' i . rendition of Tu ey and Syria,a

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if" . lie 60th or 62d parallel. Ali-ion has simply a border of use-

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Macqu miles for the arid

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A .Lit'le ntity grunge“:

‘1 .. . TURKEY AND SYRIA. ' The. nowin remarks, misting to the past and present ud speculations with regard 25.0 the future, are copied from a late number of the Liverpool .’ .- ercury,'and will prove interesting to our readers. “The _ latest accounts from Syria are most unfavorable for the suc- vess of the experiment of restoring the Turkish power to some degree of strength and independence. The expulsion of the Egyptians, the capture ofAcre, were tasks compara- , tively easy for British enterprise and valour, but to enable a corrupt and imbecile Government to govern a distant pro- ‘Linoo, inhabited by a number of hostile tribes of fierce and ‘P-‘nr-like barbarians, is a problem which bafiles every at- ' timptat solution. No sooner is the iron yoke of the Egyp- iian despotism broken, than the whole province liills iuto utter anarchy. The Pagan Druses quarrel with the Chris- :ian Maronites, burn villages, sack towns, massacre unofi'en'd- ing inhabitants, and fight two or three pitched battles, while LieTurkish authorities quietly sm’oke their pipes and ex- clalm, “Bismillah! God isgreat.” At length, weary of their mutual strifes, the hostile tribes acquiesce in the appottit- . meat of a Turkish renegade, as Pacha oftbe_Mountain, in rise. of their hereditar chief, the Emir Bechir ;but hardly is he installed before t ey change their mind and. blockade their new Governor in his citadel. In the meantime, Eng- land and, the other great powerssend in a friendly _remon- sfrance to the Turkish goveniment, which they have just res- iufidfiom destruction, and which exists only by their suf- , -I:i:‘sg|oa,-_and get a reply which, translated from the courtly formoforiental magniloquence, into plain English, means, ,qdinsymoaplsce uiimentionahle to ears polite. _

“The hofi‘of'l‘orkish regeneration expired With Sul- tnn Mahmoud. He was amau of vigorous genius anileiier- hello oha'racter ' , if fortune had favored him, or even stood neuter, ave been the Czar Peter of Turkey, it'id' restored pire ofthe Sultans to its rank among '."' e civilized pow of Europe. The destruction of the .la-

' u’zaries, the abolition of a number of inveterate usages which flood in the way of improvement, the departure from the ‘ Lid barbarous maxims ofGovernment, the attempts to intro- «lzicc military discipline, and to reform the administration d (justice, and, above all, the pei‘schriiig endeavors to raise Lia condition of'the Rajahs, and to amalgamate the discord- nut elements of the Turkish empire into one nation, gave poof of a superior gains, and deserved better success“ But it littnlity attended Mahmoud’s attempts at reform. His na- \'.ll power was crushed at Navurino by the very allies _wlio llud most at stake in upholding his throne. llis military fierce was annihilated in the subsequent Russian war, before a. the ' new system of discipline had had time to take root. l-‘roin'tho moment when the pusillanimity of the Tory Ad- ministration of 1829 allowed Russia to blockade the Darda- Welles, ass the Balkan, and dictate an i iiouiinious pcace ' under t walls of Adrianople, the fate of urkey was sealed. It‘lio moral power and physical force which could alone en— able a Government to introduce extensive reforms and i hangs the whole character ofan ignorant and fanatical po- . :ula'tton, were both wanting, and their place was ill supplied "‘ . ,.y the intrigues ofdiplomacy and this harmless thunders of ~rotoools. Accordingly, the last years of lllahmoud’s life i‘weto worn otit in a vain struggle to stem the tide of fate Which drilled the shattered bark of the Ottoman empire ever {carer and nearer the rocks of destruction. It was a gallant riruggle, but utterly fruitless. The last remains of military ower were sacrificed in a vain attempt to coercea rebel- ious vnssal, and the superficial traits of civilization, which tho-personal example of the sultan had introduced, disap- ‘ge‘ared of themselves with his death. . itThe empire is now ruled nominally by the young Sultan, nmild and amiable, but weak and efl‘eminate lad of twenty- ivo, but really by Rizah Pasha, the Grand Chamberlain, ‘ pnmoted to the post ofArbitcr ofthe destinies of the Otto— iiln empire, for 'secret services of a .very equivocal descrip- . iEiu, done to the Sultana Valide, the Queen mother. This Ttrkish Potempkin amuses himself by placing and displa- y citg ministries every six months, from motives which it ' thuld be absurd to attribute to political considerations, and ' wllch, most probably, resolve themselves into the desire to linger as'many fees impossible in changes of oflice. The preent Vizier, izzet Pacha, is a brave stupid Turk of the oldsehool, who has commenced his career by repealing the patent of Malimoud’s reforms, the Hatti Scherifi' of Gul- liati, which forinerl guaranteed the rights of citizens to the (llristian Reyes. nder his auspices, the old spirit of Mos- l:in fanitticism ‘is reviving, and in every province, from Syria to Bulgaria, from the shores of the Mediterranean to the tanks of the Danube, a civil war between the Christian po- pi ation and their Turkish rulers is either actually raging, or t toning at every moment to break out. Unfortunately tin interests of England are so closely linked with the dos-

r .

;

lie decay ofa power founded In principles adverse to civilization and true religion, would 'iitherwise ins ire. Ifthe Turkish empire dies a natural death, _ flvbo to ta 0 out letters of administration to the estate! 'Al' long as Russia persists in her present system of military organization and commercial restriction, England, at what- ever cost, must oppose the ambitious schemes which would render the Dardanelles an outlet for hostile uavies, instead of an inlet for peaceful traffic. Turkey, with all its faults, treats “I better than any ofour Christian allies. She has no protecting tariffto encourage rival manufactures, no dif- ficrantial duties to exclude the produce of tho looms of Man- t heater and Glasgow.” ~

tetanus-vs FERTILITY or THE om ass new CONTINENTS. (flout the New Brunswick Courier.)

Paradoxical as the fact may appear, we are satisfied that the pr Continent,tliough less than linlftlie size of the Old, i'ontatnl at least an equal quantity of useful soil, and much more than an equal amount of productive power. America is indebted for this advantage to its comparatively small breaflth, which brings nearly all its interior within reach of the fertilizing exhalations of tlie'Ocean.

in theOld Continent, owing to its great extent from East to West, the central parts, deprived of moisture, are almost «Vary Where deserts; and a belt round the Western, South- uz'u, and Eastern shores, comprises nearly all that contributes port of man. llow much fruitful land, for instance,

it there It Continental Asia ? If we draw a line from the GulfofCutch (near the Indus) to the Yellow Sea, we cut 011' indie and China, with the intervening Berinan Empire, and -t'te Southern Vallies of Thibet; and this space, which com- pi‘isep’about‘3',500,000 square miles, if we take surface and ..irtili2'5toge'tlter, embraces five-sixths of the productive pow- o.‘ of in, though it covers 17,000,000 square miles? Arabia, Persia, Central Tbibet, Western India, Chinese and lnde-

“ib‘é‘dna'b‘ii’flo‘iibem Asia, is littlgohgtt'tiirto‘wfitige ' ‘i’h‘fii‘r‘j ;.iidcold together. Anatolia, Armenia, the Punjab, and a tiar- rgw strip along the Western shores of the Pacific Ocean, North. as far as the 60th parallel, compose the only valuable cgrtgultural territory beyond India and China—Europe, which is merely the Western margin of Asia, is all fruitful i.l the South; but in‘tlie North, its fruitfulness terminates at

(Lil soil round threacfourths of its sea coasts, with some de- liched poniona of tolerably good land in its interior. 0f the 33,000,000 square miles which these three Continents occu- py, we cannot‘find that the productive soil constitutes so / much as oncothird, and of that third a part. is but poor. Now, in sstimatin the useful soil in America, we reject, lst, all the region orthWard‘ of hit. 53, amountin to 2,600,000 1 square miles; 2d,a' belt of barren land,about miles broad , W10“)!!! length,or300,000 uare miles, lying oaths East- . urn side of the Rocky Mountains; 3d, a belt of and land, of , t iinilpr extent, situated on the Eastern side of the And“, 50' izveen 24° and 400 of South latitude ; 4th, the desert shore ' : itchru, equal to 100,000 square miles , 5th, an extent of 100 ,- , country of California and Sono- u;and,6th, an extent of 500,000 square miles for the sum- mits of the Andes, and the South extremity of Patagonia. make an aggregate of3,900,000 square miles ; an this, lcducted from 13,900,000, leaves 10,000,000 square miles as

does the fruitfulness of the ground bear to the lati-

increase as we approach the Equator. First, the Warm re-

ot useful land in the New World. NOW, what i

.2

j at): actor‘th fistula.

nd on two circumstances—beat and moisture; and these

gions ol the Globe yield larger returns of those plants which they have in‘ common with the Temperate Zones; and, next, they have peculiar plants, which afford ,a much greater por- tion of nourishment from the same extent ofsurl'ace. Thus, maize, which produces about 40 for one in‘France, produces 150 for 1 on an average in Mexico: and Humboldt computes that an acre, which will scarcely support two men when sown in wheat, will support fifty when planted with bananas. From a Consideration ofthese and other facts, we inlcr,that the. productive, or rather the nutritive, powers oftlie soil, will be pretty correctly indicated by combining the ratios of the heat and the moisture, eXpressing the former in a centi- grade scale.

l

Lat. fln. rain. Mean annual Products. Ratio. Inches. Hcat. / 60 16 ,7 , 112 4 45 29 14 406 15 v 96 28 2688 -100 ,

Thus, ifthe description of food were a matter ofindifi‘crence, the same extent of ground which supports 4 persons at the latitude of60°, would support 15 at the latitude 0M5; , and 100 at the Equatorw—But the food preferred will not always bethat which the land yields in the greatest abundance ;and another most important qualifying circumstance must be con- sidered—It is labour which renders the ground li'iiitful ; and the p wer ofthe human frame to sustain labour is greatly diminished in hot climates. In ,tlie‘Torrid Zone, in low situ- ations, we doubt if it is possible for men to work regularly in the fields for more than five hours in a day, or liiilftlie dai- ly period oflabonr in England. On these grounds, and to avoid all exaggeration, we shall consider the capacity oftbe land to support population as proportioned to the 3d power ofthe co-sine (or radius ofgyrution) for the latitude. it will, therefore, stand thus in round numbci-sz— ' ’ Latitude, , 0 ° 15 ° 30 3 45 ° 60 ° Prodiictivencss, 100 90 65 35 l2§ ,

In England, the density ofpopiilntion is about230 persons per square mile; but England is,iii some measui'c,tlie workshop ofthe World, and supports, by her foreign trade, a greater population than her soil can nourish. In France, the density of the population is about 160; in Germany it varies li'uni 100 to 200. Assuming, on these grounds, that the number of persons whom a square mile can properly sustain is 150 at the latitude of50°, we have 26 us‘tlie sum which expresses the productiveness of this parallel. Then taking, for the sake ofsimplicity, 35 as the index of the prodiictiveiiess of the useful soil beyond 30° in America, and 35 as that of the countries within the parallel of 30° on each'side of the Equator, we have about 4,100,000 square miles, each ~cnpa- blc of supporting 200 persons, and 5,700,000 square miles, each capable of supporting 490 persons. It follows, that il'tlie natural resources of America were fully developed, it would afford sustenance to 3,600,000,000 of inhabitants, a number five times as great as the entire mass of human beings existing tit present upon the globe! The novelty of this result may create perplexity and doubt on a first view; but we are cer- tain that those who investigate the subject for themselves will be satisfied that our estimate is most moderate. And there is every probability that this ’prodigious population will be in existence within three, or at most four centuries. The imagination is lost in contemplating a state of things which will make a change in the condition of the World. We can almost fancy,it to be a dream ; and yet the result is based on principles quite as certain as those which govern

that peri . I . attempted to raise wheat on the pine plains. the trees in the winter, ‘ quired to make a fence about the

wide, _ month of ' August, t groun not crass woods; the land was tli gen A few more cro produce, become a common, number ofyears, I a bush about the Size of our upland A this off, it would again give crops. ' thatin many instaiicest first drop did not pay th that where people had plain

slight that they

some persons

They girdled down than were re- n fenced

od,as the better soils were taken up,

more field. They the ground, and in the spring ploughed a strip, about a to adjoining the inside 0f.tbe fence. 1n the following be girdled trees were all dead, and the d was burnt over, cure being taken that the fire did the strip that was ploughed and run into the green on sowad with winter wheat; and is to the acre, of the best quality. which rapidly diminished in haumed, it was alloWed to lapse of a considerable h a thicket ofShriib Oak, lder; upon clearing one good and two or three small began to spread, it was found he land was so barren that even the a cost ;' and it Was soon discovered been in the habit of burning their rig, every sixth or seventh year, the Was not worth cultivating, although the fires were so did not injure the trees; but that all the us which had never been burnt would give a good crop; it Wm also observed that When fires were allowed to run into the woods and burn ofi'tlie leaves ofthe better soils, a con- siderable injury was done to the soil, which it required a number of years to recover from. If woodland is allowed to remain for one season after it is cut down exposed to the sun,the lenves will be so much decayed that it will bear sowing with grain and grass seed without burning, and Wlll continue to produce grass worth mownig tWice as long as tlis‘ground that has been well‘burnt.

cutting no

he

orally yielded20 buslic ps were taken, till the land being ex and alter the

was overgrown wit

Alter this practice

s over in tlie spri land

plai

» PASTURING nicn LAND. I 1 Britain, where enormous rents are paid for land, there are large tracts, highly cultivated, which are occupied for pa urea. Here it is generally the custom to pasture only an i lands as were either never cultivated, or else worn out grounds, which have become biirren for want of manure. Tlia only rich pasture for our cattle is the aftergrass of the mdwing land, into which they are rarely ttirned till the mmtliol'Septeinber. Most ofour farmers are terrified at thefiden ofgiving up a part ofthcir best mowing ground for pa turing; they cannot, they say, spare the buy; but the prlctice in other countries seems to have proved, that on sone soils, the farmer who constantly pastures one-third of his best land, raises a larger crop from the remaining two- th'rds than he could from the whole, when constantly occu- phd by a rotation ofgreen crops, grain, and grass for mow- lnl. It has been observed in Scotland, that land which w‘ien first broken up and well manured, yielded li'om two totliree tons ofClover to the acre, will not after the lapse ofa number ofyears give, even when ‘well manured, above hllftliat qupt'itity; but ifit be then pastiired for four or five airs, and then broken up, it will again give large crops. There are, it is believed, few old fiiriners here who do not know oftracts which have for many years been constantly ttctlpict‘l with either grain, potatoes, or grass fo.‘ mowing, ml which now give much smaller, crops ofliay than they lid formerly, although the soil does not appear to be im- ioverished. Many appear to‘be anxious for the breeds of the ihort horn Durham cattle, and the Dishley Sheep; but these inimnls will be found any thing but profitable if left to get heir living in our common pastures. They have been ac-

the conduct ofinen in their ordinary pursuits. There are many elements ofdisorder now operating in Spanish Amor- ica, but these are merely the drags left by despotism ;and the anglo-American Republ

prosperity. Nearly all social iinprovemen reciprocal influence of

America two centuries hence,

paratively so narrow,and when this immense mass of hu- man beings speak only two languages! for we take for

is clear to us that the Russian w

ill never attain permanent footing in the

New World. Such a state of things may be

of mankind their pristine facility ofiiitercourse; for the lan- guages spoken by the communities of Europe and Asia will be as unimportant there, in the general scale of the Globe, as the dialects oflluiigary, Finland and Bohemia arc in Europe at this day. When we reflect on these changes, which are not more extraordinary than they are near and certain, the conviction is forced upon us, that society, after all its advan- ces, is yet but in its infancy ; that the habitable world, when its productive powers are regarded, may be said hitherto to have been an untenanted waste ; and that we have at present only an imperfect glimpse ofthe state oftliings tinder which the true destiny ofMan, and the grand scheme of Providence in this lower world, is to receive its full development.

EFFECTS OI“ BURNING NEW CLEARED GROUND. (From the Colonial Farmer)

cleared woodland, is a species of running in debt, usurious interest. Lniid that is accounted well burnt; is to say, that has the surface all blackened, and all tli leaves and dead twigs consumed, never fails to give a Iarg crop in proportion to the quality ofthe soil, and if not 0 extraordinary quality, mostly covered with

at a most‘

f it never fails to be, within seven years, Golden Maidenliair Moss, (Polytri

sing. The extraordinary fertility and the rapid ex of burnt land have not been explained, and depend causes yet to be discovered. It is certain it is not the effect oftlie Potash, fora much greater quantity of ashes spread upon the ground will hardly produce t will not impoverisli the soil at all. the burnt land is moist, resting on t is above. A considerable portion oftlie gaseous or aeriforufi matter produced by the fire must be condensed by tho sur‘l

The turfy surlace 0F

still. During the combustion of ~vegetable matter, large quantity of pyroligiieons acid is formed, strongly iiii pregnated with the bituminous empyrcuinntic oil. bnbly to these substances that the effect is owing; it beiii quantity of fish, uiglitsoil, or salt, which will produce an niense crop, followed by sterility for many years after. probable that all these substances possess the [)OWGI; 0

when too much is applied, a much greater quantity than tl

but very litte of the soil of the sandy pine plains was i-

‘f'md. ofthe place? The productive powers of the soil do-

I

vated, along theIValley of Connecticut River, but r

I.

inst0iiied to feed on grounds which would have yielded one or two tons of hay to the acre; and on such pasturage give the old Spanish more flesh in proportion to the food they consume than any ic is a Pole Starother breed, but in poor pastures they will be lean where to guide the people in their course towards freedom aiidtlie liardiest ofour own cattle would be fat. A rich pasture

ts spring from the Will always be found the best for cows kept for the dairy condensed numbers atid diffused iii-nod for bringing , telligence—VVhat, then, will be the state of society inbntcher early in the season; as the cows will give a much when two thousand inil- greater proportion of butter and cheese, npd the cattle will lions of civilized men are crowded together in a space com-always command a higher price than those which are sold

granted the Portuguese will merge into the Spanish; and it '

said to undo the curse of Babel, and restore to the majority, lnd ofcrop as well as ever it did.’ Ifthe soil should be of

:ens insects, who cannot live there as they do in tlie culti— vated ground. Among these we may reckon the wire-worm, The common practise of burning the surface of newly?

tlmttion ofcertain substances necessary to the crops, which had ebeen exhausted by cultivation, and which were not replaced Boy the manures that had been applied. lime or wood ashes. gross which, although it will fatten cattle, exposes them chum), with so little grass upon it that it is not worth fen-lnuch ‘0 ‘llsfiases ‘r'lm "‘“fle “"0 hay, but Whenever I1 I'lCh Inmsfionmsturc begins to fail conSiderably, it should be plowed up up(mind cultivated—lb.