1 i925 Quid - Welfare Anti Public Health

Articdlcl on Ollll

u Public Health will Appen- Wee

In talc Ucluhlt Flrlll I by the Local Red Croce ‘Brunch:

Welfare, ‘

WAYS OF ‘INFECTION

Bad air was once v..- nsidered, a prolific source of infections "and contagious diseases. Foul odors from decaying matter and gas from sewers ‘were thought to cause qypiwiii fever. Nillht air was

thought ‘to cause malaria fever. m

Anti malaria i‘n the system, it‘ not watched, would run into typhoid s-vcr. ln recent yell/re we have learned ‘that much oi’ ‘this was wrong. With the improvement of ihc microscope, germs which were ‘no email ‘to be seen before can now be seen, and many can be growll on artificial food outside the tintly. They have ‘been studied. and at lnts ‘been found that they ‘differ Kfélliiy in looks and in the way in which they grow and act. it has him been ‘found that those which ruuso a pa/rtictilar disease-stay typhoid-ail look. grow and act hltlce, and, that when they are in- jenimi into tths body they will cause [yplluiii fever and that they will hm onus/e, any other disease. With thmc discoveries, our older notions us to the vague causes cf infec- tious diseases have given way to tit-finite knowleddv. We know the ‘ilrfcrcnt germs when we see t-hem tlrrough a mistroscope, and we know the diseases ‘they will cause in the ‘body. Wlhen diseases come to us through the air it is by way oi germs on dust (which is rare)- Tho association of night air and tualrtriu ‘comes from ‘the fact. ‘that ‘lu- gcnn of malaria is carried by t‘ lrlnd of mosquito which flies at night. Night air cannot cause mal- hriu, anti a malarial mosquito ‘pro- tlttccs the disease‘ just as easily ‘by n bitn in ttho daytime. And malaria t-unnot rnn into typhoid fever any morn than cotxttm can turn into to‘ but-co. flinch germ disease has lu‘. own particular germ.

fit is ‘polmible to grow a croll 0i ‘liphthcrln germs. or cholera pvrlrli-i, or tuberculosis germs us t-“rtniniy as it is to grow s. crop or potatoes. 1t is k‘nown that these gviiillli cause the disease in lilies" lion as surely as it is known that. poison ivy causes skin (1189888-

Houin germs are so small that

they v have never been 690B W,’ put they can ‘be gmwll and he made to

cause disease. Thoi-r existence is known just as surely as if they were as big ‘as turnips. We have novcr scion the 86"" 0f slmmlmx‘ but it has been studied in the lab- nmmw. it can be made to cause smallpox and a vaccine‘ ‘can ‘be mode to prevent itpit follows nil thus laws of ‘teem disease. and when the microlcfllli? l5 “"91" ‘m’

that he germsot molt die ‘ not corilned lexeluilvely‘ a. on sick. but are frequently ‘found in well persons. it has ‘been ‘learned that the bacteria that muses d-lflh- theria often remain in ‘the throat tor a time, after the pnllqm 1g welb-someti-mes for a lew weeks, sometimes for months. ‘i‘t some- times happens ‘in diphtheria hospi- ‘lfllfl. Where the eases can be watch- ed and studied carefully, that a child who has come into the hospi- tal with diphtheria and has stayed until he is apparently -well. goes home, and weeks later that child's brother. sister or playmate dev- elops diphtheria. The child who had‘ diphtheria first and was an parentiy well is examined. ‘His nose ‘found to contain diphtheria germs. He ls taken nsck to the hospital ‘and given s. curative dose of diphtheria antitmcin and the diphtheria. germs disappear ‘from the nose and throat. This child's germs were not making him sick, but they were giving diphtheria to other children. l-ie was what 1s called a diphtheria "carrier." After typhoid fever. ‘the germs may still for some weeks be discharged i'rom the intestines in tlhe excreta. In some cases they get ‘a foothold in the ‘gctli ‘bladder o [the ‘patient and live and grow ‘there the remainder oi.’ his life. From the gall ‘bladder they make their way into the in- le-Bflnel. and ‘then. through ‘the ex- creta, to ‘the outside of the ‘body. where they. are ‘free to lnilect other people. Such a persom-well, ‘but infected-ale called ‘u “carrier" of typhoid germs. Not only are there people who are carriers in this way from having had the disease but ‘there are also those who ‘have come in contact with the sick or with carriers and ‘have themselves become carriers without ever being sick at nli.

‘We have learned also that in most oi‘ the contagious diseases there are many mild cases-so mild ‘and witth so few symptoms that they are almost sure ‘not to be noticed. A child with osllght sore throat, and practically no other symptoms. nlny ‘be sent ‘along to school with little thought about it and without it being seen by~.'t doctor. Yet many of these ‘sore throats are really diptherlu. and the germs may cause a. fatal (‘use in the next one, Wlho contracts it. A man may have a slight. “bllious atrtack," or maty ‘feel “tinder ‘the weather‘ ‘for a ‘few days, ‘and really be n case of walking typhoid rev- er. if he is engaged in the milk business, it often- happene that he ‘is the cause of an epidemic of ty- phoid fever. These mild unrecog- nized cases are called "missed cases."

The number of germ carriers and of missed cases varies greatly in different diseases. There are not very many such cases in smallpox and measles. But for every recog- nised case of diphtheria properly isolated at home or in a hospital, there is probably a mild unrecog- ‘nized case going abouit among the ' , and ’ b" several well

proved, the germ will ‘be seen.

Some germs are very small plants, called bncveria. Others are wry small animals called protozoa.- Typhoid fever is caused by micros- Qupio plants-the typhoid bacteria. Malaria is caused by llllcm-‘lwlllc Jlninlitls-‘ilhe malarial DWIOZW- tlt-rms, therefore, follow the laws nf pkmts and animals. Likve pro tlucos like, and 01/618096 (""1199 1mm a similar one ‘before it some- where. if you plant cotton it does not come up tolls-Cw. all‘! l? YQ" hnvo typhoid fever, you have taken u typhoid gerlm into your "KW- You may eat all the filth in the world. but. l-t will not 5W6, W" typhoid fever unless the tylvhuhl germ is in it. And you mly d“! ll‘°ll’l typhoid fever and from ‘the germs you drink in sparkling water which muy look and taste ever s0 K005 and clean. l-t takes ‘the 86ml! 111 l1 ‘llscase to give you a disease. Ill!" yull cannot have the disease with- nllt the germ. ‘_

1.0m: before germs were discov-

cmtl, it was known that smuililoll- t-iloiern. eyphiills, plague and many tuner diseases were contagious. that is that sick persons could transmit the‘ disease to the well. ‘lute search for disease Eefmll W“ nrsi made in the sick and filers tin-y were found. ‘it ‘was tbouzhl m‘- u time that. the sick l-‘Bllloll enuiti spread 1116 EGHIIB 0i his (i18- cuse only while he was sick. believ- illg that tho germs disappeared 1w nt- bl-tvnuto well. One oi‘ the imilllll‘ nut discoveries oi‘ recent years is

Cause‘ Of A Bacicaches

Etcry muscle in the body needs u supply oi’ rich, red blood ‘in lim- bullion to the work it does. Th8 ‘muscles oi the ‘back are under ll ""1"? strain and have but l-ittle l'l‘l"l- When tthte blood is thin they luck ‘nourishment and rebel. 'l‘he "hull it‘ a sensation of pain in titcsc muscles.

‘hlhlly people are frightened into hrlluum: that baekaches are alts l" kidney trouble, but ‘the beet Ilmtiiccl authorities agree that backache is very seldom due to kill-My. trouble. in ‘fact not more titan one ‘backache in n hundred

he» llllyi-hiilg to do wttth ‘the mu- ‘il".\'s. The whole trouble ls due to thin or impure blood. and those who are troubled with ‘pains in the hock or 101ml. either frequent or oc- casional. should lock to themati- tlltion of the blood. it will ‘be found if moat cam thnt m. wnllnmu‘ ink Pills by bulldlrg up the blood and feeding the starvevl- nerves nntl miracles will banish ‘the mm.- "Imifimat: i‘? feel, better in evcrv -- 0' no eltcr it, is

l1 i-Tl‘ Th‘. Wllllulmi-gink ‘Pills for -‘_'""" ‘WW1 ‘lbtfl to viva Wlv tn 1m- mjuronable alum about‘ yvmf m4. ‘ma. 1f von Hllily 91m)?“ so," ‘uqrwll "lly tioomr can my, a “w-u-r all‘? znimriu. that will not Wm“ ‘l "91. or tell you the All deli rll 1ft medioiilb cell, Dr,

William‘. kn“: b < ll Pllb. r m aria

ll’

carriers doing the same thing. Al‘ most three per cent of all 08.103 of typhoid ‘fever become permanent carriers. Moreover, in some die- eases, as in measles. th-e disease is intensely contagious for several days before the signs develop which are likely to be recognized ea the signs of measles. When u‘ child is sick in bed with diphtheria, and everyone knows it. the danger of the disease spreading is not one tenth so great. as it would be ii‘ the some child had a sore throat. ‘not recognized as diphtheria, and was going to school and mingling with other children at play. Most people try to keep the cases of con- atgious diseases quarantined so that these are not so dangerous when they are sick in bed. But lt is from the carriers amd ‘mild cases which are missed that the danger comes, ‘because these go about un- gugpgciygd and spread the disease. Although we are surrounded by disease germs, we can remain healttlty if we take steps ‘to keep them from enterlnii "l" 111M185. 50 how. ‘then. do they gain entrance to our bodies? ‘Olaselfl-ed according to how we gm them, ‘the germs of in- factions diseases may be divided roughly; into four Brim?!‘ (l) Those which are transmitted by spit thou‘ the mouth. 111'“! hv the secretions from the nose in cougth‘ ing and sneezing. (2) T111398 Willi?" com-c from the feces in 0W" ilrlvlfi- Prom here flies bring hhem to our kitchen and dinner table. And wat- er which drains from ‘the illWW-l washes them into wells cull springs. (3) Insets such as mosqui- toe, fleas and ticks, carry the sum“ of most of the blood diseases. (4) And by actilal contact with ‘another body which is infected. the vener- eal-disenses are transmitted. Among the diseases transmitted by droplets of ‘moisture from ‘the mouth and nose 1n ccushlnlr "l"! guessing are scarlet fever, diphth- eria, ‘septic ‘sore throat. measles, whooping cough. muuuw- chicken‘ pox smallpox, tuberculosis, pneu- monia. influenza. Bliilhylis, cerebro‘ sylnal meningitis and infantile par- alysis. The germ of the disease is m “he gpifof the mouth, and the moisture c lthe nose is thrown into m, at; in g fine ‘spray in coughini! and sneezing, and is token up ‘by the people close by. Witch you sneeze or cough. you should be ill the middle of a new alone, All well- informed and lntolllseut ucoulc l" not ‘to sneeze or cough at all. and whenever they must ‘they 9° ll "l1" n handkerchief or ‘turn the ‘head "my 1mm everyone untl towards ‘tho ilool‘ or ground. This keons their germs from bcln! iilmwll l" others. Since the ‘iniluenm. 1190M" ~nnrrnllv ktinw more about this lhanthey did bckire. Most will?“ now feel uncomfortable when rl 901N011 close ‘bv ‘couch! 01' lllliilw" and if one rough or curl-w‘ In 11 crowd he is looked liMil 1N M?!“ lens and dangerous. anti is freq to I0 elsewhere. Never Nhllh l" sneeze 1f you can help it. nnzl it‘ you inept q m, use your handker- chief. lit took better-formed.

‘ , ,,. ...,

are“

‘privies Into wells or 011111150 ‘from which water is used ‘to drink or to wash milk buckets. and by being carried by flies which walk on the excreta in the, privlea and then walk on your food. Typhoid lever. dyeantry and cilolbra are trans- mitted in title-member. All prlvies should be-llyproof and the excreta should fail into i: s which do not iewk. All windows‘: ould be screen- ed and ‘every ‘iiy in the house should ‘be "Matted." All water should come from deepqiump wells tightly covered and sealed. And whenever them is any doubt about the ‘purity of the water or» milk, these should be boiled before using, During ‘the ‘hot summer month-s. it is ‘wise ‘to do this in the country, anyway. '

insects carry the germs of sev- eral diseases. Contain mosquitos carry malaria. The mosquito sucks the blood of a penson who has mal- arla. The germ grows in the mos- quito and is in its mouth. it then bites a well person and puts the malaria germ into his blood, and he has malaria. Flies carry typhoid fever and dysentery. These germs ar epresent in ‘the excreta of pat! iron-ts. The files walk on it, get the germs on their legs. aind then walk 0n your food. You eat the food. carrying the germs of typhoid into your intestines and develop typhoid fever. The flies walk on the milk bottle of your baby, and it likewise gets dysentery. All swamps should be drained to destroy ‘the breeding places of the fly. And every ‘home should ‘be screened to keep on‘. both ‘the mosquito and the fly.

tBy far the most important mode of infection is by cont-act. _Many persons contract disease who have never been in contact with anyone else who was sick. So, people in- vented the theory that disease germs are waited by the nli‘, or originate in flilth and dirt outside oi‘ ‘the body. But when l1. became known how many "walking cases" of typhoid fever, how slight gore throats of diphtheria, how many well “Corriers" of cholera or in- ‘fuutile paralysis, there were which had formerly been ‘unrecognized, it was seen that (liseane spreads chiefly through contact oi‘ one per- son with unoth-er.

We can now easily see that the Kenna of most oi‘ our ‘infectious diseases are either in the mouth or nose, or in theexcreta oi the body. Many people do not wash their hands after they have ‘been to uhe toilet or privy, and ‘on the hands of many people can be found at any time ‘the germs which grow in the intestines. And almost every- one puts his. hands to his nose and mouth countless times during the day. S0. there is constant inter- change between people of uhe germs which grow in the nose, mouth and intestines. it is unpleas- ant to think of-and to many at first seems incredible-that the genus of such diseases ‘as-typhoid fever, whichare discharged from the intestinal tract, should be transferred to the mouth of anoth- er. llut observations have ‘been made in a number of ‘places which show that upon the hands of one in ten of medical students, nurses and physicians may be found germs

THE GHARLOTTETOWN GUARDIAN

Preaching ‘no a ‘large congrega- ‘t-ion in Knox church OM11‘. ONT. Sunday ‘morning. Rev. J. Keir Fraser. I). D., ‘dismissed the ques- mion or church ‘union in Canada. tile said‘:

"like ‘bill ‘by wihilch ‘it ‘is propos- ed ‘tto orlganlluuiiiy unite the Pres- byterian. Metihloddst and 001x988!!- tlcnal churches at Canada. and which wuqlt probably ‘be submttted to the next: session ‘of ‘tihe Federal Parliament. w.il'Jit-——if ‘lit passes- ahoilish ‘these tlhree (ihnnchcs and metrige them into an. entirely new church. The.’ Presbyterian church to which ‘you belong will cease u) exJIstt antd you will] ‘be coercetd by nothing to‘! otiifcr churches.

WOW. Iictt us itdctk at ‘this question trhls ‘mornting dalrnlly, dislpassionete- ly. and u-‘hthoulat. prejudice. Suppos- Jntg this Ibtiill, neiceiVPS the sanction of Ila-iliwmteu-t, what happens? Wlhty. you scty. the ‘Presbyterian church is alliolfnheti and‘ ‘becomes a. ‘pant of the Untitled.‘ dhurch. Yes. law into ‘wlitlsit. ‘is to be chilled-or refine;- ‘I shohild say ‘miscatiledr- “The Uruittcd Ch-utnclh otf Canada.“

‘ I say ‘nuisozltiletiv because it leaves

out ‘llhe great. Ania; can and ‘the in- iiluer-L-ial‘ Baptist church- to say but you can not: coerce its mem- ‘hers in-io n ‘church which‘ ‘ilhey din not uf-sh to join. Paxiltiamentt can ‘mo; do this. it may ‘takte nwny your church. but it. can not send n police force after you atgati-nst your until, to utrhite w-‘lith another church. Yon may do this of your own second‘, ‘but. no parliament n01‘ church cont-t‘ can compel you ‘to do d-t. Surely this is clear i0 a'-.l.

Wctl, astk yourswlllf again, what will. happen- if ithe fnI-li ‘passes? i will tr-tl you whnt l know xiii ‘hatpprn. ‘Flholisltzantls wiitl go to the Angi-icun church. ‘For this wo-muly ‘be thankvlul], but phe sad Lhllng is ‘tens oil thousands will drop out oi church ‘life alnd church connection. bow/use mtuch ‘as we may relgrett i‘- ‘llhey slvmlptiy ulifll mot ‘be ldtriven by ia-w ‘illtto a chu-ndilt they do not un-‘h m join. ‘So ‘wthat we are ask‘ ‘Intg. for is than. the Presbyterian rlnlrch ‘be kept tin Oanadu, and then let ‘itheibilllt ‘be amtcndted a. 115w ing those who wish ‘to 1l€“tp form a Unlltcd Church vcith o“'ler denomin- ations. ‘be given ‘ftufll liberty to ‘in so. In ‘this way there will. be no coercion on (other side. and the ‘pninc-‘wc of Religious Liberty ‘llor ulhlch cur fathers fought. throlmih lcntgt centuries otf struggle will ‘he preserved.

,W‘hen you mention the “Church Union Question" manly peopfiri ‘periliatpu most ‘peolptle-‘tlitink of

‘union as it was in ‘i915 when. ou-r

Mobile were ankletd‘ ‘no vote on it. Even iihen. when no one dreamed of coetcon. ‘but sutptposed‘. that cthurichc-s WOllIIld ‘be allowed to decide wills-titer‘ they wanted to go

which come only from intestines, Among less careful persons, with,‘ less facility for cleanliness. the‘ number ‘must be greater.

So then the fingers are a large factor in transferring infection from one ‘person to another. if one ‘takes ithe trouble to watch other people, or even himself, it will sur- prise him to see how tnany times the fingers go to the nose or mouth. al-l uneonscl ‘uely for one purlmlle or another, or for no purpose Willi" ever. In this general trade in all". the lingers not only ‘bring other people's germs to the mouth oi ‘their owner. but they carry his to everytlhlng that his hand touches. This happens scores and hundreds of times during ‘his day's T011116!!- The one who cooks, distributes her germs to those who eat her food. What if she be a typhoid carrier’! The man who ‘sells you apples to cat. gives you his germs. Money carries tthe germ-s of all those who handle it. Children are the worst of all "swapping" candy and using each 0i.her‘s pencils. All babies put everything into ‘their mouths. And also babies and children are the easiest prey of th-e contnlllllllfl i115" eases.

Dipper}; in public pluses are dis- appearing and separate cups, vor running ionntalns are reillm-‘llli; them. Mothers are learning 111M ell" erybody should not. kiss the ‘baby- Cqughjngulnd sneezing in public stamps one ne ignorant and care- less.

The open DYlVy ‘l5 $17954!’ woke“ upon as a menace. and the man who keeps one is ‘talked about be- hind his ‘back. Soon the, saulwiluu 031w,- wm 1911mm about it to his (gm and take hirn to court if he ‘refuses to build n sale tlynrwl unc- Your friends will enioy w"!!! dill‘ 119p with you better i-f they can look out through screened wind-owe at clean premises.

Those who keep ttheir hands clean and keel? them away frbm their nose and mouth carry lees of other people's 88F!"-

To stay well: stay any "ill" sick people. ‘wold ‘mule "h" cough and sneeze and particularly in crowded. closed rooms. ‘Keep your ‘hands clean and keel? "W" “my [mm your M1739 ‘and mouth. Don't drink after anyone else. Kecll your ‘prlvy nyproof and make vour “Qigthbo! keep his the same. Have your well deep. Wm‘ '1 Wm] Wm and a cement top. ‘screen your W1"- dows and destroy all brecdlnk 1'11"?‘ es of flies and moliililllcfl‘

Every infectious aui contnlzllllla til-sense is mil-sod ‘by 1' "Fill" “"1 the til-ease is imposslblh W its particular germ. Gormn or" small plants and animals which N." pa unown or killed. it is nos-

clhle. therefnreflwith lhs intellhz-p

i,“ (‘opnenltion or every one. l0 km m; "rm; and wine their dis- oiled from tile will. Every w! 0' ‘ . . to prevent xmm hum

lhhout ,

lntto the unlbn ‘or remain as they were in possession of their pro- ‘pcrty-Jeven ‘tlhen only one third‘ ‘cti our mernibelslhfp- empress-ed n desire‘ ‘for it. Brut the issue is enlfrciy dtlfierent today. it chang- etdl ‘me moment. the now famous bill was ‘adopted by a majority of our unikm rorrttlntittlee. ‘ilhat ‘bill flan met wlitih. the kecnest opposit- ion‘ on tihe tpnm. oi‘ many of our most prominent. mirfstcrs. wiho up ‘to that ‘time were in favor of 0r‘- ganic ‘union, and‘ wlbo shill believe in organic unjton as an ideal. but wthlo now are strongly ntprposed to the coercive. high-imbued ‘method by which it. is proposed to secuulc organic union-such men for ex- empt?» as Dr. Drnnlmcnd otf Hamill’ ton‘. a man of statescnanlflcc‘ vis- 'on, Dr‘. Sedgewvlclc of Hnmillton. Prof. Riclhardl ilavtkllsin‘ ui‘ Knox College. who in an allude‘ ‘lthai nmpeared ‘in the, "Pres-byteaftan Wiififits-sd" ‘that wlintet‘ argued strongly f0!‘ la Gimme in‘ the b-"li, Drrk ‘W’. R. Reid.‘ of ‘Mionireal, who had airways ‘been an sultl-‘nt unionist, Dr. R. W. Dickie of Montreal. besides many ntihers thlsit i ‘vmlillrl mention. And‘ it has ‘tutrrlletd thousands o‘! laymen in our clvunch. There are mcn in ‘thfs cihundh this mbmninE. who h‘ 191‘! and. again in 1915 voted .l‘nr ulron but; ‘who are now ntmngfiy nuztminst ii on the ‘basis of fhr.“ ‘T1211 which is to he present/ed to pamlinmcrl-t. These ‘men. see that. the Wilfllft ‘issue ‘is cthangerl‘ today.