Progress of the War. THE ARMIES IN THE CRIMEA.

( From the Correspondent of the Times.) (‘sap BKIORE SEIIASTOPOL, Tnesda , Nov. 2 ' —-As it to mock us for our' self in icted misc‘ ries of last year, the weather continues to pre- sent the most delightful antithesis to the storms and rains ot this time twclvcinonth. How many lives, how many reputations might have been saved, if the November ofl85-1 in the Crimea had been at all like the same month in this present year 3 U to the moment at which

I write, there has not iecn a day since last April in which military operations could not have} been undertaken. ‘ither last year was re-. markable in the annals of the Ci-imc-.i for its‘ severity, or we are enjoying a season of excep- l tional mildness. The country is open in every 1 - direction to carriage, man, or lieast—tl~.c l trenches are dry ; in fact, the weather presents ! contrasts ol' endless varict to that which pi-c- ;

vailcd last year, and aﬂiir s ground for inﬁnite 4 Tliere is no reason. l

however, td’ suppose. that the English army<

speculation and comment.

would have had much reason to congratulate itself on the la:-t, that the clemency of the sea-

exeessive l'ati;_ruc, and a false position would

HA SZARD'S (i A 7. l'l'l"l‘ 1'2,

“ Eranceese’_’ comes over with his spoon, a' Ulllllt-3. an onion, and a bit of salt, or savoury condiment, to some supper or renadier, day

. liter day, about dinner ‘time, in ulges in pan-

tomimic conversation, interlarded with man

“bones,” and regales on good soup and broth,to the great delight of his entertainer. Thus both are satisfied—a true eutcnte cordiale is esta- blished through the medium of the stomach, and no one is a loser. The reinforcements to our ally contain like our own many very young men,aud I was particularly struck with the yontliful appearance of the men of a regiment which arrived at Kamiesch on Monday. There is scarcely any use in keeping up an appear- ance of a. diary, for one day is uncommonly like another. Preparations for the winter are evident on every side. December will be in- augurated with a steeple-chase of English di- nu-nsions, in stakes, jumps, and fences. The- atriculs are looking up, and nearly every di- vision will have a theatre open during the Christmas week, and some daring spirits are even tiilliitig ofa pantomime, and of assaying a repetition of the hold experiment of an amateur performance in Gay Faux, or a match for a King, with which it is hoped the author will

;not interfere by any question of cop right.

son had averted the evils which \\'a_nt ofroads, ;[m]ee,1, they-e w.,u1,1 be some dilﬁculty in fuig.

ing it in the Crimea, unless the provost

119-70 entailed l|p'~HI W011!» lnﬂslnucll 09 if 15 marshal considered the matter came under his

certain the bald we-atlier paralyzed the (‘m,'lIly,'

cut oil their reserves, impeded their trans ort of food and of reinforcements, and prcvcntc their making another attenipt——uot at liikermann, of which they had to their cost learned the strength, but from the Traktir bridge, or at some other point of tlieTchcrnaya then in their ossession, from which the could have e- ouchcd into the plain of Balaklava. and made a grand attack on the rear of our lines. Al- though tho-e lines were greatly strengthened, and the prolile altered and improved when the rumours of the Russians gathering force to- wards Baidar with the intention of assaiilting us prevailed. they were far from being perfect or unassailalile list November. We now learn that the country between Teliongar, Perckop. and Simpheropol was in such a state that it was witi diﬁculty the garrison of Scliastopol could be fed, and that strong reiiif-irccviients were kept for weeks waiting at (hlessa, Nico- ln.ieﬂ', and Clicrson, till they could iiiarc‘.i into the Crimea, and were tiually detained till the. spring of this year. But for these impediments‘ t'ie Russians would have liad a prodigious ar- ’ my about Sebastopol this time twclveuionth or early in December, and if they were indisposed to try another Inkerinann, they could certainly have pressed us much lixirder in the trenches and tried our men by strong and repeated sor- ties, to which as it now appears their hard worked and exhausted g;tl'!‘lS0l't was not ade- quate. At times it was dilticult to march even a battalion from the army of the Bclbek or Mackenzie’s Farm into the city or to elfect the usual reliefs. If to these considerations be added the notorious sentiments and opinions of persons high in authority who advocated the abandonment of the siege, and the retreat of the army from the Crimea after the battle of Inkermann, it will be seen that our‘prospscts would not have been much better, ha weather like that we now enjoy prevailed last winter. As to future operations. it is not becoming in me to speak, but the Russian general must be a man of extraordinary conﬁdence it‘ he thinks he can extricate his arms. when the spring comes, from the grasp of an enemy which al- ready clutches tho whole of his coast. is esta- blished at two points in his rear, and has four distinot bases of o erstioas, with suﬂicient forces to use them a 1, and to concentrate a prodigious force on any point he pleases. He may orr. and if he does, and the blot is hit, the the result will be fatal. The Russian infantry, in spite of its stubborn endurance and passive courage, is not equal to either French, Sardi- nian, English. or Turkish troops. Eve day shows us that it has no chance a inst the attor when they are led and otlicer b Englishmen or brave and skilful European so diers. Their cavalry in equal numbers will be ridden down like grass, whenever they stand a ainst English or French squadrons, and notwit standing the excellence ot their artillery compared with other arms of their service, it cannot compete with cure ‘for an instant as re a_rds rapidity of motion or ptecision of tire.‘ rincc Gortscha- koﬁ' will be a grand strategist opposed _to very weak generals, if he succeeds in saving his _ariny and msrchin them scathclcss from the Crimea, The health u our troops is excellent, the drafts which arrive are rather younger than is desi- rable. but they will get experience and in_stru«-- tion dnr-in the winter. fliey are admirably clothed 8: fed as no army was ever fed beforc —fz5gh msdt, bread, and vpgctables are fre- quent] issued to all. lie.-ace orth, the men are angst fresh aunt only three times a week, and bread oily roe me a week, instead of will

jurisdiction. which is very sharp. short, and decisive. Some useful examples have been made among the unruly in Bahiklava. Kadi- koi. and camp, and refractory navvies and can- teenmcn have been triocd up and had a dozen or two, erc they knew who was doin it. The agent or representative of a celebrate military tailor in London was iiufortunaie enough to engage in a personal controversy with one of the provost inai-shal's serjeants some nights ago, in liulaklava. and. having been dining out, he was discreet and valorous enough to “let ﬂy with his left" on the otlicial’s frontispiece, by way of bringing the affair to a satisfactory termination. [ls was at once seized and carried oil‘ to the main guard, where delin uents pass the night in fear and trembling til they are tied up for the attentions of the drummers in the morning. In vain did he entreat the pre- sidingjudge to send for various distinguished clients to speak to character or bail him out; in vain did he implore that Lord This or Gene- ral That, whose intimate friend he was. might be summoned. No etforts could avert ordolay his doom ; he was tied up, when his turn came, like the rest, and received “ two dozen" on the back. The Highlanders are about getting up a theatre also, but it would be a strain of the most ardent friendship to go up to Kamara to see an amateur performance, un esa the players entertain the audience for the night, and the general camp axiom certainly is, “ where I dine I slec , and where I sleep, I breakfast." Some peep e are talking of “ payment at the doors" to go to purchase comforts for the sick, but they really and trul are in want ofnothing at present. The hospita kitchens are certainly worth seeing, and M. S0 or has, by the intro- duction of his stoves an of an improved sys- tem of manage, contributed to render them elli- cient. His stove would be still more valuable if it roasted or baked, as well as boiled, but at iresent, the last is the only operation to which it is suited. and the old cam kettle did that as well, always, however, wit a much greater consuni tion and waste of fuel. In economis- ing the atter scarce and most ex nsive article by the introduction of stove M. yer has ren- dered a caasidersdlc service. No article presc- es more heavily on the resources of the commis- sariat department, is more bulky and diﬂicult of transit. more scarce, and mom expensive than wood for fuel.

Racsr-rion or Gait. Caiuicnxar nr ‘l'EI.KIl0 or Dlinunx—Gencral Canrobcrt was received in a rivatc audience by the King of Denmark. The ensral was taken to the palace in one of the Court carriages, in which was M. de Moltkc aide-do-camp of his Majesty. More than persons assembled in the court of the hotel.and cheered him as he entered the Royal carriges. Thcli agdiplncc lasts: Igor half( aqhhppr. At5 o‘c cc t. c corp: ip matique wi _ e excep- tion of the Russian Charge d'Aﬁ‘aires). the members of the Cabinet, the hi h dignitaries of the Crown. the commanders of the army and navy, and the most eminent functionaries were invited to a banquet given in honour of the General. General Canrobert sat next to the King. In the middle oftlie repast the King, who wore the insignia of the Legion of Honour, proposed the health of his Majesty the Emper- or and at the same time the music struck up the national air, " Partaut pour la S firm". the evening the General attended a all given by the [iandgrave William, in honour of the birth of his son. It. Dotczar presented the Amliassabor Extraordinary of the Em ror to the lto .11 family, all the nicmliers ofw iicli re-

—n 3

are Canrobert visited the military establish-

sverv day. On the other days they .:ee'sive pork or salt beef. and excellent biscuit. In impact or winter clothing. humor. and (coiling. our men are umucasurnhly better otl than our allies. nod. indeed. it is not 'In|I6u~

«Al, to see the latter outing in the English Gimp ‘ of th. excess of our soldiers’ cooking kettles.

Little friendships hsvs. sprung up in this way

ooiied lllll um.-it graciously. The next day Gen-

me ts of the capital, accompanied by the Minister of War.

‘lbs izunboais liuildhig in the South at Eng- lam ll.'Iv(:_0ngillEI oE6o horse power. The first launl.-li'».-«l has been named the Beaver. .

DECEMBER 26.

WHAT‘ ARE THE OBJECTS OF THE WAR?

The organ of Mr. Disraoli—though we are glad to see that it is not the organ of Lord Derby or the protectionist party- utlii-ms, that the objects of the war are ac- complished. ’e need not follow its rea- soniugs on this point, but will simply ask, ” What are the objects of the war?” It will be quite time enough to declare that they are accomplished, when we know in‘ wliutthcy consist. \Vo need not inquire in what way Lord Aberdeen originally un- dcratood the war, or what was the limita- tion which Sir James Graham, or Mr Glad- stone, or Mr. Sidney Herbert, or Lord John Russell would have imposed upon it; but in what sense it was and is understood by the British Parliament and people, by Napoleon Ill, and his gallant nation, by the Turks, by the Piedmontesc, and by the universal sympathy of civilized Europe.

The outbrca of the war was long fore- seen by the ablest statesmen and diploma- tists of England, Germany, and France. It was not only Napoleon l.—as greata statesman and philosopher as he was a soldicr—who predicted it as inevitable, unless Europe prevented it by the establish- ment of great constitutional States on ever side of the Russian frontier; but such men as Prince Metternich in Germany, and Lord Palmerston in England, who for tho last ﬁve-and-twenty years have been fully aware that, sooner or later, it would be found necessary to limit by force of arms the encroachments of Russia upon the territories of her neighbours. The ambi- [ion of Russia was no secret. The means, diplomatic, commercial, and military, do- mestic as well as foreign, by which the late Czar Nicholas sought to accomplish his ends, though not so obvious as they ought to have been to the people of Eng- land-—a people provcrbially ignorant or careless of foreign policy-—were patent to all the advanced spirits of the age. The voice cl warning was scarcely ever mute; but engrossed as the nation was with its domestic politics, and its immense trade and commerce, the voice was for the most part uiiheeded, and those who raised it were ‘accused of being nlarmists. But our principal statesmen knew perfectly well the danger before them. VVhen in I853, the Czar, through the medium ofPrincc Mens- chikotl‘, threw oil the mask, and aimed a blow against the independence of Turkey, it was universally felt both by statesmen and people that, if Russia persisted in her demands upon the Sultan’s Government, it would be impossible to prevent a war. Even Lord Aberdeen knew this. He felt that such a war, if it ever broke out, would he a war of principle, a war that would not last merely for a few months, or years, or involve only two or three Powers, but that

‘might last for a generation, and extend to

the whole of Europe. For this reason he id his utmost to prevent the outburst. He endeavoured to adjourn the evil day; to procure a peace, or at the least a truce, b diplomycy, by negotiation, and by ap sale to the justice, if not to the fears of the zar. He would at that time have been quite ¢0l|lenl8d. as he himself avowed, if he could have arranged a paciﬁcation thgt would have lasted for twenty years. Lord Abci-deen_was selﬁsh enough not to care for posterity. What he desired was to save the men of the present day from tho uuutterable miseries of a European war, and to have" our children or our grand- children, iflhs course ofevents so decreed it, to fight a still harder tight for their own independence and that of the world. For this it is now useless to reproach Lord Aberdeen or the statesmen who acted with him. Their great for-bearance—tliough it pampered the pride ol' the Czar Nicholas, and taught him to believe in his own invinci- bilit‘_v—-ut least proved the reluctance ofthe rulers ot' this great nation to provoke war, their deep sense of its evils, and their inno- cence of all attempt or inclination to hasten or lo exaspei-ate it. _ ufthc men to be blamed at this juncture- wcre the cowardly King of Prussia and the irresolute Linperorot‘ Austria. These men; llll'0,V Md boldly supported the unions- trances advanced by Aberdeen and um Emperor Napoleon. and plainly notified to

Nicholas that, if he drew the-sword,’ they

would fight Igoinst him, would have pro- cured poace without bloodshed, by making

it evident to the ambitious Czar that he stood alone, and would have had the whole ofEuropc—Governments as well as people —arrayed in arms against him. They fail- ed to adopt this wise and conservative policy. As an inevitable and palpable con- sequence, the objects of the war immediate- ly extended themselves. The independence of Turkey, the first ostensible oliject, would have been its last. If the Great German governments had been alive to their duty and their interest, that object would have been secured by their co-operation, and the world would in all probability have enjoyed the peaceful, twenty years which Lord Aberdeen had reckoned upon. In the menntime,events might have been so mould- ed liy wise statesmanship,that Europe would have opposed the growth ofCossnckisin, in the North and North-East, the growth of Constitutional Government in her Central States, and have met encroaching barba- rism by the strength derivable from the wealth, the spirit, and energy of a civiliza- lion developed in the enjoyincnt ol' rational liberty.

But this was not to be. The Czar was haughty and blind, and the Sovereigns of Gerinnny, great and small, were .raiturs to the dignity of their own crowns and the interests of their people; and, by their pusillanimity or their ignorance, allowed a war, that might have been a little one and easily strangled in its hirtli, to grow to the proportions of that mighty giant which we now behold it. On their heads will some day full the penalty. Many of our states- men, who know full well the magnitude of the war which they had so ardently strivcn to prevent, lacked the genius or the cou- rage to direct it; and one by one they dropped off from the Government, till, backed by the. indomitable “ pluck” and sterling good sense of the British people, there came into power, under the presiden- cy of Lord Palmerston, a Ministrv equal to its task, and fully comprehending it. It is certain, that the great statesman was not blind to the fact, that the object of the war ccased to be limited to the mere independ- ence of Turkey the moment it became

evident that Prussia and Austria uld not take part with Great Britain and in combating the pretensions of Russia. He

and his countrymen know that it has now a wider scope. It is not enough, that the independence ofTurkey should be secured. The attack on Turkey was but a portion of a great scheme—-to make Russia the domi- nant Power of Europe—to' procure egress into the Atlantic for her war nnvics—either by command of the issues of the Baltic, or by the deep ﬁords of the north-western por- tions of Norway, from which even now her territories are separated by scarcely ﬁfty miles; and to have similar command over the Mediterranean, by possession of the Bosphorus; and thereby to give the law to the civilized world in our hemisphere. The instinct of Europe felt long ago that such were the objects of Russia; that she pursued them by the subju ation, bit by bit, of 'I‘urkey, and by the rob cry, piecemeal, of every state or nation which had the mis- fortune to have her for a near neighbour. True stntesinanship and the opular interest were agreed on the point. here was and could be no_mistake about it on the part ot any one claiming the possession of ordinary clear-sightednese. The success of Russia in those objects, or in any other of them would be the downfall of England and of France also. Both of these wealthy and powerful nations would sink into the second or third rank. London would become as desolate as Venice, and Great Britain would be of as little account in the world as Spain or Holland. The glory of France would be a tale of the past--as dead and as unfructuous as the vanished glory of Greece or Rome. Tho conviction, that tlis is the

true position assumed hy Rim-is inﬂuences, ‘

will continue to influence Europe until far. In her olijcctn are secured than tho in- dspen ence of tho Turks. The Allied Pow- on will light for their own independence and tisedom as well as lbr those oft-he Ot- tomans: and thsywill not sheaths the sword which they bake drum, whilst they have it man to send Wills fight, or a shlﬂing to p_ay him. lftlll fsil—-wliich they Will not and

-cannot-—t»h o is so end to better things‘

then tlie:'l‘urltish Empire. If they succeed

—'/hich they must and shall, with the blos-