Pruning Gardens Makes Flowers I Last Longer

CUT BACK FADE!) BLOOMS AND FOLIAGE; IT WILL USU-

ALLY RESULT in NEW onowrn m: FALL. .

It ‘is a waste’ of color and beauty to neglect the garden in the sum- mer months. When our ﬂQwﬂ-g have become hardy and begin to blossom, we give them an occasional weeding and watering, and 11mg else. Although we enjoy the fruit; of our efforts, the hot summer days seem to take much of the early enthusiasm, and we 19p, things slide.

Probably the best way to “gum a. continuous season of bloom is to prune flowers carefully. We think Of pruning as having something to do with trees or shrubs, but this term may often be applied to the Uneration of cutting off the faded ﬂowers of annuals and cutting back the top growth of perennials which have finished blooming. This will give a fall crop of flowers if

y are so treated.

ntting off faded ﬂowers from annuals to prevent the energy of -the plant being put to seed mak. ing will cause them to ﬂower again and again. Oftentimm. this is true also of bredraggled foligae..wh1eh can be out back severely, and will thus let the plant put forth more of its efforts in making flowers,

Alysﬁlim can be trimmed with n. shears. Annual lukspur can be cut back, although better effects will be obtained if new seed is sown and new plants grown

This is riot a general rule to ap- ply. In the case of the poppy, for instance, the blooms must die and be renewed only by euwesslm sowing of new seed. Others, like the zinnia and marigold. need only have their faded flowers re- moved and the original plants will continue to grow and produce

Cut Back Faded Flowers and Foli- age With Sharp Knife or Scia- sors and They will Bloom Again.

more beautiful flowers until killed by frost.

Experience must be the guide in garden care, but there need be no hesitation about going over the beds and borders regularly and cutting off faded flowers and un- sighly leaves and stems. This might be called garden barbering, and is a constant need; a neglected plant- ing soon loses its charm.

Horses Liable _To Hot Weather Itch‘

A common trouble with horses at the commencement of hot weather is Summer itch. It is usually a form of eszema. and is induced by changes of foods. Sudden allow- ances of green grass or of new hay or new oats tend to bring it on. ﬂies, dust and lack of grooming are also contributory causes.

A horse that is susciptile to the trouble should not be given young grass, new hay or new oats during rhmwreather. If grass must be fed the horse should always be accus- tomed to it and not suddenly turn- ed on to pasture. A good supply of old oats and hay should always be reserved for the feeding of work horns 1n Summer. New hay and oats should complete their sweat- ing and maturing before fed to horses. ‘ In many instances the spores form on the legs and are licked and bitten until they become chronic and very difficult to heal. In some cases they occur just be- hind the knee or in _front of the hock joints when the skin is thin. some horses have itching, jelly~ covered sores upon their legs in Summer that disappear in Winter. When Bummer sores start, iodq- fonn one part and lard seven parts should be pplied daily. Chronic Summer sores have to be cut out cr alougbed out by a veterinary. Bathe itching parts of a horse's body with a solution made of Epsom salts and water two or three

NEWS Y NOTES

IIlGIl-l

__._1. _

PRESERVING FENCE POSTS

Here is a little matter which 91°11“ BDDeal to my farmer friends. "id might be put to the proof next spring. l‘ L‘ W b6 Blwﬂys putting in new: 1°11“ POMS, as must be dbne every 5W"! under present conditions; but a writer in "Popular Mechan- ics" shows us how to make them last for years. The 9nd,; of the posts which were to be put hm, "10 Bwund. were first soaked in limo water. Then they were dried and painted with dilute sulphuric “dd- T!" 1308B became as hard as stone, and the writer says he know: of posts so treated, that have stood for twenty-five years! And apparently their condition was 9-8 800d as the day that they had first been put in. He ivarns n5 that only thoroughly dry posts should be treated in this way.

Certainly this treatment is simple 8nd inexpensive. and so is worth a trial. Lime-water does not mean whitewash-it is a clear fluidl And the "recipe" would have been g shade better if we knew the per- centage of the dilute racid. The post, one supposes, must be dry so that the lime-water will soak in,

NATURE NOTES

While aphids, ants, and wood- boring beetles have been numerous of late. house ﬂies of all kinds (ex- cept "Cluster Flies") have been very few this fall. Th8 Cluster- flies (Pollenia rudis) are those noisy, medium-sized ﬂies that buzz about the outside walls in the sun- shine, and are fond of getting in- side the upstairs windows in some mysterious way. At night and in dark weather they seek the ceiling corners where they cluster together till a sunny day draws them to the‘ window again.

Mlss Verna Phillipsodl-Iarrington

sends in an insect for naming. It is a fine specimen of the Dog-day Cicada, ‘Pibicen canicularis. This is one of the few insects which have a choice of popular names, a- mongst thern being "Annual Cl- cada," "Harvest Fly," and “Lyre- man." By some mistake it is oft- en called the "locust" here, an in- sect which it does not in the least resemble. (The true locusts are the grasshoppers, and the locust of Palestine and the East is but a very large grasshopper with a body two and a half inches long, and a wing spread of nearly six inches). The body of the Cicada is large, with a wide, blunt head which has the compound eyes prominent on. the outer angles. Between these eyes are three small auxiliary eyes call- ed "Ooelli." Many other insects have ocelli, and perhaps these may have a. special use, such as in the dark or under conditions that we are not aware of. "At the end of July or the beginning of August, it begins its doleful but resounding buzzing hum in the tree-tops,“ says my note-book. Young readers are urged i.o preserve these little notes in a “scrap-album" of their own. Miss McKenzie, teacher at the Brackley Point School, brought in a specimen of an insect new to me. It was one of the Serphoid Flies called Pelecinus polyturatnr Drury. (That is Drury was the entomolo- gist who first discovered and nam- ed it.) The specimen was a female. about 55 m m. long, with the abdo- men about five times the length of the head and thorax, and composed of six slender cylindrical segments (joints). The male is only 22 m m, long, and both are Jet black, The larvae of Pelecinus are parasitic on" the grubs of our June Bugs, so that we may class it as a beneficial, though seemingly ram, insect,

Several collectors have brought in the wood-boring beetle Leptura canadensis, which like the previous insect, has no popular name. Wood borers have been plentiful this year as has been already remarked. This Iaptura has a. tapered body with blackish wing-covers, each with a reddish basal patch; (basal means, newt the thorax.) It is the grub that does the boring. r

Some of the collections I. have examined this year showed insuf- ficient preparation. The common- est fault was a drooping of the wings, caused by removing the in- sect from the mounting-board be- fore the body-Juices had properly dried. out. There is a. useful little pamphlet entitled "Directions for collecting and preserving Insects" issued gratuitously as a clrcularby the Dominion Dept. of Agriculture. Entomological Branch, Ottawa. I_t_

in written by m. McDunnoug-h, and

We know what a nuisance i

is nicely illustrated. The teacher who is conversant with this circular will have no difficulty in training her scholars to prepare insects for the School Fairs. For those whr) desire a more elaborate treatise, a Bulletin of the Unit/ed States Na- iional Museum is recommended: it, also, is entitled "Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects," and the author is.Nathari Banks. This treatise (of 135 pages) may he had, at a small charge, from the Government Printing Office, n; Washington, D, C,

The first and greatest nuptial,‘ if m?!’ a" xmlmVW-‘IY

Summer Color Indoors for Winter

SOW SEED NOW IN BOXES THEY WILL BE READY T0 BLOOM WHEhl THE SNOW

i ‘FLIES.

When seed pods begzn to ripen, and. that burnt fall look comes to the garden, we begin to realize that the flowering season is over for another year.

The fall blaze of color is to come, , we know, but after it things begin to fade and clroop in earnest, and very quickly. It is at this time of year that we begin to think of sav- , ing some of this gorgeous color to . brighten the winter months in- doors.

Some annuals may be saved over, pruned

mg)“, 0g Ants took ma“ m ‘M55 back, and kept in a dark place for I

district on August 29, and it was followed by rain the following day: this seems to be the usual sequence.

A smaller flight took place on Sept. 18th, and the ncxt day (Sat-

urday) was signnlized by a violent,

eastern rain-storm, 1.61 inches here.

The male ants, winged like the fe- '

males, may be observed at these times: they are about one-eighth the size of their wnsorts. Before these ants "took off", the Wingless little brown worker ants might be seen running about among the “aviatorsﬂ just as if they were making adjustments.

What is our plant? I pulled a. leaf of Burdock (Arctium minus) the other day, which will take some beating: the blade or lamina, exclusive of the stalk (petrola), was just l8 inches long and 12 inches wide. Neither of the standard manuals give the size of Burdock leaves. so I added a note of my observations.

The other night I was shown a snapshot of Mr. Reddlns pool at Southport; it is fast becoming a. very pretty water-garden. Some years ago a friend took me across to see it; but at that time only a. little preliminary work had been done to it. I noticed, however, that the Pickerel Weed (Pontederia) had been introduced, and was dis- playing its handsome spikes of blue ﬂowers. Now, I am told, there are beds of water-lilies, Saggit-aria, and other aquatics, and a fine stand of Wild Rice. The latter, I believe, is looked upon as difficult to grow, but Mr. Reddin evidently

knows how to do it! I hope some . _day to again visit

spot. THE FERNS 0F P. E. ISLAND

No matter how simply one at- tempts to draw up an analytical “Key" to any department of na- ture study, one cannot wholly avoid the use of scientific terms, ‘so in the following paper care has been taken w explain them where nec- essary. To begin, we head the group:-

ORDER. FILVIFALES-JPIIE FERNS

Ferns are leafy plants, destitute of flowers, the leaves or fronds usually raised on a stem called the stipe. The frond is generally roll- ed crosier-inshlon (clrcinnatc) in the bud, and when mature usually hears on the under surface, or a- long the margin. small sporangia (or saco) which split open and dis- charge the spores, The sporangia which are fairly minute, are clus- tered in doto, lines, or clusters. called sori; and these again are sometimes covered and protected‘ by a thin membrane called an in- dusium. The spores or reproduct- ive bodics are all of one kind and size in this order.

FAMILY I. POLYPODIACEAI

Familiar ferns of various habits. Sorl on the lower surface of the frond; sporangia stalked (micro- scopically) and provided with e. vertical ring opening transversely. Vernal-ion (that is, young leaves) circinnnte.

(A) Fronds all flat, or only cuneate bases. Margins of fertile slightly rcvolutc. fronds reflcxcd to the midrib to ‘Sort without lndusia. form the indusium. and rather

(l) Fronds oblong in outline. 4-10 inches high, pcnnatifld or cut near- ly m the rachio into linear-oblong segments; evergreen and sub-cori- aceotis. Sori large, round, dispos- ed in rtnvs. Stipes articulated to the creeping rootstock. On rocks. Dunk River: rare? Common Polypody- Polypodium vnlgare Linn.

(2) Fronds triangular, longer than broad in l0 inches high;2-3 penrmtifid; pumne sessile, decur-

rent, the lows-r pair deflexed and.

standing forward; rachio winged. Bori roundish, near margin. Veins free (not anasloiiidsixig). Btipcs not articulated. ’ Plant. usually can? green. Beech Fcrn-Phrgmteris Wlypodloidcs Fvc.

(3) ﬁmrds loin-tic, the divisions

‘a period of time.

largest-leaved wild 4

this enticing‘

lFcrn-Pheogopteris Dryopteris (L)

but the best ,

‘seed. In the first place. too many l I316 warietles in all types were grownyv-Xiﬁi

sum Seeds in runs or Boxes and Transplant to Pots. Firm Soil Well.

method is to start afresh, and plant new seeds which will be ready for big pots in late Sept» ember.

I very small seed bed is all that is necessary. It will only take up a corner of the garden. and if you are not planting perennial seed in the cold frame, use it for this purpose. Fine soil will be necessary in either ease. Sift the tc/p laver, so that the seed will come in close contact with it. An application of human is also helpful for retaining mois- ture but, it must be fine in tex- ture.

though they do not let light, and an‘: difficult to keep in place.

After the first true leaves have appeared. prick them off and re- plant in another row, or in boxm. Keep them shaded for a, day or two until they are rooted in their new locations ,and they are then ready for the full run.

When they have developed into sturdy little plants, set them into small pots ,and after a few weeks into larger pots. This will give them a healthy start. Pay strict attention to their supply of mois- ture when in the seed bed. and more particularly in the pots, where evaporation is rapid due to the small amount of soil-

Many annuals and some perenni- als, can be grown for indoor use in this way. Here is a good list to start with: Lilliput zinnias, Rus- sian siatice, candy-tuft, dwarf nasi/urtiums, calendula, bush balsams and browallia.

petioled, subequal and often at right angles to the stipe, plnnate or partly bipinnate, the rachis Wingless. Sori roundish, near marg- in. Stipes not articulated. Oak

Fee. - "Sari with indusia (a) Indusia marginal

Brake or Bracken-Ptcris aquilina L.

(5) Fronds of two form; (fertile and sterile) light green, about 5 inches high; ovate in outline, 2-3 pennaie, segments of sterile fronds broader, ovate to obovate-flabelli- form, crenulatc, decurrcnt at their

pod-like at first. a! length opening flat. Found at Dunk River by Dr. W. L. Holman. i935: the only lo- cality? Rock bmkc-Cryptogramma Btelleri (Gimcl) Pranil.

PLANTS OF (‘OLOYRED GLASS

ModcmL-txe hostesses like tltc; artistic glass plains that are fash- ionable in Paris. In their illustrat- ion< they look irru-ticularty- lovely.

A boudoir plant has leaves of pale mauve glass. while the flowers are .E‘_’.‘_X.PPZ¥‘..‘.’I._‘E'E‘.".P. she. with "d; edaes.

Another glass plant posse ses fme-likc fl’ ’c..< made of white}, heads and pale green "meedles"

Safeguard Canadas ,! Tobacco Seed

The importance of the distribu- -

tion and registration of seed in tho tobaoco industry of Canada is stressed in the progress report ofi the Tobacco Division of the Experi- mental Farms. Dominion Depart- ment of Agriculture, for the years 193i t0 1934 inclusve. The report which has lust been issuer! states that for a number of years the Tobacco Division distributed on request one-quarter ounce packages of seed, free of charge, to bona fide growers. This service meant much‘ to the small grower,‘ particularly to the man growing garden lots. bc-i cause he was fumished with seed of known and tested varieties. subse- quently, however, it was realized that the tobacco-growing industry; was not being particularly lwne-‘

fitcd by such free distribution of‘

quests for seed. As a result, it was decided that the production and distribution of tobacco seed should be transferred to reliable crmvcrs unclerr the supervision of the staff of the Dominior-Fxperimental Sta- tion in each district.

Havana 30, Comstock Spanish Pomeroy, Parmm ditalie, Belege 3007, and Petite Havana.

section occupies a prominent posi- i tion adjoining the grand staircase I in the main building, having a ‘ fifty-foot frontage in the "Aisle of ‘ Flags." The exposition continues for

10o days, from 2cm June woef-

ober 4.

DON'T INCLUDE TOO MUCH

IN ONE P

. oppnrtuni

Continent-Wide Horticultural Show

Canadxm groavr-rg, (,1 ﬂqwpfs Viﬂeiabltas, and fruts will have the to compete in the firs‘ (JTlllllllﬂYll-“Q ,'

iluihl Splendid inc. for the shou- by an mil}

Chlczim he providf- Clfid l2 will be stage: v Pﬂflifllliifc- of prom

is been given to agrzcui‘ . ' ,0 awiuai inter. national Lire S: ck Exposition a: Ci: o. lir. U. 1. (liiiurlt) ..

throughout the districts, and iniims... many cases these varieitcs worqtom. > , given so many d fferent names that ‘ ~11". 09;,» 1; and vile to-day they have little significance. i purl. lli u t of nmgnd. Indeed, . the situation became n i tudc, learn. - ., n;-r,_~h_@~,.;;,, puzzling one to the grower, and at of the ga . . "n.- r10: only | the same time the various experi- pleasure b .. 1 ' cc‘ czitzcn nnc ‘mental farms and ‘stations xv-zre 119111." s: t zvill be icalled upon to devote more tlnmlilllvilltl‘ gum w. bur ,1» than their other duties allowed in Lion wlir-rc ili'i"l't u; m,“ replying to the thousands of rc- cnjug; the (lisp m“

(rxchzmge vievugs," The charmztn of the Exposition‘.- utlvisory comrniftev, Dr. ,1, Q B1311- il-L‘ll(i oi lli~ hoincilllllinl depart- ment at the ‘Un;v1-r.~‘l_v of Illinois slates that since the Exposition u-il; be held just before frost, when gar-

At the annual meeting of the dens are in the fall bloom ii Canadian seed Growers’ Associa- shoukl have [he nudes: pass ble tion held at Regina in 1933, certain iluliiifl!‘ ‘ 1" ‘c iv." ho a cigar and pipe varietim were ac- nlace lil ioirfoi" exhibits cepted for registration. At the pres- from evcaiwne . ivswd in any ent time.‘ there u available in the Dim-w 0f hortirusulc. amateur hands otgrowers registered seed of Drzifcssional. and commercial grow- a number of varieties, for example, ’ " s‘. {Iﬂfdﬁh Resistant Havana, Connecticut nions. and

critics. ‘ma; ozone Premium lsts conmining full de- tails of the competitive classes will

Some Pmﬂsion should be made i‘ . soon be l‘("l a frr distribution to {or scmenmg the m“, seedlings Canadian agriculture and agricul- mom aid“? 2 W‘ J m me from the hOBi-Bst Wn- A W909 0! = tum products form one or me Eimoszizon liraticiunztc at the cheese cloth, stretched over the ‘misumdmg leatures m’ ‘he can" chiqngn gum; ‘fgrrlhc, frame 01' bed- lﬁ ﬁne PTOI-éd-iilﬂ- “man Government exhlbmm‘ “L The manacemcnt- ‘announces that Newspapers can also be used. el- m’ 9"“ Lake‘ E*¥’°5m°“ a‘ word has own alfvfidy received

m ml-lﬁh Cleveland’ Ohio" The Canadian from 30 state collides, tlig Ontario

Agriculiurnl (‘trllcco and he United States DFDIiFilllHUL of mzriculture

. that thry ivill _Ei\'i‘ active co-opera-

tion tn tlw- FTNHo lion; and 33 state trtura‘. societies ‘ members

ICTIQRE

This picture, while striking, is really two pictures in one.

impressed by a vast panorama of country-several hundred square miles of it spreading to the horizon ln a. great aemi-circle-and prompt- ly tries to compress it into a few square inches of film. The result on tho ﬂlm is little more than a wavy or jagged line-the horizon line- separating a white space from a dark space. He failed to note how all the interesting detail was awai- lowed up in the vastness of the scene.

Such a. panorama may be saved ‘by beautiful cloud effects obtained by using a color ﬁlter and. of course. it can serve. and may well be treas- ured, aa a. "record" picture of a vie- it, but vastness unrelieved by near- by deiail generally makes a poor picture. Better to let the panorama be a background for something worth looking at in the foreground. A foreground object-a single tree,

(4) Fronds ter-nafe. M, the gum. NE of the faults often seen in than nfplcasuro. \ll r-‘r-hv in nthree- m“ 0' we brows" er “‘ '*“ -Y“li.‘..“;fii',ifﬁflf. .- i>.-%;.t'".:f:.t which may be 3 lee‘ hum; the Fogmpher. especially o‘ a orzlnncr‘ ‘in ' m‘! \\"‘iit O-‘(rifyt ii'i'vlrr\flli'iv“f'fl mm‘! divisions we,‘ . mpinnaw 1s the inclusion of too much in mu- _ .. l. ‘In V “ ‘ b“ V.

‘ ‘ ' picture, He tries to "hog the Ivllnlv l5 a ilisstni i.» in 14rd‘ n. '1 no.- v.‘- darrc g-recn, indusia formed of the Show," as n were’ Wm, realms “m, point ill-oi ti he (‘luau-u rniiiiully, reflcxed margin. making a cohtinu- are uninteresting or distracting. ""“““‘"'“'"* m“ '“,“"" "m" ‘s e"

trnnvnus may he eliminriiizti, or at. on‘ slender’ Win-like ‘ receptacle’ For example’ from the top Qt ﬁ leaat Ili'ill~' llllﬂl)ll‘ll<i‘v'(‘ by moving connecting the tips of the veins. mountain or other eminence, he is the camp,“ m ‘he rmh’, or 19"" up

or flown, nearer or further away. by

focusing from different planes, or

by using different diaphragm open-

ings in lho lotus.

llut ll(llliv‘llllll‘.‘l. you any. how can

you help with: in several objects

of enmpeiini: interval ivhcn Nature

or cirvutuuiauwu has (hum in the pic- tllrn you want to take. ll is true that this situnl ion i-nittiul .'ilwn_\'s he molly avoided hut. when you nrr- confront-

ed with i1, yull may ilmi yourself

lucky‘ after nil. (lo ahead and shoot

anti thou vxaniine. your print. lnlzig- inn n, gmrllr- nu n. river, Your point of inform-at is a girl in a baihim: suit nhmlt in (lives from f! row-bruit in mill-stream. You have to aimp the pivlnrc from the river bank ﬁfty feet (lir-tant. You iiud when the print is ilnishvtl that inivresi in the girl is rivallctl by that in n situill hny in the foreground at the i'i"ht, fishinit lrum the hunk. lliyvrmll. (H1!-

a human being, a grazing cow, a nearby cottage on the mountain slope, often will make all the dif- ference in a scenic picture between something interesting to look at and little or nothing?"

Again, in nearby scenes, (here is frequently material for two or oven more complete pictures that the pit-- ture taker has crowded into one. with the result that (he eye warn» dara from one point to another, pro-

onally across lilo river on iii» a (lam and picturesque will m ‘i ii‘ a selling uf \\'lliu\\'<. Yuri hzn pictures in our‘. You iakv- ynlil‘ print .l'l'I m.

one ui‘ tin-so iviH wliur . ". from ihv livn ulli marl. ‘in ill and have the i'l\I‘lI -l)v)'l l-i ‘ups mi ihi- Yl"ililii\i‘ wpuuilil. in‘. ~i. .\l.\uy a ﬁne pit vurv- i‘ "Y "'1- lnrizim: a Fvlviril -l 1w‘ . .. mis-

(‘017 \ll"<\\i.-' tortilla?!‘ w.

ducing p. loan of irritation rather i. .

10'] JOHN VAX lliillsl lliit

‘m. - .