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. . . PRESERVATION 0F MANURE. THE CHEflPE-S‘T .IL’V'D HANDSME’ST BOOK , ,1 b -' 1 his \‘ICIOI’IOIIS arms. The contest was . .r I . s r t . P 2»: irriilvzhiliiiiugvrllliELtt‘i'een the Northern and Southern poten- (From the Gardeyters’ Chronicle.) , LVER “3°th IN AME‘n-A- 4 THE REFUGE. tates of China. The territory ofthe former was called Cullllly lu Chester, Sir-Philip Egerton is about to offer thru Pf.“ ’"T ' “And David “lilo! us now {all into the hand 0mm Lm‘d. if” his by the Moguls, and by tllulllfllfle "10 Cl'lllese eml'll‘e 39"‘3‘ miuml to his tenantry “fix the most economical and efi'ec- A Glut stirs: Path er s I resent to Its ra-uy,

mercies are great,) and let me not fall into the hand of man.”—2 SAM. 24"“. ' ‘ ‘ ' ”" Man bath a voice severe,

His neighbour's fault to blame; A Waltent eve, a listening car, ' To note his brother’s shame.

.He, with auspicious glance, ' The curtaiuad breast doth read, And raise the accusing balance high, To weigh the doubtful deed.

O-Tlvcn, whose piercing thought, Doth note eat: secret path.

For mercy to thy throne we fly, From man‘s condemning wrath.

Thou, who dost dimness mark it heaven‘s resplendent way, And fully in that angel host, .Who servo thee night and day,

How fearless should our trust In thv compassion be, . ,When from our brother of the dust We dare appeal to thee!

. _ MRS. FRY AT NElVGATE PRISON.

“ Who entereth to this'drenty cell ’ \V odares tho harden'd throng, Willi fearless step and brow serene, . ' In, simple ovodn‘oss strung? ‘ ‘ She bath a iblo in her hand, ’And on her lips the spell Ofloving and melodious speech, I Those lion hearts to quell.

‘fiSho resdoth from that holy book, And, in Ill spirit meek, .

Doth warn them as those straying ones, \Vhom Christ vouchsafcs to seek ;

She koeelcth down, and asketh Him Who dnigu'tl the lost to find,

Back to his blessed fold to lead These impotent and blind.

‘ “ Oh, beautiful! though not with youth,

Bright locks ufsunny'ray,

0r changeful charms that years may blot, And sickness melt away; '

But with swth lowliness ofsoul, The love that never dies,

The purity and truth that hold Communion with the skies.

“0h, beautiful ! yet not with gauds, That strike the worldling's eye, Butin tho self-denying toils Of heaven-born charity. Press onward, till thou find thy home In realms of perfect peace. hero, in the plaudit ofthy Lord, All earthly cares shall cease." ’ Mas. Sraonsazr. =—_——=

Tun rtasr'raa'ran couuves'r.

{Milne “ History of China,” by Miss Comer, just publishing.)

’ Zingbis Khan, who was one ofth

whose original name was 'I‘cmudgin, and e greatest conquerors that has ever appear- ed on the face ofthe earth, either in ancient or modern times was the chisfof one ofthe numerous hordes of Moguls that inhabited the countries to the north of the Great Wall, ex. wading from Eastern Tartary to Bukharia. They werea

' wandering people, who had no settled place ol'abode, but firmed their cities oftouts, which they could set up where

, » they. phased, and carry away with them whenever they chose to change their locality. Every tribe had'its own chief, but there was one superior to the rest, who was called the Great Khan, and to him the lesser chiefs paid homage and 'tribute. ' Some ofthem were also tributary to the two great Tartar empires of the Khitau and the Kin,—thc former ex- tending’ovor'Westsrn Tartary to the shores of the Caspian Sea, and containing several great cities, of which Cashgar was the capital ; the latter comprising the whole ofEnsteru Toiitary’, with the North ofChiun, and to this empire the particular horde of Moguls, of which Temudgiu was the had long been accustomed to pay tribute. This cele- rated warrior was gifted by nature with a mintl of vast capa_city,,whtch served to render him more terrible to the rest ofmankind, since it made him ambitious, and led him toplnn and execute the widely extended schemes ofconquest that have rendered his name distinguished in history as one oftboso wholesale destroyers ofthe human race, whose fame rivals that ofAloxsnder of Macedon, generally culled 4‘. the (itself—a term that hastoo often been most stmngel. misopplied to those who have done the mos world, and provad themselves the worst species. Tomudgin had been acc earliest youth, for his a boy ; and several of knowledge the eutho sorted the yottng chi

a very small hand career of conquest.

t miscliiofiu the enemies oftlieir . ustomed to war from his father had died while he was yet but the subject hordes, not choosing to ac- my of so inexperienced a leader, de- eftain to join others, so that he had but of warriors when he first set out on his Being successful, however, in several expeditions, the number of his subjects was increased, and

he married the daughter of the Great Khan, whose real name was Vang, but who is better known by the hilarious title of I'resterJobn, or Priest John, which he seems to have obtasnod among Europeans in consequence ofthe vi-

sits of some Christian missionaries to that part of the world, whom it we supposed he was converted to Christianity. _boKhan and his soa-ia-law did not remain on friendly terms, but were frequently at war with each otlrsr, untiluhe death of the former. Temndgin then invaded the territo- ries of his deceased father-iu-law, and conquered one by one many ofthe Mo ultribes, whose princes did him hom-

age as their Great .han or an ironic chief: His ambition being thus lettered by success, 'i‘emudgin, on finding him-

_ 9pr head sovereign of the Moguls, ‘ I, . fancy that be was destined to r andlsstng fully impressed with this romantic and mischie-

us notion, be assembled together all the princes of the difi'srot tribes which were subject to him, and the gene- s-als of his, miss, ‘to hold a diet on the subject of the vast snterp ' meditated. The place of rendezvous was on Onon, where all the chiefs arrived and the whole army was ranged in 0 playing its particular standard. The Khan Was seated in the midst ofthe assembly, when a certain pretended pro- phgt, who enjoyed agrcat reputation for sanctity, suddenly .ppouzed,,and tn a loud voice declared that it was the do-

' croo offleavon that 'I‘omudgiu should rule over all

'ssoutd thensoforth beer

begun to indulge the vain ule over the whole world,

the banks of the river at the appointed time, rdcr, each band dis-

the title oninghis Kbun,siguifyiug

‘ Host Great Emperor. Such was the rise ofthis renowned _r , who began his reign as Emperor ofthe Moguls by

, 0 did «in. and make them formida- nging to the Mogul tribes

, n ‘a new code oflaws to his subjects, which it 'to' keep ace among them, ’ blo‘to othir nati s. The men belo :- probibited' ‘rom pursuing any occupations but those of our and the’ chase, all servile employment: being left to s ves and strangers; the regulations lbr hunting, on which the subsistence of these rude astidns chiefly depended, were strictly defined; and death was made the punishment for murder, as well as .tor the theft of a horse orian ox, the two valued articles of Tartar property. With re rd to religion, the barbarian prince granted universalr'oleration; nor did. e sulfu- bis peOple to interfere with each other'on that point, but all were permitted to worship in their own

and to receive equal protection

way. to enjoy a l :1 ins.

from me laws, All-glitst they were Heatltels, Jews, Muham- ueduas, or Christians, for Zinghis numbered among hissub- jest. people ofaltpost every difi‘erent persuasion. The rapid WMJI' Zinghis Khan aimedin established his autho- my "lulu grater part both of Western and Eastern Tar- hry, from the banks ofthe Volga to the wall of China, which

a

rally is, mentioned in the European histories ofthose times. It has already been stated that_the Moguls were tributary to the Kin race, then reigning In Cathay; .but as the‘ tribute had not'beon regularly paid for some tune, the Emperor Yougtsi, who had just succeeded to the throne, sent an am- bassador to demand it from Zinglus Khan, who.treated the message with the utmost contempt, and made it a pretext. for the invasion ofCliinu. The descriptions that are given ofthe dreadth crueltios ofthe invader are probably very much exaggerated; but the sufi'ermgs of the people "lost have been extremely great, as the Tut‘tnr mode. of warlnro was barbarous in the highest degree, and It was one ofthe ma‘xims of Ziughis never to make peace till after conquest. It is said that in the first expedition be burnt down as many as ninety cities in the North of China, put to the sword many thousands ofthe inhabitants, and carried away. vast numbers of both sexes into slavery. The Emperor of Cathay thou ofi'erod terms ofpeace, which were accepted by the conqueror, who received, as the price ofhis forbearance from all further hostilities, immense presents in gold, silks, horses, and slaves. He then withdrew his army; but it was not longtbefore'ho commenced a new invasion, which put an end to the empire ofthe Kin, and established that of the Moguls in the north «of China. On this occasion, the in- vaders laid sicgp to thenucieut *city of Yen—King, which stood nearly on the site ofthe modern Pekin, and had bev come the capital of the kingdom of Cathay, as the Tartar kings had, during their wars with the Chinese sovereigns, found it expedient to remove their courtd'rom lionan. ‘ Yea- Kitig was stormed and takeu,nfler u longnntl despurnte rte. sistnuce,during which, the inhabitants were reduced by la- miuo to the last extremity ;and when tho conquerors entered, they immediately set fire to the Imperial Palace, from which, howaver, the king had fled before the commencement ofthe

siege. It is needless to dwell on the horrors ol'tliesc barbar- ous wars; suffice it to any, that Zingliis was in the and completely victorious, and tonk'ubsnlute possession ofthe northern part ofthe country, while the king of the Kill was obliged to retreat litrtlier towards the south.

The conqueror now turned his eyes towards other regions, and having appointed governors to preside over the pro vinces he had won, he left apart ofhis armies to defend them, and departed, with n numerous host, to spread war and desolation throughout the countries of Western Asia, the greater portion of which was divided into small sovereign- ties, under the dominion of the 'l‘urkish sultans of the race ofScljook, who had established a powerliil empire , on the ruins of that ofthe Arabian caltplis, but were now much weakened in cousoquonce ofthcir wars with the European crusaders. It is not therefore surprising that they should be unable to resist so powerful an enemy as Ziugliis Khan, who first subdued all the states around the Caspian sea, and then proceeded southward with equal success, through Persia and Arabia, to the shores ofthe lndns. All the rich and 'populous' provinces ofChorassan, Cariztne, and Trunsoxianu, the last of which afterwards took the name ol'anami, from one of the sons of the conqueror, fell under the power of the Moguls, who plundered them, and sold great numbers of their Turkish prisoners for slaves to the Syrians and Egyp-

tians. Durin the progress ofthis fearful war, the eldest son 0 Zinghis iilian, 'I‘oushi, who was also a great warrior. head-

ed an expedition into the Russian empire, which led the w to the conquest of that country a flaw ye Ziughis, on his way back to China, brought under strlqcc- tion several of the kingdoms of ’I‘urtary that had either ro- volte-l from his authority or had not yet been subdued; but he did notlivc to complete the conquest of the Chinese

ny urs afterwards.

.V succeeded each other, none of whom

empire, as death put an end to his destructive career very soon after his arrival in Cathay, iu the year-1297. He left four sons. of whom the third, Octai, with the unanimous consent of his brothers, succeeded as Grunt Khan ofthe Moguls and Tamara, and was styled Emperor of China, while the others were content to hold states dependent on him. Octui, in pursuance of the dying commands of his father, carried on the war against the Kiu, whose last monarch, after a long and tlc peratc resistance, killed bitu- selfiu despair, and the remnant ofthat once powerful nation lied to their native deserts, where they founded the tribe ofthe Muiitchoos, by whom the Chinese empire was con- quered at a later period, and whose princes still occupy the throne of China. -

While Octal was thus employed in e tending his empire in China, he sent out a powerful army to Russia, headed by his uephew,liatnu, by whose successes the dominion ofthe Moguls was established over that portion of Europe,and was maintained for upwards oftwo centuries. In the meantime the Chinese kept possession: of the southern half of the country, and several Emperors ofthe Sooug dynasty had were particularly at been involved in wars with better know by the name of Kublui, one of the grandsons oninghis, became Emperor, or Great Khan, about the middle of the thirteenth century, and for liim‘tvas reserved the glory of completing the con- quest begun by his predecessor. Kublai was born in China, and in llllll the tirrocity of the Tartar race uppenr- oil to be blended with the wildness of the Chinese char- actor. He was a terrible foe, but a most lienivficeut ruler, and possessed all the great qualities of his grand- father, with u more enlightened mind; but he was not "much less ambitious, and not being: satisfied to reign over halfuu eiiitiiro, he projected the couquestot the southern kingdom, which was at that period styled Msujee, and ac- cordingly went to war with the Chinese Emperor, who hap- pened to be it won and indolent prince, who was wholly addicted to pleasure, and concerned hitnselt'but little about the conquests ofthe 'I'artars,so long as be was not permit- nlly inconvenienced by them. Under these circumstances, multy ofthe Chinese cities opened their gates to the great Tartar general, l’cyen, who was entrusted by I{lll!lui with the chiefcouduct ofthe war; and those which offered unv resistance were speedily forced to surrender, by the usual violent menus.

Such had been the miserable state of the country for several years, when the Chinese monarch died, leaving three inlimt sons, who all in succession received the title of Em- peror, for it cannot be said they reigned, as the eldest was but eight years ofage when his futhet‘dietlr The Empress mother, who was appointed Regent, sent an embassyto the Great Khan with proposals ofpeuco; but received for an- swer, that as tho Soong princes had obtained the throne ori- ginally in consequence ofthe minority ofa reigning prince,I so it was but just that another family should dispossess them under the same circumstances. The young Emperor was taken prisoner and conveyed to the Desert of Shame, in Tar- tar , where he soon died, and the second brother lived only two years; when the now empty title was bestowed on the last prince of the Soong dynasty, who was about six years of age.

In the meantime the antars rally called, in common with all were rapidly approaching the In whole Court fled in the utmost heard some barks that were l Canton ‘ river. Some Tart the wretched fugitives, wh tile fleet seems to have grandees, seizing the i

F u

v .-

distinguished; nor had they y tho Moguls, when lloupilai,

(as the Moguls were gene- the nations ofcentral Asia) iperial city, from which the. consternation, and went on ymg near the mouth of the or vessels were sent in pursuit of use terror atthe sight of the hos- atnountcd to madness; for one of tho . I _ nfaut Emperor in his arms, pimped with lumtnto the sea, and was instantly followed by the Empress and thvchiefministm—who thus all perished.

The Tart rsovsrcign was left in undisputed possession of the whole 'e pire, but the cpiiquest haul not been achieved Willi“! "I"? bloo‘l‘llcdi ind numerous acts. of revoltiugl barbarity ;. but when the great object was accomplished, and tho Mogul-Emperor acknowledged by the Chinese as their sovereign, he sails-soured to win their affictions by con- ferring benefits upon them; and sough power oaths firth lladis'of popular estee

. in, rather than suf- far it to rest on the uncertain lounda '

tion of that terror

l.

which his name had hitherto inspired.

l

t, to establish his'h" "m

tive system of collecting, improving, and employing the solid and liquid materials within their reach, adapted to ter- tiliao and improve the land.” We understand that one“ pl’e- mium will be for tenants tiiidertti‘ZO, another for those under £100, and a third for tenants above £100 o-year. We doubt not that so excellent an example will be quickly followed, and therefore we shall at once proceed to state what. we conceive to be the most aAVisible steps for the competin to take in order to meet the views ofsuch landlords.

The great principle to siart from is, that all the bestparts. of inanurc will either run away or fly-away. ‘Thc first al'o scan in the fluids that tlruin “from ordinary dungbills; the second may be discovered by the sobse ofsmell; for the oii'eiisive exhalatious of manure, heaps are p‘roduceduin cop- sequenCe ofvaluahle fortilising substances flying atvay in an invisible condition. Therefore, a Well-made dunghtll should neither leak nor smcll.‘ ' .

A second and not leap important point to be remarked to, that every thing isa manuring substance which has ever has." alive. The dead remains ofauimals and plants are cool: in their way equally valuable. People often forget what the origin is o substances in very common use, and do not re- cognise the fragments of plants and animals, though they are every day before their eyes. For cxarnple,'coals-are the rc- maius of plants; soap. is composed ol'ccrtutii parts of plants and animals, its potash or soda having been obtained from one, and its fat from the other. Manchester goods are made ofthrcads taken out of plants, just as woollen cloths arp re- pared fi'om threads pulled off animals; therefore, (no rs, soapsuds,.cotton and woollen rags, are numuriug substances just as tnuclt as charcoal, stable-litter, or bones._ ' . ' :_-

The third pointh attend to is, that’ull manurmg substan- ces must decay, before they can act as food for plants. It a man, in his zeal for gardening, were to put his leg into a Vlne border, and to sit with it there all his lilo, his grapes would make him no return for so uncomfortable a position. But let the surgeon cut it ofi'aud bury it there, the effect would he presently suctt iu the deeper green and stronger wpod of his viucs. Now, the obvious reason ofthia is, that, In the first case, the leg remained alive and could not decay, wlule ,iu the second it had lost its lite. and immediately [began to rot. So it is exactly with all other things; they must decay before they can become mauurce. Fresh straw is not a manure, rotten straw is excellent; fresh sawdust is useless, \vlicu decayed it, is of considerable Value. I

These three principles scam to be yhose on which the whole art of preparing and economising manure depends. Mutter which once had lilb,'whcllier the carcass ofa horse or a basket-lull of grubs, an ermine robe ora bundle of rags, will equally become manure; but they must be made to de- cay, anti that being affected, nothing must be allowed to run away in the form of fluid, or to fly away in the disguise of a smell. \Vo conceive that the following plan wrll efl'ect these objects in the most economical manner : . _

Mark out the piece'ofgrouml on which the dunghill is to be made, on a good slope, ifpossible, and close by a pond. Cut a gutter all found, 6 inches wide and 4 inches deep, and puddle it with clay, so as to make it water-tight. 'I‘hen,_at the lowestpart, outside the place where the duughill is to lie, (lit,' a good-sized sink-hole, about 18 or twenty inches deep; let this also be well pudrlled, and connected with the gutter already spoken oil Things being thus prepared, throw down a layer nfsui'l: manuriug substances uyou may have, about a foot deep, and trend thorn Well down; then sift or scatter over it some fixer (what that is will be explained presently); anal finally, water it well. Then add another layer of manti- ring substances, trend down, sift on the fixer, and water ell as before. In this manner go on with layer_ after layer, till I the heap is of the desired height—always treading and l watering as directed. \thu the work is completed, a firm mound of manure Will be formed, surrounded by a gutter communicating with a sink-hole.

‘ Probably during the operation ofmnking the manure-heap, some water will have drained away; in that case, it will have lruu into the gutter and collected in the sink-hole. Ifso, let (a labourer scuppet the water out as the work proceeds, and Hhrow it back upon the dung-hill. Every morning the sink- hole should bc examined, and the drainage that has collect- ed in it be scuppcttetl back overthe heap. If the hole is not large enough to hold all the water that drains off, another can be made near it; none ofthe drainage must on any account be lost. vathe heap is properly made, it will heat gently, not strongly; but it it becomes very but, plenty of water .must be thrown over it, caught up in the sink-hole, and scuppcted back again, and again and again; and, whether it heat or not, it should have, at least once a week, fora mouth or six Weeks, a good quantity offiuid of some kind thrown upon it, so as to keep it thoroughly wet, it being at the same time well drained. Potsboiliugs, soap-suds, or refuse, are tum-l1 better titan common water; but urine is infinitely preferable to either. lfit were possible to collect this fluid, and .use it instead of Water, from the beginning to the end, so much the better.