1 MARCH 16. 1953

l

THE GUARIDIANSX WN

THE EDUCATIONAL HORIZON,

PRESENTING NEWS. AND VIEWS OF INTEREST T0 TEACHERS AND ALI. OTHERS SEEKING -

IMPROVEMENT IN EDUCATION .

THE SCHOOL - A SOCIAL, CENTRE

The school is the leadlhg educa- tional force in the community. It mgy easily become the leading cul- tural force also. The organization of the school is the most pa-foot

all local organizations. The whooi has the good-will of all. -It 1, non-partisan and non-sectarinn.

It is easy to step from the work of the school out into outside work. The teachers are more skin- ful in the art of organizing for cultural work and more sucoenful 1., imparting linstruction. Their varied accomplishments enable the school to lead in almost every phase of cultural work.

in doing this outside work they realize that it is giving them a better prestige in the school itself. iilllcil. is a very strong incentive. it would seem unnatural. therefore, if the teachers should not in a measure assume leadership in many outside lines of social culture.

They may assist,the churches, the women's and men's clubs, and other organizations in planning and carrying forward work that inruns everything to the members or these orders, and, taken alto- gather, work that means everything to community. To lend inspiration to this form of service for adults is second only to that of putting life into the schools and promot- ing the welfare of the children.

Tile schools must provide us and our youth with the experiences and the data wh.ich will aid in de- veiopiniz behaviour consistent with the demands of new membership sud leadership in the world com- munity.

The schools must provide us and our youth with the understanding, attitudes; and skills needed to con- trol and to use for human better-

The housefly is one of the worst insect pests, although in many sec- tions of the country it is fairly well controlled. With the approach of cold weather most houseflies die. There are always some, how- ever. that are able to live through the il'llll6l' by hibernating in barns. attics. or other sheltered placu.

with the coming of warmtweat.h- er these few awaken. and the fe- males then lay their eggs. You know. perhaps, that the houseflies lay their eggs in decaying matter such as garbage and barnyard ma- HLIIC.

A female housefly will lay more than 100 eggs at a. time and as many as six or eight hundred in the course of her lifetime. Under favorable conditions the eggs hatch into little wormlike larvae in about eight Hours. The larvae are com- monly cailed maggots. They eat the filth in which the eggs are laid. and with it few days of warm weather change into quiet little rods which are known as pupae. In this stage they seem completely inactive. They do not eat, but great changes are none the less taking place inside the hardened cases which surround them. After four or five days in the pups. stage the fly comes out from the case.

The four stages in the life cycle of a fly are (l) 888; (2) larva; (3) pupa: and the adult stage.

In the case of the housefly about 10 days pass between the time the

increased mechan- lable in the decades

intent the v icel power a to come.

The schools must provide youth with opportunities to share as jun- itzr partners in improving our soci- e y.

It is well to remember in the classroom that a mistake is evi- dence that somebody tried to do something. The great public ob- ject of education, the real justific- ation for a public school system. is not to make a. people know more or at them to know m6re. It is to give them the means by which they can become better men, bet- ter membe .. of society. and more useful to their communities.

Diplomacy is the ability to take something and act as though you were giving it away.

Time stays long enough for those who use it. T

What s. teacher is teaches more than the books he employs.

Where all think alike, no one thinks very much.

A little library. growing larger every year, is an honorable part of a. man's possessions. A library is not a. luxury. it is one of the necessities of a full life.

Every school system is filled with "willing workers". some will- ing to work and others willing to let them work.

Failure consists, not in falling down. but in continuing to lie down when you have fallen.

Never let an opportunity pass to say a kind and encouraging thing to or about somebody. Praise good work done regardlws of who did it. Pay no attention to ill-natured remarks about you; simply live so that no one else will believe them.

THE HOUSEFLY

egg is laid and the time the fully developed fly leaves the pupa.

Suppose that a female fiy lays eggs but once in her lifetime. Let us say that she is the average age at houseflies when they lay their eggs (about 10 days old), and that she lays the average number of eggs (about 100). Let us say that half of these eggs develop into males and half into females. With- in twenty dsys from the time the first eggs were laid each of the fit- ty flies may lay 100 eggs. When these hatch. there are 5000 files.

suppose that half of these 5000 files (2500) are females and that each female l-ys 100 eggs. When these hatch, there will be 250,000 flies. Twenty days later there may be 50 times more or 12,500,000 flies. Thus a single fly may become an ancestor to nearly thirteen million files in less than three months. Now you know why there are so many files.

The worst feature of the housefly is that it may spread diseases. par- ticularly typhoid fever. The germs of typhoid fever are in the excre- tions, or discharges, that have come from the bodies of persons who have the disease. Flies feed on these excretions and carry the germs from where they feed to food on the table.

swatting files will not do much good if manure piles or decaying garbage are left for files to lay their eggs in. The housefly cannot live without filth.

AFRICA

Africa is the second ' - tpiece at land in the world. The United states, Canada, Mexico, and Aus- tralia all would fit into Africa”

In addition to the huge contin- ent. itself. Africa also takes in sev- eral islands. Madagascar is the chief island.

The total area of Africa and her Islands is more than ll,'I00,000 nqunre miles. From north to south Africa is 5000 miles. It is 4500 miles wide,

GLOSSARY

(lahlnel.-In Canada. the terms Chhlnet. Ministry, the Government. the Administration," are similar in mcalllnil. They apply to the Prime Minister and his body of advisers who are appointed by him from members of Parliament to head the various departments of gov- Immcnt. .

Governor-General-in-Council. - rlie Governor-General sctim with he advice of the Cabinet. nrhil Speaker--Presiding officer Dome Senate or of the House of wmmona. He does not vote on

is unless the result is I tie.

Parliamentary Privusgu-M.m- 595,01 Paruamentt enjoy certain Fmliesea-freedom of speech. free- M from arrest or molestriuu. cl - Freedom from arrest is not (simple for any indictable of- ense. A M1-man-can Spoken-Members of

Canadian

Desk in either h or Branch. 33101!!! dooumenb are printed in 0""? ' ted agenda of

Wlfilnewfor consideration. lmslrd-Printed verbatim re- Pvrt of ddaatu.

Bill-A proposed law.

"008! Bill-one which proposes

COMMONWEALTH I.

Tim leaders of nine countries Brat; belong to the British fam- wrk nations are now starting mm on an ambitious economic ,muam- 0119108 December. to o- 0” allot of the United xiagtgm, ..,d.' N Mwtrnllu. New zeelsnd. ,.n”v P-kl-I-n. oevlon. south as- em. and Southern Rhodesia con- am' A ten-day meeting in Lon-

”'"- they urged to' 1 run "M50 -was to ' "Lathes" th is c'”lw”1y”:uI: 2. won mt:-s

countries of contin- zz” Imus on trade matters: m 3- mike mrv effort to, all on goods to the United shun

rliamont may ed

Africa has lengthy cents-with the Atlantic Ocean in the west. the Mediterranean Sea in the north, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean in the east. Although sur- rounded by water. Africa. comes very close to being a part of two other --ntinents. The strait of Gibraltar. only eight miles wide at its narrowm part. separates Africa from Europe. The Suez

ates Africa from Asia. OF TERMS

l either to levy taxes or appropriate public funds. A money. Bill must be introduced in the House of Commons.

Caucus-A private meeting of members of I. political party who are members of Parliament.

Civil Service-Civil servants are employed on a continuous basis to carry on public business and put into effect the laws passed by Par- liament. The senior civil'1ervsnt in each of the Departments is known as the Deputy Minister.

The senate--Members of the Exists are appointed for life by the Government in power. The

consists of 107

A Senator must be a British subject, at least 80 years of age. must own real estate to the value of 84.000 and be a resident of the province for which he is appoint-

A senators not becomes vacant if: (1) "- fails to attend for two consecutive ussions; (2) He he- comes a citizen of a forelln power; (3) "e becomes bankrupt; (4) He cons to qualify in respect of property; and (I) Be is convicted of treason, felony or of any in- famous crime.

QNDON conrsaznce '

Moreover. plans were made to boost the production of cotton in Pakistan. slnc in : -strelie. wheat in India. and other products in each of the member nations of the kitten commonwealth. At the some time, blueprints were drawn up for a boost in production in these countries. of certain indiu- trlal not now bought from the United sum.

The chief purpose of these plans is: I. to help work out ways to put: alilclotomcnwoelth countries on a paying belts; and 2. to make a greater bid than heretofore for us dollars which are needed to buy goods from that country.-

N increase their dollar supply.

(World Affairs).

Canal. only 107 feet wide. eepar- b

I

Complete the following: People living on the seigniory paid no taxes as farmers do to- day. To get the land producing, the King required a. seigneur (1) to , (2) . (3)

For the small farms which they cultivated, the oensitaires made a small payment in money called and a. payment in farm produce called Payment made. by

to

.the tenant

1. River; 2. Peace; 3. Ottawa; 4. MacK:-nzie: 5. Fraser; 6. Saskatch- ewan; 7. St. Lawrence; 8. Church- ill; 9. St. John; 10. Athabaska; 11. Skeena; 12. Bow; 13. Saguenay; 14. Assiniboine; 15. Niagara.

Use-(a) Drains a. wheat grow-

ing area; (b) Drains a. choice farming area in the north; (c) Lumbering; (cl) Irrigation; (2)

Salmon fishing: (f) Highway into the far north; tg) Lu: bering; (h) Highway to Canada's northern wheat port; (i) A highway for ocean vessels; (1) Oil-bearing

1. England was at war with France and when Napoleon by his Bcrlin Decree forbade any nation to trade with England, England re- taliated and by her Orders-in- Council forbade any nation to trade with France or her allies. This injured the American trade

and the United States blamed England for it. (Orders-in-Coun-- oil)

2. While Britain was at war with Napoleon many of her seamen de- serted to American ships because they were better fed, better paid. and tre...ed more humanely. Eng- land claimed the right to search American vessels for runaway sail- ors. This they. did and the Ameri- cans greatly resented it. (Right of Search).

3. Americans had .a desire to take Canada and make one vast republic from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean.

4. Great Britain refused to give up a number of Western posts which controlled the fur trade be- cause the United i States had broken the terms of the treaty by their persecution of the Loyalists.

5. Americans were in sympathy with the French when they at- temped to set up a republic while Britain was at war with France.

(a) The Campaign of 1812. Fol- lowing the American declaration of war. the Americans invaded Can- ada. The first engagement was a British success. General Brock captured Michilimackinac in July. This kept the Indians loyal. Gen- eral Hull invaded Canada near Windsor and invited the Canad- ians to join the Republic. His army plundered as they went and were received very coldly. Mean- while Brook was collecting his army of regulars and militia.

When Brock approached, Hull retreated to Detroit which he gar- risoned. Brock was joined by Tecumseh and six hundred Indi- ans. Hull surrendered Detroit with all its stores as well as the entire territory of Michigan.

The Governor of Canada then arranged an armistice. . This per- iod the Americans spent in con- centrating their forces on the Ni-

MARlNER'S

I

When and where the mariners compass was invented is still a matter of uncertainty. It is doubt- fully claimed that the qnalitlm of the magnetized needle (floating in a. bowl of water) were,known to the Chinese before the Christian era, and that the knowledge per- ooiated to Europe by way of Ara- is

What is certain is that the know- ledge had reached Europe by 1150 A.D.: that the compass was used on the third crusade (1190. 92); that Roger Bacon was acquainted with it in 1258.

The Mariners Compass, the in- strument used a.t sea for directing the course of a ship, was still at the end of the eighteenth. cen- tury very indifferently made, and it was a. common practice when a ship was dismantled after a voy- age to'stcw the compass carelessly away with the rest of the ship's furniture.

Although it was known to the Chinese many years before. the in- vention of the compass in Europe is usually ascribed to Flavio Gioja, an Italian from Amalfi, in 1302. The discovery of that quality knovm as magnetic declination. or variation. was made by Columbus on September 14, 1492.

The deflection of the needle from the magnetic meridian, due to external causes, was observed by Wales, the astronomer with Cap- tain Cook in 1772-74. This led to the compensated compass. adjust- ed to the true magnetic meridian by artificial magnets.

Conjunction: may be arranged in two general classes:

1. Co-ordinate conjunctions join expressions of equal rank. whether clauses, phrases, or single words. - 2. subordinate conjunc ns join subordinate clauses to lncipsl clauses. ,

The subordinate conjunctions may be classified as follows: 1. Cause; us. become. whereas, since, seeing. that, when, for. now that. Time: When, after. as, before, meanwhile, until. while. I Place: whence. where. whither. 4. Man-

ner: as, how. as if. . Purpose: that. lest. that. in order that. 0. Condition: If, except that, if

only, provided that. 7. Concession: Although, even if. though, not-

thstsnding. I.lR&It: That. so that, till. 0. Degree or comparison: as. than. as if, rather then. In classifying the

stone.

1

in together.

ON THE SEIGNIORY

farmers for the use of the mill. cider press and slaughter house on the seigniory was called?-

Whlle the censitsire was work- ing his required three (days each year on the seigneur's farm he was on .

A selgniory usually contained about square miles of land. The small farm allotted to each tenant farmer was usually about wide and about long.

MATCH

sands; (k) Salmon canneriea; (1) Electric power; (in) Aluminum plant; (n) Drains a wheat and cattle country.

Seven Oaks, near Fort Garry in the Selkirk settlement, was the scene of the massacre of twenty- one settlers and Robert sample. governor of the colony, in 1016 by Metis. The massacre was incited by the Northwest Company in an effort to destroy the settlement. Its success was only temporary, how- ever, as Lord Selkirk restored the colony the following year.

, WAR OF T812-H

agara frontier. and as soon as the armistice was over the Americans under Gen. van Rensselaer crossed the river and seized Queenston Heights. Brock. the leader of the Canadians, hurried to the scene. He was killed but Gen. sheaffe drove the Americans from Canad- ian soil. .

(b) 1813 In 1813 the Americans seized Fort George and moved to- wards Hamilton. At Btoney Creek they were met by sir John Harvey and defeated. losing 100 men and both generals. At Beaver Dams the Americans attempted to capture Lieutenant Fltzgibbon but were foiled by Laura. Second who walk- ed 20 miles from Queenston to warn him. Fltzgitbbon set an am- bush and routed the five hundred Americans. The Americans burned Newark and York and the Canad- ians burned Fart Niagara, Lewis- ton, Manchester and Buffalo.

The British troops under Gen- eral Proctor, Whl( had been occu- pying Detroit. were cut off from supplies, and had to retire into Canada, a large force of Kentucky rifiemen at their heels. At Morav- iantown. between Chatham and London, they turned, butdispirited by Proctcrs poor leadership. they were routed. In this battle Tecum- seh lost his life.

In the campaign of 1813 the Americans planned to capture Montreal and then Kingston where the Canadian shipyards were sit- uated. One army under General Wilkinson was to advance from Saokett's Harbour on Lake Onta- rio. ian side, it was defeated at Crys- ler's Farm, November 11, by 9. small British force under Colonel Morrison. Another American army was defeated at Chateauguay River and hence the campaign against Montreal failed.

(c) 1814. In 1814 the Americans defeated General Riall at Chippe- wa. On July 25th the two armies met at l..undy's Lane and fought from six to nine in the evening. At last the Americans retreated and the next day recrossed the river into the United States.

The Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas eve, 1814.

COMPASS

Many and improved patent com- passes, including those of Pope, Dent, Walker. Preston, Gowland Stabbing, Harris, scores, Gray and Duchemin, followed, some with and some without magnetic bars. Not until 1876. when Sir William Thompson. afterwards Lord Kelvin, patented his compass. was this in- strument sumciently reliable.

The "Astrolsbe" was used on shipboard by Martin Behaim in 1840. It was used to find the lat- itude.

The Chronomete

It was nec y to have some form of timing instrument which would maintain a very high stand- ard of correctness for navigation that led the Board of Admiralty to offer a. prize of 20,000 pounds for the discovery of a. method for determining longitude at sea. to within a maximum error of thirty miles. A Yorkshire carpenter and mechaniclan, John Harrison, born near Pontefract, claimed the prize in 1713. but it was not until 60 years later, after the king had per- sonally interposed on his behalf, and when he was too old to enjoy it, that the Commissioners of Longitude agreed to pay the last instalment. It was his fourth model that won the prize.

John Harrison's four oh. i- ers are now to be seen in the Science Museum, south Kenning- ton. Before 1825 ...”.ronometers were not issued to all His Mhjestyh

ships.

' CONJ UNCTIONS

ten a great variety of uses and meanings. The above list of the most commonly used connectives will help the student to have at his or her cotmnand enough con- nectives so that he or she can choose the one most suitable to his or her need.

Conjunotions must be carefuly distinguished from preposition: ahd relative pronouns. which are also

2. connecting words. A preposition

introduces a modifying phrase; a relative pronoun stands for a noun with which it connects a. modify- ing clause.

Phrasal conjunctions-- Like the other parts of speech. a conjunc- tion may take the form of aphnse as: as though. in case that, as sure II. in order that.

a one - when

of a sentence are joined a conjunction is fre- quently placed before each part.

.V.,x.-

twoparts

After crossing to the Cs.nad- N

IN MEMORIAM

IDWAID JAIIII QUIGLIY

i-The people of the oommunlw of Mount Tryvn and surrounding districts were ahooken and sadden- edtnhes.rofthtetngicandsud- den death by accident, in Baffin Island. on November Mob. ms, of Edward Jams Quigley, age 30 years. eldest son of Mr. and Mn. Harry Quigley of Mount Tryon. Edward ma gone to main 1:- land a couple of months prior to his tragic death, where he planned on remaining and working for she winter months. and then to retixn to his farm in Bale Verte, N. 3.. hilt God willed otherwise and call- ed him to his eternal home on the above-mentioned date. Edward was a young men of sterling (character and was loved by all who knew him, young and old alike. He made and had friends wherever he went. He was always ready and willing to lend a help- ing hand to those that needed it.

whom he met at any time orplace. He was a devout mernther of the Baptist Church. . and a capable leader of a Trail Ranger Group of Tidnish Bridge United Church, Tidnish, N. 5.