, ﬂordtg lsua of Ira

‘HIE GR!-LAT EASTERN STEAM-SHIP.

The grand destruetives of nature are the winds and the waves ; their appointed business is breaking, indin ,and pulverising. Even the ndamant- ike roe of the sea-shore is chan- ged by their pertinscious effort into incoherent and almost impalpsble sand. But the power they can exert in their lawful task has, iiever- thelcss, is narrow well-deﬁned limit, which appears really to have been set within that of the antagonistic capacities of human ingenuity. Science can now accomplish what Canute 0 old shrunk from attempting. This fact was ractically illustrated so soon as breakwater rriers and light-houses had been reared amidst the storm-surf o the ocean, which could stand ﬁrm while the violence of the liur- ricane raged remorsclessly around them. lint is there anything in the mere necessities of buoyancy which tends to reverse this state ofaﬂairsl Is there any suilicicnt reason why ﬂoating-ships must occasionally be abandoned to tie spirit of the oceun-storm, when claimed as its holocausts .1 So ion as men were true to

HASZAIKIYS G.-\ZE'l"l‘I'§ Al}(ilFS'l‘ ‘.’0.

god and rust , and without its external lsycr. This shi ) diﬁers from all other vessels hitherto contrive , in having a double hull. There is an inner shell of plate-iron, two feet nine inches from the outer oiie,und these two shells are connected by strong intermediate ribs of iron, two feet nine inches broad and sixty feet long. In the lower part of the hull, these ribs are two feet nine inches apart; but they are further asunder in the hi her portion of the vessel, where less strength is required. The hall is thus really of a cellular construction. It is composed of a very great number of long chambers. wide enough for men to creep alon

in, between the inner and outer walls. These, chambers are encli bounded above and below by ' the connecting ribs. within and without by the: double walls of the luill, and at each end byL cross partitions, to he more particularly iillu-, ded to presently. if, in consequence of any accident, the outer shell of the vessel were broken or torn when the ship is aﬂoat, the water would rush in, and ﬁnd itself in one of these chambers; but it would then come in contact with another shell of en ual strengtli,

early tradition, and built their vessels of wood, there could he no doubt the winds and the waves must \ : en prove to be too much for the resisting capabilities of the structure. Beams j and planks could only be procured ofa certain ‘ thickness, and these could only be attached

together with a very limited niuount of ten:i-- ' The strongest mass of timber man could , rovcd to be as frail as a match in the hand oi the tempest. When, however, aban- ‘ doning these early traditions, shipwrights turned from the forest to seek their inaterinl in the niinc—when they deserted wood for iron, and took to the hammer and the anvil in the place of the augur and the adze. the case was altogether changed. y the aid of the steam- iiainmer, ribs and plates can be forged of any

dimensions and oi any strength; and by the’

employment of red-hot rivets, these plates and ribs may be so attached together, that the lines of union have actually as much strength as i composed of solid material. 'l‘hc soundness of the work may be tested, too, at every stage by the Titanic wrench of the liytlrnulic-press, l until perfect assurance is attained that no’ weak places are left in the fabric through il('Cl- , dent. 'l'he iirst ntempts at this novel kind of naval architecture, which was to endow dense , iron with the properties of cork, proved to be . failures in a great degree, as was to be untici- ' patcd. .\s in all other walks of art, it seemed that a certain degree of practice and experi- ence was essential to perfection. it has gene- rally been conceived that the ill-fated Prrsidml steam-ship snapped across some Atlantic wave, as it match might be snapped between the ﬁngers; the still more gigantic Great l/Vcslcrn, Himalaya, Alralo and Persia have lzowevcr, since that unfortunate accident, con tinued to plough their ways in .s:ifcl_-c through the ocean storms. The (:'ru.'! Brilain lay lor months among the breakers of the rock-bound coast of Ireland, and yet ﬁnally ﬂoated oil’ un- scathed. to render good service to the British overnment as a transport in time of need he rand experiment of the cyclopean order of naval , architecture is, however, in preparation, and shortly to be put to the test. '1 cat Eastern Steam-navigation Company have for‘

some time been engaged in building an iron.

ship u on a ‘scale, both as regards absolute; dimensions and strength of material, that will I at once change its leviathan predecessors into

pi inies. _ _ " &‘his future monarch of the leviathnns is now so for advanced towards completion, being within thirteen months of its watery berth, that it has become a very interesting 0 jeet. it stands upon the banks of’ the Thames, at Mil- wall, just opposite to Deptford. About 120 feet of the hull and deck are entirely ﬁnished in the iuidships; ' feet more each way. towards the bows and stern, have a skeleton of Inner lstes attached together, so that the non form and character of the structure are ﬁns far obvious to the eye: but other seventy feet of both bows and stern remain yet ‘ base- less fabrics’ of vision that the‘ imagination his so lill up. evertheless, when the observer approaches the monster ark from the Horse- aterryilosd, to which he is conveyed by the Iisckwali llsiiws ,' ks sses heﬁors in s huge ggu .sII'.llIQusisd y slicers std other mechani-

nsis ilisnces for ruisiughesvy ‘woighpshsud ,.strsto tc,s eater exte t rein in to ht ph:§'t_he' enﬁif length My Cathedral. ’h also within s

at ten ibet‘ of tile mug: of tbuildlsg! The Inc thought that so the mind Olilfthe oliiltbzlllhp‘ pliutvﬂ -this rut , t sv t aid 9 : is i.t.scoi_Irso eibrlip . rousedirsoudi What I! ‘ah ms era s will ever be able to wield s_ii ids It‘! ho ,¢.llput'ths bridle round its is git) nook, and

govern its movements with . r 4! ., U u coming up close to the si eof this iron nsuiioros the w it is growing llsrul g

hosomss psrsu s slightl.’ curved

tssstu ded ‘iii pk . This i‘s"sll

9 ,l

,5‘

i’ its dssi at once rtion, u of suds‘ isprsssn to smooth snd’nest, sud hbbed

with the external one, which won d effectually‘ exclude it from the true interior of the vessel. ; l‘hera.-could be no access to this interior, unless‘ the strong ribs and the second inner shell were also broken away; even then, the water would still ﬁnd itsolfentanglcd in new arrange- ments, intended to limit its powers ofinischief, and no very great harm would result. But these arrangements will be best understood by hinting at hem from unotlwr point of view. Access to the upper-deck is gained by means of a broad wooden staircase, which doubles again and again upon itself, until the highest i part of the iron shell is reached. A broad level datform of iron. exactly like the outer surface of the hull. and formed ofrivct-studded plates, tliatextcnds beneath the feet. This platform is double, or cellular, like the hull already described. At the too cxtreinities. fore and aft, Ilioinncr shell is seen extending further than the outer one, with some of its plates hanging fringe-like and i-'llitl{lll;_ﬁ over the vacant abyss._just lt}iiiJ)0i':Il'il_)' attached to their neighbors by nuts nn screws, which are soon to be replaced by rivets. This deck has been lnnned to be of such stren.-,:tli. that if it were ml“-n up by its two extremities when it is complete i, and the entire weight the vessel is ever intendivl to carry \‘l'l‘(.' hung upon its :iniddle, it v.on'.»l sustain ti.c whole by its un- aided poivers ls’ resist:im-e. The cellular hull lip (g;u'|-ied only about eight feet above wlmt will he the water-lino when the coniplt-ted vessel is immersed and lieavily laden. l‘hen it runs up {as a single hull, until it is attached above lo ~ the cellular deck. 3 The upper-deck runs Hush and clear from ‘stem to stem for a breadth of about twenty lfect on either side, thus ailording two ni.~ignili- .ccnt promenadcs for the l|:l.~.~t.'llgI‘l‘S just within -1 the bulwarks. These pronn-nudes will bceueh lmther more than the eighth part of a mile long. Four turns up and down either ofthcin would exceed a mile by 256 feet. The vessel. {when launched, will be more t_ha_n as long I again as the steam-ship (fruit Britain; it will lbe nearly th ee times as long as the line of

battle-ship th Duke qf liilling/ori, and nearly as long again as the'IIimn/riya; eightycight feet more would make it as long again as tllcl Persia, at present the longest vessel aﬂoat upon; the ocean. 1 Between the two side-promensdas of the‘ deck there are several quadrangular openings, edged with low iron bulwarks, and looking down into the deep recesses of the structure. These 0 -nin are forty-two feet wide. and nearly si:ty- est long, and there are deck ugways, connecting the side-promsnndas, ween ese of them. Into these spaces the sky-lights of the large saloons for passengers will ultimately be ﬁxed. Now, the observer on the deck looks down through them into the t cavities of the vessel, and vast indeed t ese cavities are. There are strong, rtition- walls of iron passing across from sl e to side of the long interior, at intervals of sixty feet. In one csse ' uly, tnlpartimns are eighty ﬂeet 'ssiiii r.‘ These s are constructed of stro iron plates riveted that so as to be anti y wuss:-tight ovsryw ore from tog to bottom. The spscesbetween now look ike large square tanks or walls. Into each of chess tanks, an up 1- and s lower‘ saloon, “six or ei ' feet oug, forty feet wlde,snd as ofty as t e most cominodious drawing- mm, are to- i , wit a complete ‘appendage’ ot'.kitubsns, close and bed4sbius~ rsuglug along their s‘ livery, one of these I stems of saloons and cabins will be eutirel stinct from all its neighbors. 11 there wi i be no access from one to the M r,' except by openings situated high wp near the de&. 1 this ws . even ii the water should ehotun en- trance nto one of those compartments, it will remain impriso there, and all the other compartments wil be as safe as before, and suﬂcieut in themselves to he the vessel loat- g slime wsvss. there will be eleven distisst watm» sutsin the slit . besides the sliaost lsnusisrabie uter- tainsd between the shells of decks. it is the transverse»

I o .3 pale lssdcu hue- Further on, the‘ sh is rug-

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partition-walls of the interior that constitute, y their continuance, the ends of these sixty feet long chambers. By means of all these partitions, small and large, with the addition of horizontal decks planted wherever doors and ceilings are required, the structure will be made inconceivubly strong, just as the bones of animals are by the cuncellntcd arrangement of their substance. Since the double-chaiu- bored dock alone has strength enough to bear the entire weight ever to be trusted in the ship. it‘ it were used as a simple beam, it is anticipated that this multiplication of inter- nal braces and supports will be suiiicient to enable the hollow bull to resist, as a whole, very much more violence, and much heavier strains, tlmn the elements ever can inllict upon it. llut besides this, the water-tight character ofthe numerous compartments would necessi- tate, that several of them should be broken into simultaneously before the vessel could be sunk into the sea. 'l'hc fair probability is, that the gigantic ship might be stranded upon rocks amidst breakers for months, without bein broken up ; and that if, after such adversity, it were ultimately {bated oil‘ into deep water, with holes even through several parts of its double hull, it would still swim with only a loot or two of deeper immersion, it yet naviga- bio and manageable whole. It could not sink to the bottom, until water enough had found its way into the internal chambers to make the entire mass a little heavier than an equal bulk of the saline ﬂuid.

'l‘be Inigo iron fabric now stands upon 15000 piles driven deep into the loose ground. It is reared up from these three or four feet by a forest of wooden pillars, which allow workmen and curious visitors to pass on among them by stooping. Upon arriving under the centre ol the mass, it is obvious that there is no keel, properly so called: it lint keel-plate of iron. about two feet wide and one incl: thick, runs the entire length from stem to stern. This is the base upon which all the rest is reared plates, and girders alike. planking in the structure. The bottom and sides ascending immediately from this are made of plates three-quarters of an inch thick; the thinnest plates, planted above, where less strain will fall, are half an inch thick; the underlying girders and beams being of course considcralily iuor.» iimssivc. The entire fabric is built from below upwards, by adding plank and girder to plank and girder. The several parts are attached together by rivets about an inch in diameter. When the observer stands outside during the riveting-work, he sees all at once a little tlaming star appear on the iron side; it is a blazing rivet, almost at a white heat, thrust through from within. lniinedi- ately two sturdy workmen attack it with alter- nate strokes of the hammer, until the red pro-

jecting peg is changed into a list black button .

-—a l|‘ullo‘llMilill.l0lI that is eif.-ctcd in less l.li.iIl a minute. Every distinct plate is moulded befoi-eliiiiid to the exact shape required by the situation it is to occupy. iii a large shed close by. a full-sizcd section of one-hull of the mid- ships’ hull is sketched out by lines upon the iloor, and other lines of diifereni colours are traced within the space included in these, in apparently inextuieablc confusion. These are a l, however, gauges for the dimensions of the several parts of the structure, laid down upon mathematicalprinciples, and ierfectly intelli-

iblc to the initiated. Woo en moulds are iii-st prepared from these gauges, dud then the iron plates and ribs are accurately fashioned to correspond with the moulds. .

Rsiuvn PnoGnsss.—'l‘ho Wcslmorland Times of last Thursday contains the follow- ing piece of Railway news, which will be read with much sstisfsclion:—

At last we are enabled to announce that contracts have been accepted by the Chief Engineer nnd Commissioner of the Euro- pean und North American Railway, fur the cornpletion of the line fi_-on Shediso to this

see.

A number oi‘ tenders had been handed in, three of Which, from among the lowest were approved of as follows, viz: First Section commencing at Point do Cherie, thence to the 9 mile stake, including the Sclidollek Viaduct, by Messrs. VValker, Rankin 8:. Walker of Canada.

Second or Middle Section, by Mr. Wm. Stevens, formerly Msnsger of the late ﬁrm

essss. Jsmesis ltss ls Co. " Third Section, including Hull‘s Creek Bi-id s, by Mr. John Brookﬁeld, the into well- nown Contractor ofthe St. Andrew's and uebee ltuilrosd.

'1‘ use Contractors we beIio‘ve are‘ men of ex riches and high standing as Rail- way iiililers, sad we have been assured that it is the determination to proceed" with the work forthwith, and thisbsing the csse we _hope now to see matters progress rapidly to a conclusion of which wsrthinlt there is at length a reasonable prospect.

‘E.

O -a

ll. '8 ll l. t l i I .0 S W ea ‘ term “regatta ;" why we should have borrowed

A fire broke out at St. John's N. B., in Ritchie's tsnnery, neurthe “Golden Ball," which entirely consumed nearly twenty buildings in the neighborhood before it was arrested, besides partially damaging others, The loss has fallen severely upon several industrious and worthy mechanics, whose establishments have been" totally destroyed. \‘Ve deeply sympathize with the sufferers.- Another ﬁre occurred in the afternoon, in a house belonging to J. Doody, on the cor- ner ofGcrni.ini and St. Jamc's streets. It originated from .1 spark falling on the roof. The building was much damaged.

EIASZARD’8 GAZETTE. M Wednesday. August 20,-.)

Tu: history of the public amuszments of nations, and the causes and circumstances which gave rise to them, would, if well and philosophically written, form an entertaining an instructive work. Among the ancients, there were some in which the providing of guinea and pleasures or the people. were mat- ters of state policy, and this in the height of their power and prosperity. The Olympian Nemeun iuid lst|.iniun games are familiar to every classic reader. So amous and impor- tant were the first, that their quadrennial celebration became a measure of time, and his- torians relate a fact as having happened during the tenth or twentieth Olympiad with as much certainty of being understood by all the civili- se world, as every modern writer with us, could, by giving the date of the year with the utmost exactness.

There is a species of public amusement, deservedly in repute with a nation whose national power whether military or commercial is the iirst in the world, which is known by the

the term from a foreign vocabulary, is among those anomalies into which we have not now time to enquire. Ilont races have long been favorites with the British people or their dc- scendants in every part of the world, so that when you hear of a horse race or a regatta, you may be certain that an linglishman or an Anglo American is at the bottom 0 it. 9 were pleased therefore to see the advertisement for this species of relaxation from the severity of labor for many reasons. ur insulin- situation will necessarily force us to be a com- mercial ccnimunity whether we wish it or no, and it is therefore but natural, that we should take a pride in fostering a taste for a pursuit so issentiul to our well-being and comfort. “'e

have need of good sailors and good ships and these annual contests will do much towards .-creating and keeping up such u taste. \l'e , state these few remarks on the morning of the ; regatta, and shall reserve any further I-omnicnts until we see how the aihiir comes oil.

it may be a vulgar weakness, and if so, we ‘own the soft iiu eiiehnient as Mrs. Mulprous 9 says, but neverthe ess we do enjoy it crowd of nwcll dressed comfortable looking men, women land children, leaviqlg care and wearincss aside for the moment, an determined to enjoy them- selves. And we were gratiﬁed to our hearts content. We will undertake to so , that Char-lottetcwn never on any occasion had so many people together as were congre- gated in its straits, whsrfs andothcr places yesterday. The day was line with the exception ofa shower or two, which set the ladies scam pcring in search cfsheltcr and produced a race not mentioned in the rogramme, and not the least attractive, for t o ciaits were all well rigged, and not a few of superior build;s.nd iiugs pendants and streamers when the squadron was in full sail presentedla remarkably y appearance. The whurfs were crowded, an in every place available for a sight wsses rly seiz u l“ the dihrsnt rsees, and. the manner in which they canto oi, as the brass is, we do not profess tc_be sutliciently s illful to pronounce with certainty. 'l‘ho four cared gig rsce attracted our attention as being the best contested. We shall ive the results as obtained from the Stewsr s. On the whole we were highly plesesd end this chisiiy because allpeople were pleased. snd because comps- ringthe gathering of yssbrdsy with those of past years, it gives urn high degree of satisfaction to iind thats sensible im rovement has taken place in the oonditioupf t s peo le. lieslth good looking and bvldsiitly well , the while assemblage furnished an upset that was highl cheering, and any intslli stn gsr ‘won have at once conclude that the country that could turn out such a populathn is one that abounds with the necessaries an comforts, as well use proportion of the

luxuries of life.

His Excellency the Lieut. Governor visited

Georgetown on the 13th instant, while her Ms- jesty s ' Anti was in that bsrbor. The peo- ple is that vicinity took occasion to nest s

congrstulo recs to His Eros easy on his ‘recent elevation to the honor of Kuighthocd.