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“on FARMERS, sroczc BREEDERS AND GARDENERQ g ONsERVA-FION I Why Lo_s._ea__'l_litters? i i

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l Succession and

Companion

Canadian Garden Service 1938 ! i Planting:

BY GQIDON LINDSAY 53H’!!!

- NEWSY NOTES -

U! AGIICOLA

is the annual s ring fatalit in litters o1 piss- any farmersyfind

TUBA], RESQ-Uncgs BY In. LUDLOW JENKIN it 116111; t0 ’ possible b0 have their

sliFml-D- ' gglgliaggrvivths. 1%“? tugililizlgefihdfi THE INSIDE STORY 0F A DEAL tem that will function effectively INCREASE YIELD IN SMAI-g

- m d ment with the mm] IN TOMATOES (2). and much more cheaply, powerful Beware 0f Frost velvety [owns VEGETABLE GARDEN. DON mum, that, such bpposition immediately manifests Statisticians have estimated that No lnsll garden is couipleto with- LIST 0F MATERIALS GIVEN

v n. 0F DUMB reducers (f) go w . ; y 1 e left the truck farmer on his its presence.’ 10: every garden ruined through out a lawn and the richer. greener | LS DIES recent seven-weeks tour fjwflnytfig 12g“ ‘iilgfaigu 2;: way to Chicago to interview the ‘lb cut his story short, our truck late starting and softer that lawn is the better

Hi8 1 the British Isles was marked by the refusal of the British Broadcasting Gmpany to allow Grey Owl to 1w- lure against ‘blood sports" such as

°X himtlns. He refused to alter his addresshxbecause- he sincerely be. lieved at such s rts were not

, turn child- rens

th . The Old Country tour, however, brou ht its proud moments, especi- ally is meeting with King George w- P“? K1118. Grey Owl said later, W" 1111 501'" same conservation. ‘And he added: I started as a poor frightened sava on a stage in a theatre in Ion on in 1906 with Buffalo Bill and I ended up talking to King 560136 1X1 Sllcklligham Palace." Grey Owls birthplace was some- thing of a mystery. even to himself. He recently told friends all he could recall was that he first saw the ‘light o! dsv somewhere along the border between Mexico and United States about 49 years ago. Archibald McNelll. the naturalist said, was his real name. His father was Scottish and his mother Apache. When he joined the Can- adian Expeditionary Force at Dlgby N. 8.. May 6, 1915, he gave the name of Archibald Belaney, a name he obtained from an aunt with whom he lived for a while.

Owl saw fighting with the 28th agoons. Mexican Scouts. He spent two years in France, return- after suffering a wound in the rig t. foot,

In 1920 he was adopted as a blood-brother by the Ojibway tribe and became a hunter, trapper, for-

comlnission house. It was only too true: the tomatoes were sold and at a price hopelessly below the cost of roduction. He set to work and aced the history of a box till it reached the consumer's table and this is what he found:

"Our commission merchant sold it to another dealer for $1. The deal- er in turn sold it; to a Jobber for $1.15, The jobber sold it to a. ped- dler for $1.30. The peddlcr delivered it to a grocer and charged him

1.60. The grocer sold the tomatoes

o the housewife at 10 cents a

und, collecting $3. for the box of

0 lbs." There was no spoilage be- cause of care in packing.

The commission house now came into the picture. They deducted l0 per cent for commission; i.e., 10 cents on the dollar sale. 3 cents for cartage from the car to the ware- house, and 27 cts railway frezght. The sixping box grading. wrapp- ing, p ing, vernment inspec- tion. and load ng into the car at the shipIping point, cost another 30 cents: 0 cts. all told! That left the owers with 30 cents for 30 lbs of oice No. l tomatoes for which the consumer paid $3. (Lucky for all th lads that they did not live in U. S. S. R.)

But that's not all: there is still the cost of the fertilizer, picking baskets, seed, lumber and canvas for the hot-beds and cold frames. which may be set at l5 cents a- gainst the box of tomatoes (When the Island farmer receives say 25 cents for his potatoes, does he ever figure the rice when deductions of this are made? No busi- ness man would omit to d.o so!)

The farmer proceeds: "Even at this nlggardly figure, by skimping on the bare necessities of life, we could come out and hold soul and "body together, but obviously we would have no purchasing power to buy the manufactured goods that our city consumers could make for our consumption. But if our boxes of tomatoes were sold for less than a dollar, as most of ours were. the result. was financial bank- ruptcy and spiritual devastation."

The three cent charge for c e is small and looks innocent, but responsible for a further toll on the farmer's returns. Practically) every matte‘? in thehcitieih and wxés is

oca awa om e rsilroa , so 111 "d" i" 111% the 401118-1111! "f that after e cars have rushed nsture- When she furrows the piss roduce w the city in good order. are soft apd flabby. and lack of e good g be hauled to the ’ Viiifllli-Y- D119 l0 i-h commission house t gested streets, to be unloaded on sidewalks or left on trucks for hours while waiting to be unload- ed." The exposure causes n loss of freshness w ich may mean a dif- to 50 cts per

ference of from 25 e emerienee "fifie e -ope with the lidlssissippi toes our farmer found five or six times as many carlocds waiting on the rail- mad tracks as were needed for the metropolitan area Ghicago. Theme caused a so-called "g1ut," while in every direction hundreds smaller markets were ined- equately supplied and with prices taoway abggleaththe Gfllflllnflhsbelblllt)" y. a proper sys m o dlisghuticm the consumer woulid pay less, and the farmer would re- ceive more.

To make this clear (while the commission agent was selling he fruit at from '15 cts. to $1 per box) this man loaded a number of the same boxes into his automobile and started for the suburbs; grocery stores and restaurants locate with- in twenty miles of the city. He sold the boxes without any difficulty at $1.60 each .

This br gs some thoughts on the ?uestion of distribution: “Unix we armors can market our goods a- bove the cost of production, and at a profit, we suffer in home, school and church: when the farmer can- not buy, the manufacturer must. out down employment. All this is clear. But. when either fanned-s or town dwellers attempt to take the

next lgcal step and set up 5:113;

will have a decided decrease in the losses which we are now experien- cing in the swine industry.

This article merely touches the fringe of the hog feeding problem. Any farmer may obtain further in- formation by applyin to the Do- mlnion Department o Agriculture, Box 39, Charlottetown.

_ . thewholsplctuxe.Goodgrass, r1 , ginner is inclined to and smooth enough to rival of thet son. This will not. h/ur the peas, famous turf of the Old Country, is‘. spinach, lettuce o;- ra , in the not a difficult feat, experts declared vegetable line, or sweet peas and though they admit that, some care. "new Show; “was... .... t. i seves e um y y hat e average of palznt war there is“? 11g; gierrlson 135w tliattgrass is anfa van e w er sow ary ga. en plan soon. ‘Ihere is little growth in any and care inset as much as lowers case until the soil really turns or vegetables and seed selection warm. ' also just as important. Good lawnsl

Fiiflpefls not onl caution against are produced from top quality lawn too early sowing, ut they also ad- grass mixtures, which contain pro-i visenotiostoptoosoonflfhore is

per proportions of the finer pcr-‘ n0 reason why plantings cannot be manent. grassu. continued in most. parts of Canada Seed should be sown liberallyand right through until July. This will the ground fertilized. Rolling in, spread the harvesting season over the spring and watering regularly. an equallv long period with veget- are also advisable. l, 11111132‘ lzlwacls fresh just coming to This treatment will keep grass,‘ ma y.

a rich dark gree d grow f ti Beginners are advised to divide n an mg as

enohéglf to crowd out the weeds. their seed at least into three parts Pa. cs of the latter in the old. soaring a. third as soon as weather lalvlms are usuallv a sure sign of ‘

its, a third a little later and ‘

wom-out soil weak from starva- »he balance at the very tall-end of

tlon. In hot weather grass should the blalélentirtg Ysegson. tgis twgywg not‘ hem cut fins shogt Or as often i ros oescu own ers a as espngan fall. i _ _ the-re will be more seedling running n i Follow u» hsrlv hf"? "1 {"5 Wm‘ on. Garden Pictures Another vein-tab e-

The vegetable gardener has much Although the informal flower Ear-i in common with the factory man- den is much to be preferred ‘fori agel‘; both like to got a5 11111011 average planting, at the same time from their production space u this does not mean just throwing possible. To do this zhe sarxlener in Experts advise a little resorts to two doubling up arrange- prellntuiary planning even when manic called succession and con-r»- Ofll-Iy a small bed od annuals is con- pan-m“ plantings, tenyplated. The good seed catalogue He knows, for instance, that r0- whlch lists time of blooming. col- (“Shes rake only a few weeks to ors, heights and other points great- Immye, thus leaving a whole 10w 1v amplifies this nmtwr of lay out. 0,- more of Elpaoe for another mop. Generally the best plan is t0 In this case, ' radish have the larger flowers towards the and parsley 599d can be planted n! rear_ulwoenrtre0fthebcdsothe5amemnc,gh¢parsleybednc that httle thingylike nasturtiums. slowen and qbllg-ing alyanun. drwarf phlox and similar v9 me radlshes kinds will not be hidden. Where “st yew weeks the bed l5 to be mixed. 1i- 15 We“ companion plantln", as both ewe also, state experts, to have late, “Tow he“ iinhcugh one medium and early flowers evenly harwmd befm-e ms other, balanced other omnmnlmm

to ensure something al- g; malt ways in bloom. we cabbage m- p,“ my", But. there are other and shfiner w“ m this case W.) m“ no

points to consider. ades ' spam 1 only one, blend well together and often l. ggnggdtlyilx; Qdyshe; mar/mm quick- whole bed will be selected with 1v km are used w, chem mmal-ng mind" 0" “me only one row, with sufficient room (or wbpages qr peas. Another our gestlon is parsnips or beets between ruwg of 91111181011. T115 Win35!‘ b i cool-season. foot 81W?!» 5m 50(1)‘; the of succession plant- msm gm gamer-my waits “film l1 quick growing vegetables is ins-vh- and the/n replants with RM

m; kzuyyneresresfew: Ralshes followed by lhiil

beans. Early peas followed ‘by YR!!!)I-

carrots or beets.

Early beans followed by late carrots. or beets.

Spinach followed by neat sell, tomatoes or beans. onions from soil peppers.

These companion‘ and suoeea- ion plantings are lntemcstring for the gardener, especially the ellow with a small amount of 5980c. can often grow more velwiabifi 0n his little garden than his neilhbrx will do on twice t-he spam.

‘There ar e. few cxlccptions Match. slhouTd be remembered. Root amp! should not follow 1110i. omfifi- 8nd the same is true of the lemf owl!- Turnlns. carrots or beets. 10'!‘ 711' rsiancc. should not follow 11111151198- or Swiss chard follow lettuce,

farmer believes that any town large enough to consume two cal-loads of farm products a week could support a’ local agent at the usual commis- 51011. These local agents would be the sales force of the farm pro- ducer co-ops, and would deal with the retailers direct. The waste and extra handling would be eliminat- ed; the consumer would get more and better food for less money; and the farmer would get a fair price for his product.

That means the farmers must learn to cooperate; a practice in which they are miles behind the professional men, business men, and workmen.

THE STORE AT NEWCASTLE.

When you mentioned "the Store" to a native of Newcastle on Tyne. he knew you meant the (bopers- tive Store, because all other places of trade were “shops? ‘The Store was, founded, in that town-it was not a city then -in 1860, and not many could have directed you to it in those days. It had to encounter a great deal of opposition in two directions, firstly from the general merchants, who nought. it would in- lure their trade; and then from the "classes" who thought 1t dang: tory to patronize a schema orl - ated by e "masses." soon however the merchants, or at any rate some of them (as the writer can testify). learned to work with the Store. and the classes, once the benefits began to show, forgot their classi- ness and oined in.

It nvus hove been about the ear 1890 when the present writer ecame a member of the Store.

had enlarged its premises by then. and put ups. neat stone building at the comerof Newgate Street. There were display windows in both streets, and one of these I recollect, was fitted out like a druggists. In- side was a lofty cade with a

due to nothing more or less than actual mismanagement on the part of the owners. If those farmers who annually experience losses in lit- ters of pigs would make it a prac- tice of attending meetings and seeking outside information and Edi/EB. the annual fatalities would not be of such proportions as we find today.

An investigation of these losses brings out the fact that all the owners are following the same Ben. eral method of feedin . They are following actices w ich con- demn the lttle pi to death even before the sow is red. 1n spite of this, these farmers repeat the same system the next. and the next winter with the same fatal results.

Nature dictates that s mother should not lose her youn. The trouble arises when some up- sets the natural course of things by starving the sow while she is carrying her litter. This may not 1188.11 scrimpy feeding. The trou h ma be kept full of feed yet t e sys m of the sow may be starv- ing f r certain essential food ele- ments. The housewife must have yeast to make bread, renet is re- quired in curd making. These agents are very trivial in the amount used yet they determine the success or failure of the enter-

rise. Similarly in live stock feed-

ng, it is the ittle things that the animal requires but does not get in the raton that cause the fall- ure of the natural processes. There is nothing mysterious about these important requirements. It is the simple understanding ‘that. every animal must have certain elements in the ration in order to develop. produce, or feed. young. In other words, every animal must have a balanced ration, otherwise the ani- maltwlll fail to do what is required

of

Wihen the brood sow h bred she is expectod to build up ten or twelve little skeletons in her body. This involves the use of consider- able lime and ghostphorus. In many ‘cases the sow fe solel on home grown grain, roots a Potatoes. ‘There is practically no ime in these feeds. Where will she get the material to make this bone? m a time she will take it out of her own skeleton, even out of her teeth

._wild life and staunch for animal conserva- Owl died in hospital at . Saskatchewan. on e noted Cartadlan Im- ,- came suddenly. = ist was stricken with ay while working at his er Lodge. in Prince A1- l Park. Taken to hos- paralyzed right leg, the .. on the road to re- . ~pneumonia claimed

while his wife, Silver rated in Grey Nuns‘

glna from an opera- Dawn and her oung

, is Canada, the . the

on as“; WHERE THEY ARE NEAR" LY DOUBLE THE SIZE OF THE OLDER TYPES

United to the

of elivered

unched his conservation K in Riding Mountain '- , 1B0 miles northwest , after spending his ‘ th an Indian band in Northern Quebec. anton destruction of _- animals, Grey Owl

life.

- books and articles. conservation of game. ~.- d, life sanctuary at.

National Park and V er Lodge where he , orlte beavers, Jelly- j role.

i a tour re he d lec-

Lawns

‘more are two ways to make a lawn. For quick xsul soddlng is the usual practice. ‘There are some situations which make im- mediate results imperative but us- ually this is expensive and not, sat- isfactory. If ordinary field sod is

results are going to

disappointing. Usually such sod

is full of weeds and the grass is od inferior quality. v

....he second method of ob 1118 a lalvm is by seeding. This ls a good deal cheaper than sodding. and while slower at first. in the end it produces a lawn of much finer grass and One that. will continue

to improve year after m. should be caref

‘ill t0 . _ best qualitly of se this nrssv=ns m... t s. were-s. and a gallery with booths above’. 110th lwsilvwise "id em“ i" "l" You mi ht urchase everything 5111*‘- Wen dlslwlbiiil°n~ seem“ you requlred g1 one or other of the 511011141 be dmle- °1 wlrse- °n “ departments, -all except books. “M1958 day- The “Easter Beef" _was s siglt-lt to A short cut see, as the folk said, anedi some imes For a mm.‘ out, the gardener y‘ certain usn-

dditi ad- ° °‘ W‘ “i "‘ wfehmwfigrs... ma... es.

vertisements. One year the dis- layed a specimen of the ellng- m and v These ased from

minlon Government as a conserve:- of animal life, with particular re- spect to the beaver, for wild life research purposes and as a dis- semlnator of conservation ideas. at Beaver 1066!. Prince m- Park. Saskatchewan.

I-Ie began writing as an svooatiom. and continued several articles to different magazines. His beaver colony soon became famous. and in 1935 he began an extensive lecture "tour of Canada and England prov- ing in England more cf a sensation the. any visiting speaker in many years.

_ k ings About urtiums

ooun there are some spicy flowers like EveningeScented Stock,’ Nicotine, Mlgmlet , Sweet Sultan! lfl-ln 8s is. den with a delightful incense. lflstek

m wild cattle; white with a black muzzle and black ears the herd is a survival from the time of the Ancient Britons. l! the do Itmslrg ed on §,‘f,“,1,w;§§ ‘fljnm ehflflf‘ 1 excellent idea to consult t good could give you (if a cammm rdewwmfiwgame es

orderuponalccaltrdesmantor “mam- l°° mica“ Toosoozntooclosqandtoodem the article required, and presumably w‘ 1m,‘ ‘fun 55mm‘? it is claimed, are the new garden- there was some arrangement be‘ make sure that the particular var- e“ mmakes m sow-

tween the Store and the Sacha mks wanted a” m the boxes M

sperous. , in s way, bound with it. The excellent and in- formative article from the n of . Mr. James A. MacKay. of vafi Harbor, which lately appeared d The Guardian, gave a very good 1198111 - e88 F" idea of“ how ‘such Stores are run. in the veseigisbls 11119 M oeiitoraege marlin; 0H1] "iii For most] grounds and semen-s i11- ' ting. sa the experts, is the suitable. flue it i; possible with very large ounds and ski-lied help, to do some mg with straight dignified rows and borders. But. in the average case planting irregularly in clump; will produce the most effects. Such planting, too, will an air 0f snaciousness. 81V- ing even the tiny backyard gardens the appearance of much larger af- fairs. “more possible there should be s lawn in the foreground, with an ir-

Entomology

TKE ONION MAGGOT

The work of this serious pest of grower is l. general wilting oif the affected plants. Seedlings soon wither and die; transplants, sets, or multiples take longer. but eventually they die. Larger onions attacked by second generation maggots may show little outward effect until harvested, when they willbe found to be riddled with . Usually however. affected are readll detected by the yellowing of the eaves. or by signs

ct to every ill can happen a pig. she takes milk fever" she has nolsomilké lflsheflhas it ma p0 n e D882 e goes

an kills the litter: or she ma

come unconscious and even

die. All these conditions are usllv due to that llttleegpinch of lime which the owner n eeted to fend in the daily ration.